Duniyar lantarki ta zama ginshiƙin da ake buƙatar haɓaka fasaha. Kuma wannan matattarar ruwa ta ƙunshi ƙananan sassa kamar condenser. A cikin wannan labarin mai ban sha'awa za ku koya dalla -dalla Menene capacitor na lantarki ?, Ayyuka daban -daban da ake amfani da su da mahimmancin sa a fannoni daban -daban.
Mai sanya kwalliya
Don fara nazarin capacitor, da farko za mu yi bayani menene capacitor. Bangaren lantarki ne mai wuce gona da iri, wato ba ya samar da wutar lantarki da kansa, yana iya adana cajin lantarki, sannan ya sake shi daga baya. Kuna iya samun sa kamar capacitor ko capacitor. Cajin da yake riƙewa a ciki yana da yuwuwar bambanci ko ƙarfin lantarki.
Labarin ƙididdigar masu ba da gudummawa ya taso a cikin 1745 lokacin da Ewald Georg von Kleist na Jamus ya fahimci cewa yana yiwuwa a adana cajin lantarki. Wannan ya taso ne daga hatsari lokacin da ya haɗa injin janareta na lantarki zuwa ƙarar ruwa da ke cikin gilashin gilashi ko kwalba ta amfani da kebul. Lokacin da ya cire kebul din ya dora hannunsa akansa.
Ba shekara guda da ta shuɗe lokacin da masanin kimiyyar lissafi dan ƙasar Holland Pieter van Musschenbroek ya ƙirƙiri capacitor mai halaye iri ɗaya. A lokacin tunawa da jami'ar da ya yi aiki ya kira wannan condenser "kwalbar Leyden."
Ta yaya capacitor ke aiki?
Yanzu bari mu gani yadda capacitor ke aiki y menene capacitor na. Hanyar da ta sarrafa don adana cajin wutar lantarki shine ta amfani da zanen gado guda biyu da aka yi da kayan gudanarwa, kamar tantalum, waɗanda wasu kayan wuta ke rarrabe, misali iska.
Kafin ci gaba, yana da mahimmanci kada ku rikitar da mai kashe wutar lantarki tare da cikakken abin rufe fuska. Wato, duk masu kashe wutar lantarki masu ba da wutar lantarki ne, amma wannan ba lallai bane ya sanya duk masu kashe wutar lantarki. Kayan aikin Dielectric suna da ikon zama mai jagoranci yayin da aka caje su da babban cajin wutar lantarki kuma ya karya ƙarfin dielectric. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan kayan na iya zama: yumbu, takarda, kakin zuma, gilashi, mai, da sauransu. Cikakken kayan rufewa sune waɗanda, komai yawan cajin wutar lantarki, wannan ba zai zama jagora ba, misali shine roba.
Yanzu, faranti da ke cikin capacitor, ana ciyar da su tare da tushen wutar lantarki, za a caje su da wutar lantarki daidai gwargwado amma tare da alamu daban -daban. Wannan yana nufin cewa cajin ɗaya zai zama tabbatacce (+ q), ɗayan cajin kuma zai kasance daidai gwargwado amma tare da caji mara kyau (-q), a waɗannan cajin daidai amma alamu daban-daban shine abin da ake kira bambanci a cikin yuwuwar ko ƙarfin lantarki.
Gabaɗaya, a cikin capacitors iska, takarda, tantalum, aluminium da yumbu ana amfani da su azaman kayan dielectric, kuma, a wasu capacitors ana amfani da wasu robobi.
Ana ƙididdige ƙarfin ajiya wanda capacitor ko capacitor yake da shi a cikin rukunin Farads. Yankin da ake samun mafi yawan masu ƙarfin lantarki daga pico (pF) zuwa micro (uF) Farads. Ƙididdigar lissafin ƙarfin capacitor shine:
C = q/V
Inda:
q = shine cajin da kowane farantin ya adana. Rukunin sa shine Coulomb (C)
V = shine ƙarfin lantarki, ƙarfin lantarki ko yuwuwar bambancin da ke tsakanin zanen gado biyu ko madubin ƙarfin. Na'urar sa ita ce Volts (V)
Aiwatar da wannan dabarar, idan muka ɗauki ƙimar 1 da kuma ƙarfin lantarki 1, zai ba mu 1 Farad. Duk da haka, wannan misali ne kawai, kamar yadda mai ƙarfin wannan ƙarfin ba ya wanzu saboda zai yi girma babba. Don samun ra'ayi, zai rufe sarari na 1000 m2.
