Tarihin harsunan shirye -shirye

Tare da juyin halitta na dindindin na kwamfutoci, harsunan shirye -shirye sun ɓullo. Bincike ya cimma cewa an halicci harshe na farko fiye da shekaru 100 da suka gabata kuma mace ce ta haɓaka ta. Bari mu ga abin da tarihin harsunan shirye -shirye.

Tarihin Harsunan Shirye -shirye: Fage

Tsawon lokaci da juyin komputa na dindindin, dole ne a canza harsunan shirye -shirye da haɓaka gwargwadon buƙatun masu shirye -shirye da kwamfutoci gaba ɗaya, suna haifar da ɗimbin harsuna da lambobin da tuni sun shuɗe.

Harsunan shirye -shirye na farko sun riga komfuta na yanzu, da farko harsunan shirye -shirye sune lambobin. Mashin dinkin da Jacquard ya kirkira, a cikin shekarar 1801, yayi amfani da ramukan da ke cikin katunan da ke da ramuka don sake fasalin motsi na injin injin saƙa, don ƙirƙirar samfuran kayan ado ta atomatik.

Tsakanin shekarun 1842 zuwa 1843, Ada Lovelace, ta sami nasarar fassara aikin aikin Menabrea akan injin da Charles Babbage ya ba da shawarar, "Injin Bincike." Ada Lovelace, ta ƙara wasu abubuwan lura kan hanyoyin da ake yin lissafin lambobin Bernoulli tare da wannan injin.

Herman Hollerith ya sanya duk bayanan da ke kan katunan da aka buga, lokacin da ya fahimci cewa direbobin jirgin sun iya gano fasinjojin ta amfani da ramin da suka sanya a cikin tikitin. Sannan a cikin 1890, Hollertih ya ƙirƙiri lambar bayanan rikodin fasinja akan waɗannan katunan.

Lambobin kwamfuta na farko sun ƙware musamman gwargwadon abin da za a yi amfani da su. A farkon shekarun da suka gabata na ƙarni na XNUMX, ƙididdigar lambobi ta dogara ne akan lambobi goma. Daga baya, sun fahimci cewa ana iya yin alamar dabaru da lambobi.

Cocin Alonzo ya bayyana lissafin Lambda ta amfani da dabaru. Injin Turing, ya aza harsashin tattara shirye -shirye a matsayin bayanai daga kwamfuta a cikin ginin Von Neumann.

Koyaya, lambar Turing ba ta yi nasara a matsayin tushe don ƙarin harsunan ci gaba ba, amma an yi amfani da ita a cikin tsauraran bincike na algorithms.

Na farko tarihin harsunan shirye -shirye, yana da wuyar gano wuri cikin lokaci tare da daidaituwa. Daga farkon, iyakancewar kayan aikin sun bayyana tarihin harsunan shirye -shirye.

Da farko katunan naushi kawai sun goyi bayan kusan ginshiƙai 90, duk da haka, za a yi amfani da su don rarrabasu kowane katunan. Amfani da gangar maganadisu don ƙwaƙwalwa yana nufin cewa dole ne a haɗa shirye -shiryen tare da jujjuyawar bugun. Don haka, shirye -shiryen sun dogara da kayan aikin.

Ga wasu kwararru, injin Jacquard, da Babbage Machine, harsuna ne na asali kuma tare da iyakancewa don bayyana ayyukan da waɗannan injunan suka yi. Ciki na tarihin harsunan shirye -shiryeHatta katunan punch ana ɗaukarsu harshe ne na asali, kodayake ba a ƙirƙira shi don amfanin ɗan adam ba.

Muhimman kwanakin da bayanai

A cikin shekarun 40, an fara kera kwamfutoci na farko, wanda ke amfani da wutar lantarki. Suna da iyakancewar saurin gudu da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, suna tilasta masu shirye -shiryen ƙirƙirar shirye -shirye masu sauƙi. A cikin dogon lokaci, sun fahimci cewa shirye -shirye a matsayin harshe yana buƙatar haɓaka ilimi sosai tunda zaku iya cin kuskure idan ba ku san batun ba.

A cikin shekarar 1948, Konrad Zuse ya buga wata kasida kan yaren shirye -shirye da ya haɓaka mai suna Plankalkul, amma bai ƙara yin bincike a wannan fanni ba. Daga cikin yarukan da aka kirkira a wancan lokacin, ana iya haskaka masu zuwa:

• 1943: Lambar ENIAC.

• 1948 Plankalkul, an aiwatar da wannan rabin karni daga baya.

