Menene MVC? Sanin wannan kayan aikin software!

Koyi game da Menene MVC? Kuma kamar yadda wannan sabon nau'in software ya kawo sauyi a duniyar kodi da muhimman halayensa, duk wannan godiya ga abin da za mu gaya muku a ƙasa.

Menene MVC?

MVC tana tsaye ne don Mai Kula da Model, burinta shine ta zama tushen ƙirar software. Tsarin gine -ginen software jagora ne waɗanda ke sauƙaƙe gina waɗannan abubuwan, suna ba da samfurin yadda yakamata ya kasance.

MVC, sabanin sauran gine -ginen software, yana raba kowane lambar don kula da takamaiman aiki, ta wannan hanyar, ana haɓaka lambar a cikin aiki ɗaya kuma ana aiwatar da shi ba tare da katsewa ba.

Don sauƙaƙe amfani da shi, yi amfani da ƙirar mai amfani, tunda waɗannan suna da sauƙin fahimta da haɗa kwamfutar kai tsaye tare da mai amfani da Intanet. Hakanan, ana iya amfani da lambar MVC don shirye -shirye daban -daban ko makirci.

Lokacin amfani da shi yana da tsawo, a aikace kuma mu'amalarsa mai sauƙi ce, saboda yana neman ƙirƙirar software ba tare da rikitarwa da yawa ba, kamar yadda yake a da. Tsarin yana amfani da lambobi daban -daban, koda an yi amfani da su, kuma yana raba su ta yadda za su yi aiki kan aiki ɗaya ko ra'ayi ɗaya kowanne.

Kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama, gine -gine ne, amma me yasa? To, kamar tsarin gini, yana kafa tsare -tsaren aiki guda uku; samfurin, dubawa da mai sarrafawa.

Wannan tunanin rabuwa da manufar lambobin ya tsufa kuma ya sami ƙarfi saboda kyawawan tsarin da ya fito. Frameworks wani nau'in software ne da ke neman warware wata matsala kuma gininsa ya dogara ne akan matsalar da kanta.

Menene MVC?: Tarihin Model, Ra'ayoyi & Masu Gudanarwa

An ce ra'ayin Model, Views & Controllers ya kasance kafin ƙirƙirar shafin yanar gizon. Ra'ayi ne da ke fitowa daga GUI ko musaya na hoto mai hoto; GUIs kayan aiki ne waɗanda ke aiki tare da musaya masu amfani, waɗanda ke amfani da software wanda ke wakiltar tare da abun gani, bayanan da ke cikin tsarin.

Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin sababbin abubuwan da aka fara amfani da su don amfani da software wanda ya raba ra'ayoyinsa zuwa ayyuka daban -daban. An fara shi azaman ra'ayi a cikin 70s, daga baya a cikin 80s an aiwatar da sigar don Smalltalk-80.

Smalltalk-80 harshe ne na shirye-shirye mai aiki wanda, sabanin MCV, baya rarrabe ra'ayoyin sa da ayyukan sa. Za a ba ƙungiyar MCV don ɗakin karatu mai aiki, yana gwada tushenta.

A ƙarshe, a ƙarshen shekarun nineties, MVC an sake shi azaman ra'ayin kansa, ana rabuwa da Smalltalk-80. A farkon kwanakinsa, MCV shiri ne na asali wanda har yanzu bai aiwatar da fasalin rabuwa da lambar sa ba, wanda ya dogara da yanayin shigar kawai.

Tare da haɓaka 'yan watanni wannan yana canzawa, aiwatar da ra'ayi, wanda shine samfurin fitarwa da haɗa shi da ƙirar shigar. Tsawon shekaru, wannan nau'in ƙirar bai isa ba don aikace -aikacen yanzu, sabili da haka, MVC ta samo asali zuwa manufar da aka sani a yau, duk da haka, ta bi salo iri -iri har ta zama abin da take a yau.

Mai Kula da Tsarin Tsarin Hierarchical (HMVC)

Yana ɗaya daga cikin bambance -bambancen farko, ya tashi a farkon 2000. Ba kamar MVC ba, HMCV yana saita samfurin farko kuma a ƙarshen ra'ayi, kasancewa ɗan ƙaramin tsari; Wannan sigar ba ta ba da damar duba don yin nazari kai tsaye ko samun damar bayanan.

Adaftar Duba Model (MVA)

Yana da sigar da ke kusa da abin da MVC zai kasance, yana da irin wannan gine -gine don raba kowane aiki ko lamba ta matakan. Ba kamar wanda ya gabace ta ba, matakin MVA yana daidaita kowane aiki, amma baya bada izinin haɗi tsakanin ƙirar da ra'ayi kamar MVC.