Yanzu, idan muna son sanin ƙarfin da capacitor zai iya adana sanin cajin da Farads na capacitor, to zamu iya warware Voltage daga lissafin baya shine:
V = q/C
Caji da Saukar da Capacitor
Ofaya daga cikin halayen capacitor shine fitar da shi yana ci gaba ba gaggawa ba. A capacitor yana da lokacin fitarwa. Wannan kadarar tana ba da damar capacitor don samun wasu aikace -aikace kamar masu ƙidayar lokaci da masu tacewa a cikin da'irar lantarki.
Lokacin da cajin capacitor ya cika, shine lokacin da ya ba da damar ƙarfin lantarki ya wuce. Lokacin da aka yanke wutan lantarki, capacitor ɗin yana fara sannu a hankali ya saki ƙarfin lantarki zuwa lodin ko sinadarin da ke cin wutar lantarki.
Gabaɗaya, koyaushe ana yin riga da capacitor don dalilan kariya na capacitor. Ko da capacitor yana da ɗan juriya na cikin gida, ba a kula da shi, kuma idan ba a kula ba don kare capacitor, yana iya lalacewa har ma ya fashe.
Capacitor Cajin
Don kawai bayyana halayen capacitor lokacin caji, za mu yi amfani da misalin da aka fi amfani da shi don kwatanta shi:
Bari mu yi la’akari da dawafi inda akwai tushen wuta kamar baturi, resistor mai suna R1 wanda ke da alhakin sarrafa kwararar ruwan da zai isa ga capacitor don kare shi. Har ila yau, sauyawa wanda ke ba da damar capacitor don yin caji ko fitarwa, kuma a ƙarshe, resistor mai suna R2 wanda zai wakilci na’urar da ke cinye na yanzu.
Da farko, muna ganin yadda aka tsara juyawa don yadda capacitor ke cikin jerin tare da wutar lantarki da juriya, ta hanyar, dole ne mu jaddada cewa wannan juriya ana kiransa juriya mai nauyi.
A wannan lokacin ana cajin capacitor a cikin hanyar sarrafawa godiya ga resistor caji. Wannan haɗin resistor da capacitor yana ba ku damar saita masu ƙidayar lokaci da muka ambata a baya. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa juriya tana hana wucewar abin da ke gudana cikin walwala, don haka halin yanzu yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo don tafiya cikin da'irar, don haka sannan ya wuce ta cikin capacitor, yana ɗaukar ɗan lokaci don caji.
Ana iya lissafta lokacin da ake ɗauka don cajin capacitor ta amfani da lissafin da ke gaba:
t1 = 5 x R1 x C
Inda:
t1: shine lokacin caji. Naúrar ta shine millise seconds (ni)
R1: shine juriya na kaya. Na'urar ta ita ce ohms (Ω).
C: shine karfin capacitor. Rukuninsa shine Farads (F)
Wannan lissafin yana ba mu damar tabbatar da cewa mafi girman ƙarfin juriya da / ko mafi girman ƙarfin capacitor, tsawon lokacin caji. Wanda za a iya tabbatarwa a cikin jadawali mai zuwa.
Kuna iya mamakin abin da zai faru idan ba mu saita resistor na kaya ba. A ka'idar capacitor zai yi cajin nan da nan. Amma, kamar yadda muka ambata a baya, ba a ba da shawarar wannan ba saboda masu ƙarfin lantarki na iya karɓar ƙaramin ƙarfin wuta. Idan muka tuna Dokar Ohm zamu iya ganin cewa:
Ina = V / R
Inda:
I: shine halin yanzu. Rukuninsa shine Amperes (A)
V: shine ƙarfin lantarki. Na'urar sa ita ce Volts (V)
A: juriya ce. Na'urar sa ita ce Ohm (Ω)
Idan juriya ya daidaita ko yayi daidai da 0, wannan yana nuna cewa halin yanzu zai zama kusan mara iyaka, ko aƙalla babba. Capacitor na iya tallafawa ciyarwa kawai daga ƙaramin ƙarfi. A takaice, idan ba a sanya wani nau'in resistor na kaya ba, mai yiwuwa capacitor ba zai iya jure wannan halin ba kuma zai ƙone.
Yanzu bari mu ɗauka cewa capacitor ɗin ya riga ya yi caji, to me zai faru? Bari mu koma kan Dokar Ohm, yayin da ƙarfin lantarki ke ƙaruwa, kuma tunda ana kiyaye ƙimar juriya, ƙimar na yanzu ya zama sifili.