• 1949 zuwa 1954 - An ƙirƙiri saitin umarnin da aka ƙera don takamaiman masana'antun.

50s da 60s karni na XNUMX: Farkon tarihin harsunan shirye -shirye

A wannan lokacin, an haɓaka harsunan shirye -shirye guda uku waɗanda har yanzu suna aiki, waɗanda sune:

1. 1955 - FORTRAN, John Backus ya haɓaka.

2. 1958: LISP, John McCarthy ya haɓaka.

3. 1959: COBOL, wanda Kwamitin Gajeren Yanki ya haɓaka, kuma tasirin ta shine Grace Hopper.

Wani muhimmin lokacin shine a ƙarshen shekarun 50, lokacin da wani Kwamitin Amurka da Turai na ƙwararrun Kwamfuta (Algol) ya buga, game da sabunta "Harshe don Algorithms". Wannan rahoton ya tattaro ra'ayoyi da abubuwan lura da yawa na rana kuma ya samar da sabbin abubuwa guda biyu masu dacewa don tarihin harsunan shirye -shirye:

• Tsarin Ginin Nested: An saka jerin lambobi da sanarwar da ke da alaƙa a cikin tubalan ba tare da bayyana kai tsaye ga tsarin mutum ba.

• Harshen lexical: toshe yana da nasa masu canji, matakai da ayyuka, waɗanda ba a ganin su ga lambar a wajen wannan toshe, misali zai kasance, ɓoye bayanai ko bayanai.

Wani bidi'a da ke da alaƙa da wannan bayanin shine mai zuwa:

• An yi amfani da madaidaicin alamar lissafi, Backus - Naur Form ko wanda aka fi sani da BNF, don bayyana ginin harshe. Duk waɗannan yarukan shirye-shirye masu zuwa sun yi amfani da bambancin BNF don bayyana ɓangaren da babu mahallin ginin su.

Wannan kwamiti na Amurka da Turai musamman ya yi tasiri wajen bunƙasa harsunan da suka biyo baya. An ƙirƙiri manyan tsarin Burroughs don tsara shi cikin fa'idar irin wannan kwamiti wanda aka sani da Algol.

Manyan ra'ayoyin Algol sun bazu kuma zuwa shekarar 1968, Algol 68 ya tabbata:

• An yi gine -gine da ƙamus ɗin da ƙari, tare da abubuwan da ba a san su ba, tsarin bugawa tare da ayyuka mafi girma.

• Ba wai kawai an bayyana sashin kyauta na mahallin bisa ƙa'ida ba, har ma da gini da ƙamus, dangane da nahawun Van Wijngaarden, an ƙirƙira shi don wannan dalili.

Babban fasali amma ba a yi amfani da su ba na y Algol 68 da tsarin rikitarwa na gajerun hanyoyi na atomatik da ƙuntatawa sun haifar da rashin farin jini da aikace -aikace masu wahala.

Don haka Niklaus Wirth ya rabu da kwamitin kuma ya haɓaka harshe mai sauƙi da aka sani da "Pascal." Waɗannan su ne wasu harsunan da aka bunƙasa a lokacin:

• Shekarar 1951: Yaren taron yanki.

• Shekarar 1952: Autocoder.

• Shekarar 1954: IPL.

• Shekarar 1955: Flow Matic.

• Shekarar 1957: FORTRA N.

• Shekarar 1958: LISP.

• Shekarar 1959: GASKIYA, COBOL da RPG.

• Shekarar 1962: APL, Simula da SNOBOL.

• Shekarar 1963: CPL.

• Shekarar 1964: BASIC da PL / I.

• Shekarar 1967: BCPL.

70s: an kafa samfura masu mahimmanci

Tsakanin shekarun 1960 zuwa 1970, an sami babban ci gaba a cikin tarihin harsunan shirye -shirye. Yawancin samfuran harsunan shirye -shiryen da suka fi dacewa waɗanda ake amfani da su a yau an halicce su a wannan lokacin:

• SIMULA, Dahl da Nygaard ne suka ƙirƙira shi a 1960 azaman babban Algol 60, shine yaren farko na tarihin harsunan shirye -shirye, haɓaka don ƙarfafa shirye -shiryen da aka kirkira zuwa abubuwa.

• An fara kirkirar yaren shirye -shiryen C azaman yaren shirye -shirye, masu haɓakawa sune Ken Thompson da Dennis Ritchie a cikin shekarun 168 da 1972.

• Smalltalk, wanda aka kirkira a cikin 70s, ya ba da babban zane na harshe ga abubuwa.

