Nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta da halayensu

Yana da yawa don jin labarin ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta, amma kun san menene nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta wanzu? Ci gaba da karanta wannan labarin mai ban sha'awa kuma zaku san duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da shi.

Nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta

Gabaɗaya magana, don kwamfutar ta yi aiki yadda yakamata kuma daidai tana buƙatar guda huɗu nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta. Na gaba, za mu ba ku cikakkun bayanai game da su.

Koyaya, da farko ya zama dole a tuna wasu fannoni na asali waɗanda ke da alaƙa da wannan mahimmin batun. Misali, ma’anar ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta, halayen ta, da ƙari.

Mene ne ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kwamfuta?

Ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta, ko ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta kamar yadda wasu mutane kan kira ta, ba komai bane illa na'urar da ke hidimar adana bayanai da umarni na dijital. Don wannan, muna da daban -daban nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta, kowanne daga cikinsu yana da tsari na musamman da na musamman.

A takaice dai, ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta wani ɓangaren sarrafawa ne, ta hanyar saitin kwakwalwan kwamfuta, yana adana bayanai na ɗan lokaci ko na dindindin. Dangane da wannan ɓangaren na ƙarshe, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa nau'in ajiyar ya dogara da takamaiman aikin kowane abin tunawa.

Ayyukan

Duk nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta waɗanda ke wanzuwa an bayyana su ta sigogi na yau da kullun, yawancinsu suna haifar da rarrabuwa daban -daban gwargwadon ma'aunin da aka yi amfani da su don ma'anar su. Waɗannan su ne: naúrar da ƙarfin ajiya, lokaci da nau'in samun dama, lokacin sake zagayowar, kwanciyar hankali, aiki, da sauransu:

Na'urar adanawa

Na'urar ajiya na kowane ɗayan nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta abin da muka sanya wa suna, shi ne bit. Don haka, kadan shine adadin bayanan da za a iya adanawa a cikin na’urar lantarki, ta hanyar abin da zai yiwu a gina ƙimomi masu rikitarwa.

Tanadin damar ajiya

Wannan shi ne adadin ragowa da ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta za ta iya adanawa. Dangane da wannan, dangane da nau'in da muke magana, galibi muna magana ne akan kilobytes, megabytes ko gigabytes.

Lokacin isowa

Lokaci ne da ke wucewa daga lokacin da ake magana da kalma har zuwa karantawa ko rubuta shi a ƙwaƙwalwar. Dangane da wannan, yana da mahimmanci a ambaci cewa kowace kalma ta ƙunshi jerin ragowa, waɗanda ake samun su lokaci guda.

Nau'in samun dama

Ainihin, zamu iya magana game da nau'ikan samun dama ga ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta: bazuwar da serial. A cikin farko, lokacin samun dama yana dawwama, ba tare da la’akari da matsayin da kalmar ke cikin ƙwaƙwalwa ba, yayin da na biyun ya bambanta sosai.

Ta wannan hanyar, muna cikin tunanin samun dama bazuwar ƙwaƙwalwar RAM da ROM, da ƙananan sassan su. Yayin da aka keɓance tunanin samun damar shiga cikin: Rijistar Shift, tunanin LIFO da tunanin FIFO.

Lokacin zagayawa

Wannan yana nufin mafi ƙanƙanin tazarar lokaci da ke wucewa tsakanin samun ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da na biye. Dangane da wannan, yana da mahimmanci a fayyace cewa lokacin sake zagayowar koyaushe ya fi lokacin samun dama; bugu da ,ari, kishiyarta tana auna adadin kalmomin da za a iya sarrafa su ta kowane lokaci.

Yanayin jiki

Gabaɗaya, nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta wanzuwar za a iya rarrabasu gwargwadon yanayin jikinsu. Ta wannan hanyar, muna da ƙwaƙwalwar lantarki, magnetic da ƙwaƙwalwar gani.

Babban halayyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar lantarki shine an gina su da semiconductors, yayin da ake yin magnetic da kayan ferro-magnetic. A ƙarshe, tunanin gani yana dogara ne akan amfani da fasahar laser.

Kwanciyar hankali

A gefe guda, ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta za a iya rarrabasu gwargwadon irin kwanciyar hankali da suke wakilta. Don haka muna da rikice -rikice, ajiya mai ƙarfi, da kuma abubuwan tunawa na karatu masu lalata.