Kamar yadda muka riga muka sani, aikin capacitor shine don adana ƙarfin lantarki ko ƙarfin lantarki. Wannan yana nufin cewa yayin da capacitor ke cajin, akwai babban ƙarfin lantarki a wancan lokacin. Tun da juriya ba ta canza ƙimarta, halin yanzu yana zuwa sifili. A takaice, da zarar an caje capacitor, yana yin dabi’a kamar budewa ko kamar juyawa wanda ke hana wucewar halin yanzu, kodayake za a sami wutar lantarki ko wutar lantarki a wancan lokacin.
Condenser Fitar
Yanzu bari mu gabatar da shari'ar mai juyi. Lokacin da sauyawa ya canza matsayi, kuma aka sanya capacitor cikin jerin tare da resistor R2, capacitor ɗin zai fara fitarwa. Don haka, saboda saboda juriya R2 tana wakiltar amfani da da'irar, kuma wannan juriya za ta buƙaci a kawo ta lokacin da aka rufe ta. Za a samar da wannan wadatar ta hanyar capacitor, ta fitar da yuwuwar bambancin da ta adana.
Kamar yadda ake lodawa, saukarwa ba nan da nan ba, amma a hankali. Kuma kamar yadda yake da caji, ma'aunin kimanta lokacin fitarwa ɗaya ne. Wannan yana nufin cewa lokacin da ake ɗaukar fitar da capacitor ya dogara da juriya na R2 da ƙarfin capacitor. Hakanan, a nan za mu sake sabunta lissafin:
t1 = 5 x R1 x C
Inda:
t2: shine lokacin caji. Naúrar ta shine milise seconds (ms)
R2: shine juriya na kaya. Na'urar ta ita ce ohms (Ω).
C: shine karfin condenser. Rukuninsa shine Farads (F)
Irin wannan da'irar zata iya sarrafawa, alal misali, lokacin da na'urar ke kunne.
Condenser azaman Tace
Wani aikace -aikacen da ake yawan amfani da capacitors shine azaman tacewa. Wannan yana yiwuwa ne godiya ga halayensa na caji da fitarwa a hankali, kuma ana amfani da wannan sabon abu don tsabtace ƙazanta daga sigina ko igiyar lantarki.
Idan muka ɗauki da'irar farko a matsayin misali, amma a wannan yanayin tare da canza wutan lantarki na yanzu. Capacitor ɗin zai fara cajin har sai ya kai matsakaicin ƙarfin ajiyarsa, sannan kwararar wutar zata daina aiki kuma za a fara kawo kayan da ƙarfin da ke cikin capacitor. Da zaran capacitor ya fara fitarwa, sai wutar lantarki ta ci gaba da yin cajin capacitor ba tare da ta jira ya sauke gaba daya ba.
Wannan na iya zama da sauƙin fahimta a gani:
Kamar yadda ake iya gani, raƙuman wutar lantarki mai canzawa shine sinusoidal kuma godiya ga dukiyar capacitor yana yiwuwa a gyara raƙuman ruwa a cikin wadatar kai tsaye. Wannan yana da amfani sosai ga kayan wutar lantarki da ake amfani da su, misali, kwamfutoci. Yawancin na'urori ba za su iya aiki tare da madaidaicin halin yanzu ba amma tare da halin yanzu kuma wannan shine lokacin da wutar lantarki ta shiga azaman mai shiga tsakani. Tabbas, waɗannan wadatattun wutar lantarki suna da ƙarin abubuwa da yawa don cimma wannan burin.
Nau'in Masu Haɓakawa
Capacitors ko capacitors na iya samun rarrabuwa daban -daban. Na gaba, za mu fara ne ta hanyar rarrabe capacitors gwargwadon nau'in dielectric ɗin su:
Saboda ƙarancin wutar lantarki
Ana rarrabasu Capacitors gwargwadon gwargwadon abin da suke da shi. Akwai abubuwan da ake kira electrolytic capacitors, sune wadanda ke da polarity, wato suna da m terminal ko "kafa" da kuma m terminal. Idan an haɗa su tare da juyawa polarity, capacitor zai lalace.
Waɗannan masu ƙarfin lantarki, sabanin sauran masu haɓakawa shine cewa suna amfani da ruwan ionic conductive. Wannan ruwa shine maganin sinadarai, wanda galibi ya ƙunshi boric acid ko sodium borate tare da sukari ethylene glycol. Wannan ruwa yana shiga azaman maye gurbin ɗayan faranti mai gudana ko zanen condenser.