• Prolog, wanda Roussel, Colmerauer da Kowalski suka kirkira a cikin 1972, sunyi la'akari da yaren shirye -shiryen dabaru na farko.

• ML ya gina tsarin nau'in polymorphic, wanda Robin Milner ya ƙirƙira a 1973, a kan ƙarshen Lisp, wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin gaba a cikin harsunan shirye -shiryen aiki na tsaye.

Harsunan shirye -shiryen da aka bayyana sune tushen asali a cikin tarihin harsunan shirye -shirye, duk harsunan yanzu suna da aƙalla ɗayan waɗannan a cikin rajistarsu.

A kusa da wannan lokacin kuma an yi muhawara mai yawa na ra'ayoyi game da cancantar shirye -shiryen da aka tsara, wanda a zahiri alama ce ta shirye -shirye ba tare da amfani da GOTO ba. Wannan rafin ra’ayoyin yana da alaƙa da ƙirar harshe, tunda wasu yarukan ba sa tunanin GOTO, don haka aka tilasta mai shirye -shiryen ya ƙirƙiri shirye -shiryen da aka tsara.

Wasu daga cikin yaren shirye -shiryen da aka kirkira tsakanin wannan lokacin, sune:

• Shekarar 1968: Logo.

• Shekarar 1969: B, magabacin C.

• Shekarar 1970: Pascal da Gaba.

• Shekarar 1972: C, Prolog da Smalltalk.

• Shekarar 1973: ML.

• Shekarar 1975: Tsarin.

• Shekarar 1978: SQL, wanda a farkonsa ya kasance harshe don tambayoyi kuma daga baya ya kai ga gina shirye -shirye. Modula - 2 kuma an inganta shi a wannan shekarar.

80s: ƙarfafawa, kayayyaki da aiki

An yi la'akari da shekarun 1980 a cikin tarihin harsunan shirye -shirye, a matsayin lokacin ƙarfafawa cikin yaruka masu mahimmanci. An ci gaba da aiki akan harsunan da aka riga aka ƙirƙiro su a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata.

C ++, ya zo don haɗa shirye -shirye zuwa abubuwa da shirye -shiryen tsarin. Gwamnatin Amurka ta cimma daidaiton ADA, wanda shine yaren shirye -shiryen tsarin da kamfanonin yaƙi da na tsaro za su yi amfani da su.

A Japan, a nata ɓangaren, an saka babban ɓangare na Kasafin Ƙasa a bincike kan "harsunan shirye -shiryen ƙarni na biyar", waɗanda suka haɗa da gine -ginen shirye -shiryen dabaru. Societyungiyar Ayyukan Harsunan Aiki sun yi ML da daidaiton Lisp.

Ci gaban bincike na yaren aiki mai suna Miranda, wanda ke tafiya a hankali, ya fara kamawa a wannan lokacin.

Halin da ake ciki a fannin ƙirar harshe ya kasance mafi dacewa ga tsarin shirye-shirye a kan sikelin da ya fi girma ta hanyar amfani da kayayyaki, ƙungiya mai girma na raka'a lambar.

Harsuna irin su Modula, Ada da Ml sun ƙirƙiri ingantattun tsarin ƙirar a cikin shekarun 80s, kuma suna da alaƙa da gina shirye -shiryen gabaɗaya, waɗanda za su kasance samfuran riga -kafi tare da ƙaddarar da aka ƙaddara.

Kodayake ba a samar da sabbin dabaru game da yarukan shirye -shirye ba, yawancinsu kwararru sun fadada harsunan harsunan da suka gabata kuma sun sami dacewa da sabbin abubuwa. Misalin wannan shine yarukan tsarin Emerald da Argus, waɗanda suka sanya daidaita shirye -shirye zuwa abubuwa don tsarin rarraba.

A cikin shekarun 80, an samu ci gaba wajen aiwatar da harsunan shirye -shirye. Rungiyar RISC da ke aiki akan Ginin Kwamfuta ya nuna cewa dole ne a ƙirƙiri kayan aikin don masu tarawa ba don masu shirye -shirye ba.

Don haka, tare da haɓaka cikin saurin sarrafawa, tare da ingantattun hanyoyin tattarawa, ƙungiyar RISC ta jawo sha'awar fasahar tattara harshe mai girma.

Fasahar harsunan shirye -shirye sun ci gaba da aiki a kan wannan aikin, a farkon shekarun 90.