Dangane da wannan, bayanan da aka adana a cikin abubuwan da ba za a iya mantawa da su ba suna ɓacewa lokacin da aka kashe kwamfutar. Yayin da ke cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai ƙarfi bayanai dole ne a maido da bayanai ta hanyar wartsakewa na lokaci -lokaci wanda ke hana su lalacewa.

A ƙarshe, a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar komputa mai ɓarna, ana kawar da bayanin da zarar an karanta shi. Ta wannan hanyar, irin wannan ƙwaƙwalwar koyaushe yana haɗa da tsarin sakewa.

Yanayi

Gabaɗaya sharuddan, wata hanyar rarrabewa nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta wanzuwar ta hanyar ayyukansu ne. Ta wannan hanyar, zamu iya magana game da masu zuwa: Ƙwaƙwalwar ciki, babban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da ƙwaƙwalwar sakandare.

Ciki: Babban halayyar irin wannan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya shine babban ƙarfin sa don canja wurin bayanai. A gefe guda, yana ƙunshe da duk bayanan ko bayanan cikin gida da aka samu a cikin Central Processing Unit (CPU).

Babban: Hakanan ana kiranta memory na tsakiya, yana da alhakin adana shirye -shirye da bayanai. Gabaɗaya, wannan nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yana da sauri kuma yana da girman gaske; bugu da kari, CPU na iya samun damar ta kai tsaye ta hanyar bas.

Na biyu: Girman wannan ƙwaƙwalwar ya yi yawa fiye da na baya; duk da haka sai ya zama a hankali. Bugu da ƙari, ƙwaƙwalwar sakandare tana da alhakin adana shirye -shiryen tsarin da manyan fayiloli; Bugu da ƙari, samun dama ta CPU ba kai tsaye ba ne.

Menene mahimman ayyukan ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta?

Gabaɗaya magana, ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta tana da alaƙa da ayyuka biyu na asali: rubutu da karanta bayanai. Dangane da wannan, zamu iya cewa na farko yana nufin masauki na kalma a cikin takamaiman adireshin ƙwaƙwalwa.

A nata ɓangaren, rubutun bayanai tsari ne wanda ake iya dawo da kalmar da zarar an karanta ta daga ƙwaƙwalwa. Dangane da wannan, yana da mahimmanci a ambaci cewa adireshin kalmar yana nuna matsayin da kalma ke ciki cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.

Bugu da ƙari, ya zama dole a lura cewa aiwatar da waɗannan ayyukan yana yiwuwa godiya ga adireshin da bas ɗin bayanai. A kan wannan musamman, muna da cewa ana amfani da na farko don nuna alkiblar karantawa / rubutu; yayin da motocin bas ke aiki don karantawa ko rubuta kowace kalma.

Mene ne nau'o'in ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta da ke wanzu?

Kamar yadda muka riga muka ambata, aikin kwamfuta yana dogara ne aƙalla huɗu nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta. Na gaba, za mu ba da cikakkun bayanai game da kowannensu.

Hakanan, a cikin bidiyo mai zuwa zaku iya ganin ƙarin bayani game da shi:

Memorywaƙwalwar RAM

RAM (Memory Access Memory), kuma ana kiranta da memory access access, kuma yana nufin cewa kowane sashi na shi ana iya samun sa a kowane lokaci. Hakanan, shine mafi mashahuri tsakanin kowane nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta a waje.

Gabaɗaya, ƙwaƙwalwar RAM tana adana bayanai da umarnin shirin da ake buƙata da amfani da CPU. Bugu da ƙari, ana ɗaukarsa mai rikitarwa kuma yana karantawa / rubuta ƙwaƙwalwa tunda yana cika ayyukan biyu.

Dangane da wannan, yanayin rashin tabbas yana faruwa ne saboda bayanin da ta adana yana ɓacewa lokacin da aka kashe kwamfutar ko kuma rashin ƙarfin wutar lantarki, yana buƙatar adana bayanan sa a cikin ƙarin na’urar ajiya. A gefe guda, daga ƙwaƙwalwar RAM ne aka fara shirye -shiryen, ɗora Kwatancen da aiwatarwa; haka kuma, kamar yadda waɗannan shirye -shiryen ke buƙatar ƙarin bayanai, ana ci gaba da samun su na ɗan lokaci a cikin wannan ƙwaƙwalwar.