Ba kamar masu ƙarfin wutar lantarki ba, masu ƙarfin lantarki wanda keɓaɓɓen sigar iska, yumɓu, takarda, ko wasu, ba su da polarity. Bugu da kari, suna da faranti biyu a ciki kuma babu ruwa na ciki.
Duk nau'ikan capacitors suna da aikace -aikacen su, don haka ba zai yiwu a maye gurbin capacitors da junan su ba duk da cewa suna da dilectric daban -daban.
A takaice, akwai condensers:
- Electrolytic
- Tukwane
- Na takarda
- Na iska
- M capacitor
Kafaffen ko m
Kamar resistors, akwai capacitors tare da madaidaicin ƙarfin aiki da kuma capacitors waɗanda ƙarfinsu zai iya bambanta. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar daidaita tazara tsakanin farantan su ta amfani da ƙugi, kamar potentiometer ko resistor mai canzawa.
Dangane da fasalin ta
Masu tarawa na iya bambanta ƙirar su, diski na yanzu, lu'u -lu'u da tubular condensers, kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa bi da bi.
Lambar Capacitors
Akwai wasu capacitors waɗanda ke nuna ƙimar ƙarfin su ta hanyar tebur launi, yayi kama da wanda resistor ke amfani dashi.
Lambar launi
Launi na farko yana nuna ƙimar na farkon, na biyu na adadi na biyu, na uku shine mai faɗaɗawa wanda ya haura zuwa 10, wato za a ɗaga 10 zuwa lambar da launi na uku yake wakilta. Launi na huɗu yana nuna yawan bambancin, wato yana iya zama, alal misali, 10% fiye ko 10% zuwa ƙimar da ke nuna iya aiki. A ƙarshe, launi na biyar yana nuna ƙarfin caji ko ƙarfin lantarki. Duk waɗannan capacitors suna da picofarads a kowace naúrar.
Darajar launuka ta zo a teburin kasuwanci wanda shine kamar haka:
Lambar Jafananci
Akwai wani nau'in lambar don gane ƙarfin capacitor shine nau'in lambar da ake kira lambar Japan ko lambar 101. Wannan lambar ta ƙunshi lambobi uku waɗanda ake iya gani akan capacitor.
Lambobi biyu na farko suna samar da lamba wanda dole ne a ninka shi da 10 wanda aka ɗaga zuwa lamba ta uku, yana riƙe da picofarad a matsayin naúrar. Misali:
Wannan capacitor yana da lambar lamba 104. Don haka hanyar lissafin karfin wannan capacitor shine:
10 X 104 = 100000 pF = 0,1 uF
Lambar haruffa
Akwai wata lambar don gano kayan aiki da ƙarfin capacitor, wanda ke amfani da haɗin haruffa da lambobi. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don gabatar da wannan lambar da ke haɗa lambobi da haruffa, kuma sun bambanta don haka bai cancanci koyon su da gaske ba, don haka ana ba da shawarar maimakon a tuntuɓi Takardar Maƙerin.
Capacitors a cikin jerin kuma a layi daya
Kamar resistors, matsayin capacitors a jerin ko a layi daya yana haifar da hali a cikin jimlar ƙarfin. Bari mu fara kallon sabon abu da ke faruwa lokacin da capacitors ke cikin jerin.
Capacitors a Jerin
Lokacin da capacitors ke cikin jerin, ƙarfin kowane capacitor yana aiki kamar haka:
Ƙididdigar ta taso:
Vt = V1 + V2
Inda:
Vt: jimlar ƙarfin lantarki
V1: ƙarfin lantarki na farko capacitor
V2: ƙarfin lantarki na capacitor na biyu
Bari mu koma cikin lissafin don lissafin ƙarfin capacitor:
C = q/V
Inda:
q = shine cajin da kowane farantin ya adana. Rukunin sa shine Coulomb (C)
V = shine ƙarfin lantarki, ƙarfin lantarki ko yuwuwar bambancin da ke tsakanin zanen gado biyu ko madubin ƙarfin. Na'urar sa ita ce Volts (V)
Kuma cewa yana yiwuwa a share V ta wannan hanyar:
V = q/C
Yanzu, idan muka maye gurbin kowane V na kowane capacitor a cikin da'irar ta hanyar magana ta baya, za mu sami hakan;
1 / C = 1 / C1 + 1 / C2 + 1 / C3… 1 / Cn
Parallel Capacitors
A wannan yanayin, tunda capacitors suna a layi ɗaya, ƙarfin da kowane capacitor ke karɓa daidai yake da na wutan lantarki, don haka dole ne mu:
Vt = V1 = V2 = V3… Vn
Ina
Vt: shine jimlar ko ƙarfin lantarki
V1: Voltage na capacitor na farko
V2. Na biyu capacitor ƙarfin lantarki
V3: Voltage na capacitor na uku
Bugu da ƙari, idan muka koma magana da ke ba mu damar ƙimanta ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki gwargwadon nauyi da ƙimar ƙarfin:
V = q/C
Kuma muna ci gaba da maye gurbin kowane V na kowane capacitor na kewaye ta hanyar magana ta baya, muna samun hakan:
C = C1 + C2 + C3… + Cn
Condenser yana amfani
Capacitor na ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan lantarki. Kusan ba zai yuwu a ambaci na’urar yau da baya buƙatar masu haɓakawa a cikin ƙirarsa. Na gaba za mu ambaci wasu aikace -aikacen da aka fi amfani da su inda ake samun capacitor.