Mai Gabatarwa na Model (MVP)

Ana ci gaba da amfani da Mai Gabatarwa na Model don tsara wuraren haɗin tsakanin mai amfani da PC. Ana amfani dashi don gwaje -gwaje inda uwar garken ke ba da amsoshi masu zaman kansu kuma yana canza bayanan da samfurin ya ba shi kuma ya matse shi don kallo.

View View Model (MVVM)

Wannan nau'in ƙirar software yana buɗe duk tsarin ƙirar da kallo, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da juna, suna samun cikakkiyar canja wurin bayanai. Wannan yana haɓaka ƙirar gani mai kyau kuma yana ba da kyakkyawar haɓaka hoto a cikin aikace -aikace.

Menene amfanin MVC?

Wannan kayan aiki shine tsarin ƙirƙirar software, wanda ake amfani dashi don samar da ingantattun aikace -aikacen inganci, saboda haka, a yau ana neman mafi kyawun inganci da sauƙi na shirye -shirye.

Tun lokacin ƙirƙirar yanar gizo da kwamfutoci, shirye -shirye sun ɗauki babban inganci kuma injiniyoyin tsarin sun ɗauki muhimmiyar rawa, saboda sun ƙera manyan aikace -aikace ko software da suka kawo sauyi a duniya baki ɗaya. Don ƙirƙirar kowane shirin ya zama dole don amfani da tsarin lambar da ta dace.

Shirye -shiryen kafin ya kasance wani abu mai nauyi da rikitarwa, wanda zai iya ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo don kawo sabon abu azaman tsarin ko aikace -aikace, duk da haka, an samar da ƙananan ayyuka ko shirye -shirye don sauƙaƙe aiwatarwa. Daga shirye -shiryen da suka raba lambar ko gudanar da haɗewa, koda ɗaya bayan ɗaya.

Mai Kula da Model shine cikakkiyar mafita ga injiniyoyin tsarin ko masu shirye -shirye, saboda an tsara shi ta matakan kowane aiki da lambar zata yi kuma babu wani aiki da ya katse ɗayan.

An sauƙaƙe tsarin shirye -shirye saboda hanyar da MVC ke ba da damar sake amfani da lambobin, samun cikakkiyar ƙwarewa a cikin kowane abin da aka tsara.

MVC ba kawai yana ba da sauƙin shirye-shirye ba, amma kuma yana ba da damar yin shi cikin sauri kuma yana haifar da ingantattun ƙa'idodi.

Idan kuna son wannan labarin, ina gayyatar ku don karantawa "Classes da Abubuwa a Java", cikakken aikin tunani game da Java, tabbas za ku so shi.

HTML ba tare da MVC ba

Zai iya zama mai ban tsoro da farko duk bayanin wannan ginin software, duk da haka, suna la'akari da wani abu kamar HTML, CSS da abubuwan PHP.

Kowannen su ana amfani da shi wajen tsara ko tsara shafi; Mafi na kowa shine HTML, wanda a farkon ba shi da irin wannan kyakkyawan tsari kuma a lokacin shirye-shiryen bai raba kowane ɗayan ayyukansa ba, sakamakon haka, an haɗa lambar kuma idan kuna son canza wani abu, dole ne ku canza duk lambar.

Matsalar HTML ta sa aikin shirye -shirye ya zama mai gajiya, amma wasu marubutan lamba suna da babban ra'ayin ƙirƙirar wani abu don rarrabe nauyi yayin shirye -shirye: sun ƙirƙiri yaren CSS. Harshen CSS yana ba da damar keɓewa da rarrabe aikin kowane lambar, cire mabuɗin aiki na maimaitawa ko canza lambar gaba ɗaya.

Lambar Spaghetti

Lamarin HTML, ba wai kawai yana faruwa tare da shi ba; Yawancin lokaci, don ƙirƙirar shafuka daban -daban kuna son haɗa lambobin, waɗanda ke cika ayyuka daban -daban. Lambobin sun saba haduwa don a nuna abin da ake so, wani abu mai fa'ida, duk da haka, ta hanyar yin ƙaramin kuskure a cikin wasu lambobin, yana tilasta maimaita aikin gaba ɗaya.

Harshen da ake amfani da shi, an haɗa shi kuma yana haifar da mai shirye -shirye ya tafi mataki -mataki yana gyara abubuwan da, wataƙila, ba su da alaƙa.