Daga cikin manyan harsunan da aka kirkira a cikin wannan shekaru goma, zamu iya ambaton:

• Shekarar 1980: C ++, wanda shine sigar C amma tare da azuzuwan.

• Shekarar 1983: Ada.

• Shekarar 1984: MATLAB da Lisp na gama gari.

• Shekarar 1985: Eiffel.

• Shekarar 1986: Erlang da Manufa - C.

• Shekarar 1987: Perl.

• Shekarar 1988: Mathematica da Tcl.

• Shekarar 1989: FL.

90s: Lokacin Intanet

Saurin haɓaka Intanet a cikin shekaru 9, shine babban abin da ya faru Historia na harsunan shirye -shirye. Tare da ƙirƙira da haɓaka sabon dandamali mai ɗorewa don tsarin Kwamfuta, Intanet ta kawo dama don ɗaukar sabbin harsuna.

Musamman, yakamata a ambace shi, yaren shirye -shiryen JavaScript, wanda yayi sauri ya sami suna, saboda saurin haɗuwa da mai binciken Netscape Navigator, da sauran yarukan da suka sami damar faɗaɗa amfani da shi a cikin ƙirƙirar takamaiman aikace -aikace don yanar gizo. sabobin.

Muna gayyatar ku don karantawa, idan kuna sha'awar sani game da Fasaha mara waya: definition da ayyuka.

Shekaru 90 sun kasance lokacin sabon haɗin gwiwa da haɓaka haruffan farko, ban da abin da harsunan aiki suka fara yaduwa. An samar da ci gaba mai sauri ko yarukan aikace -aikacen RAD, mai dogaro da abubuwa, daga cikinsu zamu iya ambaton: Kayayyakin Kayayyakin, Java da Object Pascal.

Har ila yau an bunƙasa harsuna masu sabuwa da tsattsauran ra'ayi, waɗanda aka fi sani da harsunan rubutu. Harsuna ne da ke da yawan aiki fiye da RADs, duk da haka, yawan aikin su galibi saboda gaskiyar cewa yana da rikitarwa don rubutawa da adana dogayen shirye -shirye fiye da sauƙi da ƙananan shirye -shirye.

Koyaya, shirye -shiryen rubutun sun zama mafi mashahuri a cikin haɗin yanar gizo.

Daga cikin harsunan da suka fi dacewa da aka kirkira a cikin wannan shekaru goma, muna da:

• Shekarar 1990: Haskell.

• Shekarar 1991: HTML, Visual Basic da Python.

• Shekarar 1993: Lua da Ruby.

• Shekarar 1994: CLOS.

• Shekarar 1995: JavaScript, PHP, Delphi da Java.

• Shekarar 1996: WebDNA.

• Shekarar 1997: Rebol.

• Shekarar 1999: D

Shekarar 2000: Zamanin Yanzu

A cikin Historia na harsunan shirye -shirye, Juyin halittarsa ​​yana ci gaba, a matakin bincike da matakin masana'antu. Daga cikin wuraren aiki na yanzu akwai:

• Ƙara tallafi don shirye -shiryen aiki a cikin yarukan shirye -shirye.

• Tsara da gina harsuna don tallafawa shirye -shiryen da aka rarraba da kuma lokaci guda.

• Hanyoyin da za a ƙara a cikin yaren, yin bita da hanyoyin tabbatarwa dangane da dogaro da tsaro: tsaro na zare, sarrafa ƙaura bayanai, tsawaita bita.

• Hanyoyin madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya.

• Ƙirƙiri da haɓaka software mai mai da hankali.

• Metaprogramming da samun dama ga bishiyar haɗin gwiwar taƙaitacciyar.

• Mayar da hankali kan rarrabawa da motsi.

• Haɗin kai tare da bayanai.

• Taimako ga Unicode a cikin lambar tushe.

• XML don ƙirar hoto.

• Buɗe tushe don haɓaka harsunan shirye -shirye.

Daga cikin harsunan da suka fi dacewa da aka kirkira a cikin wannan shekaru goma, muna da:

• Shekarar 2000: ActionScript.

• Shekarar 2001: Basic Visual.NET da C #.

• Shekarar 2002: F #.

• Shekarar 2003: Factor, Scala da Groovy.

• Shekara ta 2005: Karfe.

• Shekarar 2007: Clojure.

• 2009: Go.

• Shekarar 2011: Dart.

• Shekarar 2014: Swift.

Idan kuna son wannan bayanin, muna gayyatar ku don yin bitar waɗannan hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa:

Girgije matasan: ma'ana, aiki, fa'ida da ƙari.