Ana iya ɗaukar processor ɗin azaman ainihin kwakwalwa na kwamfutarka kuma bambance -bambancen daban -daban waɗanda za a iya bayarwa a kasuwa za su ƙayyade aikinsa. Bari mu sake duba anan duk abin da ya shafi AMD masu sarrafawa.
Masu sarrafa AMD: jinkirin haɓaka kamfanin haɓaka
da AMD masu sarrafawa dole ne su yi tafiya mai nisa na shekarun da suka gabata don zama zaɓin da ba za a iya ɗauka ba a cikin kasuwar kasuwancin su ta IT. Kishiya ta har abada tare da sunaye masu ƙarfi kamar Intel, shari'o'in shari'a daban -daban da abubuwan tuntuɓe a cikin kera samfuran ta sun haifar da sake zagayowar mutuwar da aka sanar da ƙarya da tashin matattu a cikin kamfanin. Koyaya, a wannan lokacin kamfani da alama a ƙarshe yana fuskantar ƙarancin shanu masu kiba kuma yana da fa'ida don yin bitar tarihin yadda suka zo nan.
Menene AMD?
Kalmomin na Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) yana nuna kamfani da aka kafa sama da shekaru hamsin da suka gabata, a cikin 1969, a California a Amurka. Membobinta, Jack Gifford, Edwin Turney, Jim Giles, Larry Stenger, Frank Botte, Steven Simonsen, John Carey da Jerry Sanders, sun fito ne daga kamfanoni da tarihi mai ƙarfi a fagen hanyoyin haɗin gwiwar Silicon Valley, kamar Fairchild Semiconductors. Don haka a farkon, sabon kamfani shima ya ƙaddamar da kansa don samar da madaidaiciyar madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya, kuma yana shiga, bayan 'yan shekaru bayan haka, kasuwar ƙwaƙwalwar RAM.
Babban tsalle zuwa abin da zai zama makomar kasuwancin su ya faru a cikin 1977, lokacin da waɗannan 'yan kasuwa suka yanke shawarar ƙirƙirar microprocessor nasu daga kwafin da aka yi, ta hanyoyin injiniyan juyawa, na samfurin Intel 8080, suna saka sakamakon a matsayin AMD 8080.
Daga can, AMD za ta shagala da aiki a duniyar masu sarrafawa, tana bin kamfani na farko tare da samfura kamar Am2901, Am29116 da Am293xx, musamman waɗanda aka tsara don faɗaɗa ta sauran masu sarrafawa (yankakken yankakken). Ba da daɗewa ba wani injin ɗin daban zai zo, AMD 29k, sananne ne don kasancewa guntu wanda ya haɗa sassan zane na bidiyo tare da tunanin EPROM.
Amma har zuwa lokacin AMD har yanzu tana da alaƙa da tsarin da aka kwafa daga Intel. Wannan zai canza tare da samfuran gaba, waɗanda aka kirkira a karon farko daga karce: AMD K5, AMD K6 da AMD K7 masu sarrafawa, waɗanda aka saki a ƙarshen 90. Na ƙarshen, mai sarrafa AMD K7, ba zai iya sake raba mahaifiyar masu sarrafa Intel ba. , yana buƙatar jirgi da soket na musamman ga tsarin sa.
Yi gwagwarmaya tare da Intel
Wannan rarrabuwa na samfuransa zai sami bayaninsa a Kotunan Shari'a na shekaru goma da suka gabata, inda aka zargi Intel da karya kwangilar da aka sanya hannu tare da AMD a cikin 1982. Wannan ya ƙunshi wani nau'in ba da haƙƙoƙi don samar da ƙirar processor na x86 da gamsar da shi gaba ɗaya. bukatar IBM. Ba da daɗewa ba Intel ya nuna rashin gamsuwa game da faɗuwar fa'ida da aka gabatar a kasuwa ta daidaiton cin gashin kai na AMD kuma ya ƙi a cikin 1986 don bayyana ƙarin bayanan fasaha na samfuran sa.