KUNYA

Gabaɗaya, shi ne ƙwaƙwalwar RAM mai rikitarwa, wanda ke kula da bayanan muddin kwamfutar tana kunne. Bugu da ƙari, yana ba da damar samun dama da lokacin sake zagayowar, wanda ke fassara zuwa babban saurin canja wurin bayanai.

Duk da haka, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ce tare da ƙarancin ƙarfin ajiya. A gefe guda, ƙwaƙwalwar SRAM tana aiki azaman gada tsakanin DRAM da CPU, wato yana aiki azaman nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.

Bugu da ƙari, wannan ƙwaƙwalwar tana da sauƙin sarrafawa, tunda samun damar bayanan bas da adireshin kai tsaye ne. A ƙarshe, zamu iya magana game da nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar SRAM guda biyu: asynchronous da synchronous.

A nasa ɓangaren, a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar SRAM mai asynchronous, bas ɗin jagora yana sarrafa bayanan shigarwa da fitarwa. Duk da yake a cikin synchronous SRAM sarrafa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya shine alhakin gefen agogo.

DRAM

Ainihin, DRAM nau'in RAM ne mai ƙarfi, babba da ƙarancin gudu. Don haka, wannan nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yana rasa bayanan da yake adanawa lokacin da kayan aikin suka daina karɓar ƙarfin wutar lantarki.

Dangane da wannan, wannan shine babban dalilin da yasa irin wannan ƙwaƙwalwar koyaushe ke buƙatar sabuntawa ko sake samun kuzari, don kada a rasa bayanai. Gabaɗaya, ƙwaƙwalwar DRAM tana da mafi girman ƙarfin ajiya fiye da ƙwaƙwalwar SRAM.

Don ƙarin bayani kan wannan, zaku iya karanta labarin: Nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar RAM da halayensu.

ROM ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya

ROM (Karanta Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya Kawai) matsakaici ne, mara ƙarfi, ƙwaƙwalwar karatu kawai. A wasu kalmomin, ana karanta bayanan kuma ana amfani da su, amma ba a canza su ba; Bugu da kari, ana adana bayanan na dindindin, ba tare da an rasa su ba ko da kwamfutar ta kare.

Dangane da aikinta, ROM ɗin ya ƙunshi duk umarnin da kwamfutar ke buƙatar aiki, wanda aka sani da umarnin farawa ko BIOS na kwamfutar. Ta wannan hanyar, lokacin da aka kunna kwamfutar, tana samun wannan ƙwaƙwalwar don ɗaukar abin da ake buƙata don farawa, tare da sanin bayanan da ke da alaƙa da kayan aikinta.

A gefe guda, bayanan da aka adana a cikin wannan nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ba za a iya canza su ba; duk da haka, a wasu lokuta yana yiwuwa a canza shi da babban wahala. Gabaɗaya, adana bayanai a cikin wannan ƙwaƙwalwar yana faruwa yayin kera shi, don a yi rikodin waɗannan har abada, koda kwamfutar ba ta da ƙarfi.

A ƙarshe, zamu iya cewa ROM wani nau'in software ne wanda ke cikin kayan aikin kwamfutar. Dangane da wannan, wannan shine abin da aka sani da Firmware, sanannen ra'ayi a yau.

ALKAWARI

Wani nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ne mai karantawa kawai, wanda ya dogara ne akan semiconductors waɗanda ke iya ƙunsar jerin umarni da bayanai. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya karanta abubuwan da ke ciki, amma ba a canza su ba; Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan an ƙirƙira su ba daga tsarin masana'anta ba, amma ta amfani da shirye -shirye na musamman na gaba.

Koyaya, da zarar tsarin shirye -shiryen ya cika, PROM yana aiki kamar al'ada ROM. Dangane da wannan, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa idan an sami kuskuren shirye -shirye yayin aiwatar da wannan aikin, ba za a iya jujjuya shi ba, wanda zai sa ƙwaƙwalwar ba ta aiki yadda ake tsammani.

EEPROM

Yana da nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ROM ɗin da ake shirye -shiryen wutar lantarki, wanda ke ba da damar adana bayanan da ake buƙata don aikin aikace -aikacen. Koyaya, ana iya share bayanai ta amfani da hasken ultraviolet daga tushen hasken tururi na mercury.

Dangane da wannan, zamu iya ambaton cewa an tsara wannan nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar don warware shirin da ke wakiltar aikata kuskuren shirye -shirye, yayin rikodin abun ciki a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar PROM. Ta wannan hanyar, abubuwan tunawa na EPROM suna cikin tsarin aiki kamar naurar karatu kawai, sai dai idan an canza abun cikin su kuma dole ne a cire su na ɗan lokaci.