- Batir da tunawa: Godiya ga ƙarfin ajiyarsa, yana yiwuwa a sanya capacitors da yawa a layi ɗaya don haɓaka ƙarfin caji.
- Tace Ana amfani da su sosai a cikin hanyoyin sadarwar lantarki tunda suna iya kawar da tashin hankali da hayaniya daga cibiyar sadarwa, ko kuma a cikin akwati na baya, don a daidaita daidaiton da hanyoyin sadarwar lantarki na cikin gida ke fitarwa kafin komawa zuwa cibiyar sadarwar. A cikin sadarwa, ana amfani da ƙarfin tacewa don kafa madaidaitan tashoshi da kuma rage ko kawar da tsangwama.
- Tushen wutar lantarki: Cajinsa na sannu -sannu da halayen fitarwa yana ba da damar daidaitawar igiyar ruwa, wanda ke da mahimmanci a cikin samar da wutar lantarki don canza madaidaicin igiyar ruwa zuwa madaidaicin madaidaiciya, tunda yawancin na'urorin lantarki suna aiki a cikin gida tare da halin yanzu, amma sabis na lantarki yana aiki tare da madaidaicin halin yanzu. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa tushen wutar lantarki ya zama dole don aikin kayan aiki, kuma a cikin abubuwan da suka haɗa, capacitor yana taka rawar da ba za a iya canzawa ba.
- Abubuwan adaftar impedance: Masu haɓakawa na iya fitar da cajin makamashi a cikin lokutan da ba a kula da su, kuma wannan yana ba da damar sake yin aiki tare tare da sauran abubuwan da aka haɗa, ta yadda za a iya haɗa madauwari biyu da ke da matsaloli daban -daban ko aiki tare.
Koyaya, waɗannan kaɗan ne daga cikin 'yan amfaninsa da za mu iya ambata. Capacitors suna da aikace -aikace a cikin kayan lantarki, manyan hanyoyin sadarwar lantarki, sadarwa da sauran su. Daga kwamfutocinmu, wayoyin hannu, firiji, agogo na dijital, talabijin da sauran abubuwan kirkire -kirkire da yawa, suna da masu haɓakawa a ciki azaman mahimmin ɓangaren saiti wanda ke samarwa kuma yana ba da rayuwa ga na'urori ko kayan aiki.
ƘARUWA
Aikace -aikacen da na'urorin lantarki ke da su a yau suna da mahimmanci a cikin rayuwarmu ta yau da kullun wanda a zahiri ba zai yiwu a rayu a duniyar da babu ita ba. Kuma wannan babbar duniyar fasaha ta zamani tana farawa a cikin mafi ƙasƙantar da kai kamar yadda kowane sashi na ɓangaren lantarki.
Wannan lamari ne na capacitor, wani sashi wanda aka yi da kayan mai sauqi, wanda ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan lantarki, amma godiya ne ga halayensa cewa ba zai yiwu ba a same shi a cikin duk na'urorin lantarki da ke wanzu. .
Ba tare da wata shakka ba, ci gaban kayan lantarki ya kasance babban direba wanda ya buɗe hanya don ci gaban fasaha a fannoni daban -daban. Kuma duk da cewa condenser da kansa ba shi da fa'ida sosai idan aka haɗa shi da wasu abubuwan, kayan aiki na zamani kamar Katin ƙwaƙwalwar RAM, kwamfutoci, mutummutumi, drones, wayoyin salula, sabobin kuma yafi