Karar ta ci gaba da tafiya cikin lokaci, ta tilasta AMD ta yi hasashen tare da injiniyoyin ta yadda kayayyakin Intel ke aiki, kuma ta sake yin amfani da wata hanyar da ta fi rikitarwa ta injiniyan juyawa, sannan ta sake su ta hanyar su. A ƙarshe, Intel zai rasa shari'ar, yana biyan dala biliyan don keta kwangila, amma mummunan ƙwarewar ya bar mummunan dandano a cikin AMD, wanda ya san dole ne ya nemi nasa arewa a wajen kewayar Intel.
da AMD masu sarrafawa K5, AMD K6, da AMD K7 sun kasance wani ɓangare na wannan ƙoƙarin mai zaman kansa na farko, wanda zai ci gaba da samun babban nasara a farkon ƙarni na 8 mai sarrafa K64, wanda ya ƙara ƙarin 86-bit zuwa umarnin xXNUMX. Wannan gaskiyar ta canza tarihin masu sarrafawa na lokacinta sosai, tunda duk samfura daga wannan lokacin sun yi amfani da wannan kari, gami da injin Microsoft. Kuma a ƙarshe zai sake jujjuya abubuwa tare da Intel, wanda za a tilasta tilasta juyawa injiniya don ɗaukar sabon tsarin AMD.
Tsarin processor na Athlon 64 X2 na 2005 shima zai kawo wani babban bidi'a wanda zai yaba AMD, dual-core, wanda ya haɓaka ƙarfin sarrafa samfur da ƙarfin aiki yayin ma'amala da ayyuka da yawa lokaci guda.
Wannan zai zama bindigar farawa ga sauran masana'antun da za su fara a cikin shekaru don ƙara ƙari da ƙari ga mai sarrafawa don haɓaka ƙarfin sa, ya kai adadi na yanzu na 32 processor cores. Amma bayan waɗannan bugun jini biyu na jagoranci da ƙira, AMD za ta sake komawa zuwa matsayi na biyu ta isowar sanannen Intel Core 2 Duo.
Ƙarin ƙari da yawa: bulldozer fiasco
AMD za a tilasta yin tsalle har ma da ci gaba don tsira a gasar tare da abokin hamayyarsa, yana ƙaddamar da injin Phenom na 2007. Wannan ya ƙunshi tsarin K8 tare da tsarin quad-core, a karon farko a tarihin waɗannan na’urorin.
Shekaru uku bayan haka, a cikin 2010, AMD har ma tana yin kwaskwarima tare da kayan aikin processor guda shida a cikin Phenom II X6, don kama Intel, wanda shima ya riga ya kai muryoyi huɗu. Sannan, daga siyan kamfanin kera katin ƙira na kamfanin ATI Technologies, AMD ta fara aikin Fusion, wanda ya nemi haɗar da injin ɗin tare da katin zane -zane da hanyoyi 16 don na'urorin gefe a cikin kwandon.
Daga wannan haƙiƙanin an haifi samfurin AMD Llano, wanda ya ba da damar kamfanin ya sa kansa gaba da Intel na ɗan lokaci, saboda daidaitawar halittar sa tare da duniyar wasannin bidiyo na PC PC na 3D, wanda ke buƙatar mafi girman haɗin kai tsakanin masu sarrafawa da zane. Intel ba zai iya yin gasa tare da tayin Westmere na ƙananan na'urori masu sarrafawa ba kuma ya yarda da shan kashi, yayin shirya juyin mulki na gaba.