Don haka, bayan an goge abun ciki, an sake tsara tsarin memba na EPROM ta hanyar motsawar lantarki, kuma an sake sanya shi a cikin tsarin guda ɗaya ko a wani wurin da ake buƙata. Dangane da wannan, gaskiyar da dole ne mu haskaka ita ce, dole ne a goge bayanan gaba ɗaya, kuma ba zaɓin zaɓi ba akan wani ɓangaren abun ciki na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.

EEPROM

EEPROM, ko kuma kamar yadda ake kira E memory²PROM, yana da shirye -shirye na lantarki kamar ƙwaƙwalwar da muka ambata a sashin da ya gabata. Koyaya, bayanan da aka adana a cikin EEPROM an goge su da wutar lantarki.

Dangane da wannan, wannan yana nufin cewa an goge abun ciki ba tare da buƙatar cire ƙwaƙwalwar daga allon da'irar ba. Koyaya, ba wani abu bane akai -akai, tunda gabaɗaya lokutan rubutu sun fi lokacin karatu.

Tunanin RAM

Yawancin ƙwaƙwalwar SRAM galibi an san shi azaman ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, yana da alhakin hanzarta samun damar bayanai ta CPU. Dangane da wannan, aikin cache shine adana kwafin bayanan da ake yawan amfani dasu waɗanda ke cikin babban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.

A takaice dai, wannan nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yana ƙunshe da kwafin bayanai don samun sauƙi da sauri. Ta irin wannan hanyar da CPU ke fara binciken cache kafin fara zuwa babban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya; Idan ya sami abin da yake nema a can, zai karanta ko ya rubuta a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kuma ya ci gaba da sauran ayyukan da ke jiran aiki.

A cikin labarinmu: Ma'ajiya: Ma’ana, aiki, mahimmanci, da ƙari, zaku iya sanin duk cikakkun bayanai game da wannan muhimmin nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta.

Musanya ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya

Hakanan an san ƙwaƙwalwar musanyawa azaman ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ko sararin canza wuri. Ana amfani dashi lokacin da buƙatun tsarin aiki da masu amfani suka wuce ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kayan aiki.

A gefe guda, ana iya faɗaɗa irin wannan ƙwaƙwalwar yayin da buƙatun masu amfani ke buƙata. Ta wannan hanyar, ƙwaƙwalwar musaya ita ce fadada babban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, yana buƙatar ɓangaren diski don aikinsa.

Bugu da ƙari, ƙwaƙwalwar musanya tana da ikon samar da tsarin aiki tare da ƙarin ƙwaƙwalwar RAM fiye da yadda zai iya kasancewa a zahiri. Wato, musanyawar wuri tana ba da ajiyar sararin faifai ga waɗancan shafuka waɗanda ba su da hoto a ciki.

Koyaya, ba a ba da shawarar amfani da irin wannan ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ba, tunda gabaɗaya sararin musanyawa ya fi samun damar zuwa shafi na RAM har ya kai iyakar sa. Koyaya, yana iya zama da amfani lokacin da muke son cire wasu ƙananan hanyoyin amfani daga RAM don maye gurbin su da wasu waɗanda ke buƙatar sarari a ciki.

Baya ga nau’ukan ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta da muka ambata, muna da Flash memory. Wannan nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ne na musamman wanda ke cikin wasu na’urorin ajiya na dijital, kamar: na’urar daukar hoto ko bidiyo.

Memorywaƙwalwar walƙiya

Gabaɗaya, ƙwaƙwalwar filasha tana haɗa fa'idodin RAM da ROM. Ta wannan hanyar, mai amfani zai iya samun damar bayanan ba tare da izini ba, kazalika ya sake rubuta abin da ke ciki a kowane lokaci.

Labarin nishadi

Daga cikin duka nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta wanzu, RAM shine mafi mashahuri. Saboda haka, kalmar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya galibi ana amfani da ita don komawa zuwa gare ta gabaɗaya.

Ya zama ruwan dare ga wasu mutane su rikitar da sharuɗɗan ajiya da RAM; duk da haka, akwai alamun bambanci tsakanin su biyun. Na farko, ajiya ya fi girma girma; Bugu da kari, bayanan da ke cikinsa ba a rasa ko da an kashe kwamfutar, yayin da bayanan da aka adana a cikin memory na wucin gadi ne.