Duk waɗannan nau'ikan kurakurai ko yanayi ana warware su tare da rarrabuwa na harshe mai sauƙi, yana ƙara da cewa kowannensu yana mai da hankali kan aikin da ke hannunsa. Ba wai kawai akwai kurakurai na rabuwa ba, har ma da rashin daidaituwa a lokacin da ake son sake amfani da lambar, wacce a da ta makale.

Idan za a yi amfani da wannan lambar don wani shiri ko aiki, dole ne a yi shi sannu a hankali, godiya ga MVC wannan baya zama dole, saboda an sake amfani da lambar kuma abin da aka riga aka ƙirƙira a cikin lokaci ɗaya.

Gabatarwa ga Mai Gabatarwa na Model

Daga farkon labarin an yi bayanin yadda yake aiki da dalilin da yasa ƙirar ke aiki, duk da haka, ba a yi bayanin kowane ɓangarorinsa musamman ba: The Model, The View and The Controller.

Samfurin

Shi ne matakin farko kuma yana gano duk bayanan da suka shafi tsarin da aikin sa, wato yana sarrafa abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin, sabuntawar da za ta yiwu.

Hakanan akwai “dabarun kasuwanci”, wanda ya ƙunshi yadda tsarin ke adanawa, canzawa da canza bayanan don hangen nesa.

Samfurin yana ba wa mai amfani damar amfani da bayanan da suke buƙata, ba tare da yin bincike ta cikin fayiloli marasa iyaka ba, kawai suna buƙatar shiga kuma zai nuna, ta hanyar “kallo”, abin da suke buƙata. Don canza wani abu a cikin tsarin ko bayanai, dole ne ku bi ta "mai sarrafawa", wanda ke aika bayanin zuwa ƙirar.

A yadda aka saba, ana aiki da bayanan tare da sauran masu sarrafawa kuma, maimakon amfani da SQL (yaren tsarin don samun cikakken ikon sarrafa bayanai), ana gyara shi kai tsaye akan sauran sassan bayanan, wanda ya ƙunshi ajinsa da abin sa.

Dubawa

Kallon shine matakin inda bayanin da samfurin ya aiko yake wakilta ga mai amfani, yana nuna abun cikin a cikin dubawa mai gani. An nuna lambar shirin, wanda za a yi aiki a kansa kuma a nuna shi a cikin hanyoyin mai amfani.

Wannan kashi yana aiki tare da lambobin HTML da PHP, saboda sune mafi dacewa lambobin don gina shafi, sabar, da sauransu. Ana aika waɗannan lambobin zuwa fitarwa, wanda shine jimlar canjin bayanan da samfurin ya aiko.

Mai sarrafawa

Mai sarrafawa shine wanda ke ba da amsoshin buƙatun mai amfani, wanda aka yi ta ƙirar. Buƙatun suna da alaƙa da bayanai, daga gyara, ƙirƙira ko neman kowane irin bayani.

Kayan aiki ne wanda kuma yana ba ku damar shirya yadda ake nuna bayanan, wato, yadda za a sarrafa bayanan kuma a nuna su cikin "ra'ayi", wannan biyun shine canji a yadda samfurin ke ba da bayanin. A sauƙaƙe, mai sarrafawa shine gada tsakanin ƙirar da gani, wanda ke karɓar buƙata kuma yana iya isa ga ra'ayi don yin tunani a wata hanya.

Mai sarrafawa shine wanda ke ba da amsar abin da shirin da aka yi ko aikace -aikacen da ake ƙirƙira yake buƙata, makasudinsa na ƙarshe shi ne duk bayanan sun iso daga farkonsa zuwa fitarsa.

Ta yaya sassan ke hulɗa?

Aikin kowanne bangare, kamar yadda ake iya gani, an samar da shi ta hanyar oda kuma kowanne yana tasiri aikin ɗayan. Mai sarrafawa, ya haɗu da sauran, yana sa aikin ya ƙara gudana kuma an ba shi don ƙirƙirar shirin ko aikace -aikacen, duk da haka, wannan shine mafi kyawun bayanin yadda ake aiwatar da dukkan ayyukan:

1. Mai amfani da Intanet ya fara amfani da zaɓuɓɓuka daban -daban don shigar da keɓaɓɓen mai amfani, wato, yana shiga shafi ko sabar ta hanyar wani dacewa.
2. Mai sarrafawa yana karɓar buƙatun, wanda ke aika saƙon don dubawa da zuwa ƙirar. Kowane buƙatun yana haifar da shi ta hanyar mai gudanar da taron (lambar Java ko HTML, wanda ke ba da amsa na lambar waje).
3. Mai sarrafawa don cika buƙatun, ya shiga ƙirar, inda yake amfani da bayanin kuma yana canza aikin don abin da yake buƙata. Domin yin wasu ayyuka, mai sarrafawa dole ne ya yi amfani da lambobi daban -daban da aka haɗa, a takaice, tsarin umarni.
4.  A wasu lokuta, mai sarrafawa don kammala cikakken aikin zai yi amfani da ƙarin bayanai daga ƙirar, wanda dole ne ya aika don dubawa, aiki azaman gada.
5. Mai sarrafawa yana aika duk bayanan da odar da mai amfani da Intanet ya bayar a gani, wanda dole ne ya nuna abin da ake so.
6. Ra'ayin, don ba da kyakkyawar gani, yana amfani da bayanai da yawa kamar yadda zai iya daga ƙirar kuma yana nuna duk abin da ke ciki.
7. Tun da samfurin ba zai iya samun bayani game da abin da ke faruwa a gani ba, yana amfani da nau'in software wanda ke yi masa gargaɗi game da kowane canji kuma, ta wannan hanyar, yana yin canjin da ya dace a cikin bayanin ko keɓancewa.
8. Mai dubawa yana maimaita tsari gwargwadon kowane mu'amala da mai amfani da Intanet ke yi a yawan ayyukan da yake yi.

Yaya ake amfani dashi a aikace -aikacen yanar gizo?

Lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri software na MVC, ana tunanin za a aiwatar da shi a cikin kayan aikin tebur, tunda aikin sa da martanin sa zai kasance nan take. Ci gaban fasaha ya sa ya yiwu a daidaita software zuwa aikace -aikacen hannu, gudanar da amsawa ba tare da an ƙaddara kamar shirye -shiryen tebur ba.

An daidaita MVC zuwa yaruka masu kama -da -wane, ta cimma cewa matakan daban -daban na iya zama cikin jituwa da harsuna kamar HTML ko JavaScript, da sauransu. Ana amfani da ginshiƙai don samun damar daidaita ginin MVC, ƙirƙirar ɗayan nasa don gidan yanar gizo.

Ginin MVC don amsawar kama -da -wane shine na “abokin ciniki da sabar”, a cikin wannan makirci abokin ciniki yana yin buƙata kuma uwar garken zai zama mai karɓa, wanda zai ba da sakamako ko amsa buƙatun.

A farkon, don aiwatar da irin wannan gine -ginen, ci gaban yanar gizo bai cika ba, saboda haka, an mai da hankali ga tsarin “abokin ciniki na bakin ciki”. Abokin ciniki na bakin ciki shine tsarin farko, saboda ana ba da amsa a cikin uwar garken tsakiya kuma, saboda haka, yana iya zama ɗan lokaci kaɗan; mahaɗin amsa yana kai tsaye tsakanin shigarwar da fitarwa, ba tare da wani haɗin gwiwa ko sarrafawa ba.

An yi aiki sosai da wannan tsarin, ana ba da komai daga lokacin da mai amfani da Intanet ya shiga hanyar haɗin yanar gizon, daga nan akan aikin da zai ƙaddamar da hanyar, ya bi ta mai sarrafawa kuma ya ba da oda don dubawa don ya nuna hoton da mai amfani dole ne duba. Abubuwa uku na MVC suna cikin sabar uwar garke, wanda shine zai ba da amsa.

MVC da bayanai

Ci gaban fasaha ya ba da damar haɓaka sabobin da sabbin harsuna waɗanda ke haifar da ingantacciyar ci gaba na MVC, wanda ke ba da damar mayar da martani ya zama mai rikitarwa kuma ya fi dacewa ga mai amfani.

Domin aikace -aikace su sami ci gaba mai kyau, MVC dole ne ta sami taskar bayanai da ke zama tallafi. Bayanan bayanai tsarin sarrafawa ne ga duk bayanan aikace -aikacen, kasancewa mai goyan baya ga ƙirar, yana sa ta adana ko gyara duk abin da take buƙata.

Ana kiyaye ra'ayi da mai sarrafawa ban da bayanan bayanai, tunda akwai rabuwa ta yadudduka, yana ba da damar haɓaka sashin hoto ta hanya mafi kyau, yana ba da cikakkiyar hanyar gani ga duk bayanan da kowane mai dacewa. Yi aiki a gefenku.

Idan kuna son wannan labarin, Ina gayyatar ku don karanta littafin "Iri shirye -shirye a shirye -shirye", yayi bayanin cikakken mahimmancin sa a cikin ƙirƙirar shirye -shirye, na san zaku so shi.