Wannan zai zo ta hanyar abin da ake kira ƙarni na biyu na masu sarrafa Intel da ake kira Sandy Bridge. Kodayake AMD ta sake ƙoƙarin yin kai-da-kai tare da babbar fasahar ta hanyar maɗaukakin adadin maɗaukaki, samfurin Bulldozer na 2011 yana da ƙarancin ƙarfi gabaɗaya fiye da Gadar Sandy, tare da ƙarancin murɗai. Sakamakon ya kasance fiasco na wasan kwaikwayon wanda ya jagoranci kamfanin zuwa cikin ɓarna da haɓaka kasuwanci. Yadda za a dawo cikin zobe?
Tashin matattu: mu'ujiza na AMD Zen da masu sarrafa Ryzen
Amsar da kamfanin AMD ya samo shine don yin amfani da sa hannu guda biyu don sake ɗaga kai. Na farko shine tsohon abokin gidan, injiniya Jim Keller, wanda ya kasance mai taimakawa a baya wajen gina gine-ginen K8 da kuma samar da Athlon 64s na tarihi mai dual-core. Reincorporation dinsa bayan dogon rashi ya kasance mai yanke hukunci wajen kawo tsaiko da kirkire -kirkire ga kamfanin da tuni ya tsaya cak a cikin tashin jirgi.
Sauran sanya hannu, a gefe guda, shine Lisa Su mai ƙarfi yanzu, 'yar kasuwa' yar Taiwan kuma injiniya wacce ta tsaya a matsayin shugabar AMD ba tare da jayayya ba a matsayin sabon Shugaba. Aikinta ya kawo sabo da ƙarfin hali ga kamfanin wanda a zahiri ya sa ya tashi daga toka, ya bar jita -jita na fatarar kuɗi, siyarwa da ɓacewa. Ba abin mamaki bane cewa babbar mujallar EE Times ce ta nada ta a matsayin Babban Sakataren Shekara a 2014 kuma ita ma ta shahara a jerin Manyan Shugabannin Duniya a cikin fitowar mujallar Fortune ta 2017.
Dabarun Lisa Su ya samo asali ne daga zurfafa bambancin manufofin AMD. Duk da wasu gwaji a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, kamfanin ya mai da hankali kan samar da na'urori masu sarrafawa don kasuwar PC, yana barin kawai 10% don samfuran daga wasu mahimman abubuwan. Sabon shugaban ya ba da shawarar a kara wannan adadi zuwa kashi 40%, inda ya cimma hakan shekaru uku kacal bayan shiga kamfanin.
An sadaukar da wannan kashi ga yankunan da ake ɗauka na sakandare a lokutan baya, amma yanzu sun zama wuraren ci gaban da ba a yarda da su ba, kamar filin wasannin bidiyo (akan Xbox One da PS4 consoles), Cibiyoyin sarrafa bayanai da fasahar nutsewar kama -da -wane. Wannan manufa ta jagoranci kamfanin yin aiki tare tare da manyan mutane kamar Microsoft da Sony, suna fadada fagen tasiri.
Bayan wannan sabuwar hanyar kasuwanci, sabbin samfura za su zo. Za a kira sabon dutsen mai nasara na AMD Ryzen kuma zai dogara ne akan wani sabon gini mai suna Zen wanda injiniya Keller ya haɓaka. Waɗannan sabbin samfuran za su kasance masu sarrafa fasalin fasali na farko a kasuwa, tare da manyan madaukai takwas masu ƙarfi a wannan karon, yin fare akan ikon mutum maimakon yawaita yawa.
Juyin juzu'in jerin Ryzen ya fara daga 2017 zuwa yanzu, yana kawo fiye da shekaru huɗu na kyakkyawan aiki, nasarar siyarwa, da sake dubawa, yana shawo kan duk wani shakku na farko game da kamfanin. Intel ya yi nisa da baya saboda ya zauna da wuri, dole ya hanzarta ɗaukar mataki, kamar ɗaukar Jim Keller na shekaru biyu.
Lakabin Zen na gine -gine na AMD ya zo, kamar yadda aka sani, daga falsafar Buddha. Yana wa'azin zuzzurfan tunani, ƙarfin ciki, da kwanciyar hankali maraba da abin da sararin samaniya zai bayar. AMD ta ɗanɗana wannan lokacin na tunani cikin nishaɗi bayan Bulldozer, sannan ya hau sama zuwa rashin iyaka godiya ga hannun hannun Jim Keller da Lisa Su.
Ba lallai ne a rasa komai ba a fagen fasaha da kasuwanci, muddin kuna koyon yadda ake hawan igiyar juyin halittar zamanin mu. Hakanan kuna iya sha'awar karantawa game da 4k katin zane.
Yadda za a bambanta masu sarrafa AMD?
Da fadi da kewayon AMD masu sarrafawa A cikin shekarun nan na kololuwar fasaha yana da faɗi sosai wanda zai iya zama mai ɓarna idan ba mu saba da yanayin muhallin ba. Haɗuwar tsararraki da sunaye a cikin tarihin littafin AMD kusan ba za a iya kusantar su a wasu lokuta ba, koda kuwa mun watsar da waɗanda ba sa nan a kasuwa. Don haka za mu ga taƙaitaccen jerin waɗannan samfuran tare da hanya mafi sauri don gano su.
Idan kuna da sha’awa ta musamman a cikin duk abin da ya shafi masu sarrafa dijital, kuna iya ganin yana da amfani ku ziyarci wannan labarin a gidan yanar gizon mu da aka sadaukar don masu sarrafawa masu ƙarfi Bi hanyar haɗin!
FX Series, Athlon da Bulldozer Architecture APUs
Duk da kasancewar wani tsohon zamani na AMD, jerin gine -ginen Bulldozer yana ci gaba da samun tsawon rai ga masu amfani da yawa, saboda tsayuwar sa na tsarin fasali tare da murhu kuma saboda ƙarancin farashi a wannan lokacin a ci gaban duniya.
Hanya na farko da ke buƙatar rarrabewa ita ce jerin FX, saman a lokacin don kamfani, tare da sigogin da ke tsakanin cibiyoyi huɗu zuwa takwas, tare da soket AM3 +. Nomenclature mai lamba huɗu don bambanta kowane samfuri ya ƙunshi masu zuwa:
- Lambar farko a cikin jerin da ke bin haruffa FX tana nuna adadin murjani. Misali, FX 4350 zai sami muryoyi huɗu, kamar yadda lambar farko ta nuna 4. Haka zai faru tare da FX 6350 (cores shida) da FX 8350 (cores takwas).
- Lambar ta biyu a cikin jerin bayan FX za ta nuna nau'in gine -ginen da aka ƙera samfurin. Lambar samfur 3 FX 8350, alal misali, tana wakiltar haɓakawa ga ginin Bulldozer da ake kira Piledriver.
- Lambar ta uku ta lambar bayan haruffan FX tana da alaƙa da GHz, mitar aikin mai sarrafawa, babban dalilin da yasa ƙirar FX ta kasance cikin lokaci. Mafi girman lambar, mafi girman madaidaicin ƙirar ƙirar. Daidaiton yana da ɗan rikitarwa, amma ya isa a faɗi cewa ƙirar FX 4300 tana da mitar 3,8 GHz-4 GHz.
Tare da kayayyaki guda huɗu-biyu da soket na FM2 / FM2 +, yakamata a sake duba shahararren jerin Athlon a cikin rarrabuwarsa. Duk da cewa ya yi nisa a baya a cikin ci gaban fasaha, har yanzu yana aiki sosai a wasu muhimman ayyuka na kwamfuta ko wasannin dijital. Matsayin nomenclature ya ƙunshi waɗannan:
- Lambar farko ta lambar rarrabuwa bayan X4 tana nuna nau'in gine -ginen da aka yi amfani da su wajen kera shi. Kowace lamba tana nuna alamar gine -gine daban -daban a cikin kamfanin: lambar 9 akan Athlon X4 940 tana wakiltar gine -ginen Excavator, 4 akan Athlon X4 750 shine sake fasalin Piledriver kuma 8 akan Athon X4 830 yana wakiltar Steamroller.
- Lambar ta biyu na lambar bayan X4, a nata ɓangaren, tana nuna saurin aiki daban -daban na ƙirar. Misali, Athlon X4 950, yana gudana da gudun 3,5 GHz-3,8 GHz.
APU (Accelerated Processing Unit) na'urori masu sarrafawa da AMD ta haɓaka, tare da murjani huɗu, kayayyaki biyu, GPU tare da masu rufe 512 da soket na FM2-FM2 +, suma suna da lambobin rarrabuwarsu, waɗanda za a iya taƙaita su kamar haka:
- Harafin farko da lamba suna wakiltar adadin murjani a cikin ƙirar. A6, kamar yadda yake a cikin yanayin A6 9500 APU, zai nuna murjani biyu da madaidaicin duka, da ƙananan lambobin su. Madadin haka, A8, kamar A8 9600 APU, zai sami muryoyi huɗu, kamar manyan lambobin sa.
- Lambar farko ƙirar tana nufin tsararraki da tsarin ƙirar. APUs masu alamar 6000 daga Piledriver, 7000 daga Steamroller, 8000 daga Excavator, 9000 kuma daga Excavator v2. Tsararraki za su zo, a cikin tsari mai hawa sama, kamar Terascale 3, GCN da GCN 1.2.
- Lambar ta biyu kuma ita ce GHz na aiki, tare da lambobi mafi girma suna wakiltar madaidaitan mitoci.
- A wasu samfuran harafin K zai bayyana a cikin lambar. Wannan yana nuna masu sarrafawa tare da yuwuwar overclocking ta hanyar buɗe mai ninkawa.
AMD Ryzen sarrafawa
Masu sarrafa Ryzen, mu'ujiza ta gaskiya ga kamfanin ku saboda kwatsam yadda ya ɗaga su a gasar tare da Intel kuma saboda ƙimar ƙarancin farashin da ta yi nasarar sanyawa a kasuwa, shima yana da takamaiman sunaye. An rarrabe samfuran Ryzen masu siye kamar haka:
- Kamar yadda a lokuta da suka gabata, lambar ɗaya tana nuna adadin murjani a cikin ƙirar. Ryzen 5 yana da muryoyi shida, Ryzen 7 yana da takwas da Ryzen 3, huɗu.
- Lambar ta biyu tana nuna ƙaruwar samfurin. Anan akwai tsararraki biyu na asali don irin wannan ƙirar: ZEN (wanda lambar 1000 ta nuna) ko ZEN + (lamba 2000).
- Lambar ta uku ita ce saurin aiki na GHz, tare da Ryzen 7 1800X wanda aka rufe a 3,7 GHz-4 GHz da Ryzen 7 1700X wanda aka rufe a 3,4 GHz-3,8 GHz.
- A ƙarshe, harafin X yana nuna mafi girman mitar aiki dangane da lambobin da ba su da shi. Ryzen 7 1700, alal misali, yana da ƙarancin mitar aiki fiye da Ryzen 7 1700X.
Bidiyo mai zuwa yana ba mu jagora mai sauƙi, cikakke kuma jagorar ƙuruciya don samun damar tantance jeri daban -daban da tsararraki na AMD masu sarrafawa. Hanyoyin gani na gani wanda zai iya fadada bayanin da aka gabatar a cikin wannan rubutun.
Ya zuwa yanzu labarinmu a kan AMD masu sarrafawa. Bari mu yi fatan gasar kasuwa tsakanin kamfanonin sarrafawa daban -daban za ta ci gaba da shigar da mu cikin zamanin fasaha na tsayin da ba a iya misaltawa. Sai anjima