Mumunda wehunyanzvi pane kudzora masisitimu, iyo inonyanya kufukidza mashandiro emagetsi nemagetsi zvigadzirwa nemidziyo, dzidza nezvehunhu hwavo uye zvimwe zvakakosha zvinhu muchinyorwa chino.
Kudzora masisitimu
Kune akasiyana masystem ekudzora, ayo anogona kugadzwa mumakambani akasiyana senge manejimendi ekudzora masisitimu, kuwana masystem ekudzora kumasangano uye otomatiki kudzora masisitimu, Chero eaya marudzi eaya ekudzivirira masisitimu anoonekwa sekutonga nekutarisa, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti zvakateedzana zvezvinhu zvinogadzira zviitwa kuti uwane kutonga kwakanaka mumabasa mazhinji.
Masystem ekudzora anokwanisa kubata uye kupa chaiyo mirayiridzo yekushanda kwakakodzera kwemamwe masisitimu, ayo anovavarira kudzikisira kukanganisa mukuita uye kugadzira mhedzisiro.
Masystem ekudzora anowanzo kuita zviitiko zvinotsiviwa neruoko rwemunhu, izvo kana zvashandiswa zvinounza mhedzisiro uye zvinosunungura munhu kubva pakuita mamwe mabasa.
Tinokukoka iwe kuti uverenge chinyorwa chinonakidza chine chekuita nenyaya dzehunyanzvi senge Zvirongwa zvine musoro zvine hungwaru.
Mune ino chaiyo kesi, isu tichataura nezve kudzora masisitimu mune yehunyanzvi munda, iwo akaiswa mumhando mbiri, imwe yeyakavharwa-loop system uye imwe yeakavhurika-loop system.
Zvinangwa zvehurongwa hwekutonga
Zvinangwa zvikuru muhurongwa hwekutonga kuita chiitiko, kunyanya icho chakarongedzwa, zvisinei, zvinangwa zvinozadzikiswa zvichienderana nechipingamupinyi pakuita basa, pamwe nekugona uye kuronga kugona.
Zvinangwa zvaro zvikuru zvinogona kuwanikwa mu:
- Yakatsiga, isingaori uye yakasimba mukutarisana nematambudziko uye kutadza kwemuenzaniso.
- Inoshanda zvinoenderana nezvakatemerwa matanho, ichidzivirira zviito nekukurumidza uye zvisina kujairika.
Yakagadzikana uye isingaori
Izvi zvinoreva kuti chirongwa chinofanirwa kunge chakavakirwa mukugadzikana, izvo zvisinga bvumidze kuti zvishatiswe kana kutadziswa nekumwe kutadza mune data; dzakarongedzwa kudzora masisitimu anogona nyore kurega chero nguva iko kukanganisa kunoitika, uye hazvienderane nebasa rakatemwa.
Inoshanda
Kana vatsiva zvinoitwa nemunhu, michina iyi chinhu chakakosha ndechekugona kwavanoita nayo, inofanirwa kuve nekwaniso yekugadzirisa pamwe nezvakatemerwa kare, izvo zvinoita kuti zviome kuita manejimendi manejimendi. iyo inokuvadza mhedzisiro yebasa.
Kupatsanura kwemaitiro ekudzora
Masystem ekudzora akaiswa muzvikamu zviviri zvikuru, akavhurika masystem, uye akavhara loop masisitimu, ayo akabatana nezviito zvekudzora zvinobuda muhurongwa hunofanira kudzorwa.
Kupatsanurwa kweanodzora masisitimu anowanikwa munzira mbiri dzakakosha: masystem akavhurika-akavhurika, uye akavharika-masisitimu, akabatanidzwa kune yakasarudzika kuburitsa kudzora chiitiko kuburikidza nesystem inoda kudzorwa.
Kunyangwe ivo vaviri vaine basa rakafanana, iyo yakavhurika loop system yakanyatsosiyana nekushandisa yakavharwa loop system.
Vhura loop control system
Iyo ndiyo mhando yeanodzora system uko kuburitsa hakumiriri kunetsekana muhurongwa pachahwo, zvinoreva kuti haidi mhinduro kubva pane zvakabuditsa kuti kutonga kuitwe kuti ifambe nemazvo.
Tichataura mimwe mienzaniso yeiyi yakavhurika loop control system, mune iyo otomatiki yekuwachisa michina, zvinoonekwa kuti vanogona kuitisa iwo machenji ekuwacha vachitarisa imwe nguva nenzira yekutonga kwesystem.
Maitiro acho anokodzera mukati meyakavhurika chiuno, zvinogona kuoneka kuti zvinoda kuburitsa data, ayo ari: kuchenesa kwembatya pakupera kwema cycle.
Zvimwechetezvo, mumwe muenzaniso unogona kutaurwa, senge toasters, ayo anoda kuyera huwandu hwechingwa chinogwiswa kuitira kuti chishande, zvisinei, hazvidi kuti toasting iri kuzodikanwa sei, inongowanikwa chete nekuyera nguva ..
Zviratidzo
Iyi yakavhurika loop control system ine mamwe maitiro akadai se:
- Kusununguka kwekushandisa, aya masisitimu anoonekwa nekuve nyore kushandisa, uye zvishoma zve intuition zvinoshandiswa zvakare.
- Hapana dhata yekuburitswa inodikanwa, zvinoreva kuti kuti vapedze basa ravo, havafunge mhedzisiro yechiitiko, ivo vanozvipira ivo pachavo kuzadzisa chiitiko nenzira yakanaka, izvi zvinoreva kuti ivo vanongotora iyo yekuisa data vasina kutora mune account inoverenga mhedzisiro yekubuda.
- Hukuru kushaya simba kwekukanganisa, aya akavhurika masisitimu akajairika anowanzo nyongana kune chero kukundikana, nekuti ivo havana kugona kuona zvikanganiso, nekuti ivo havayeri iyo inoburitsa dhata mune chiitiko, kukanganiswa kunogona kuitika mumuviri kana muchirongwa chavo.
- Mhando dzakasiyana dzebudiriro, aya masisitimu anogona kuve nemukana wakakura kana wakaenzana wakaderera wekubudirira, zvese zvinoenderana nehurongwa hwakanaka, kuitira kuti iyo system ine chimiro chakasimba, inogona kuve nemhedzisiro yakanaka, mune yakapesana nyaya yechokwadi ipapo zvichava zvikanganiso.
Yakavharwa loop control system
Izvo zvinonzi zvakavharika-chiuno masisitimu ekudzora, basa ravo guru nderekuenzanisa kukosha kunodiwa pamwe nehunhu hunowanikwa, hunowanikwa nekuyera data rinoburitswa, zvinoreva kuti mhando yesystem ine kudzora mhinduro, saka inobata nenzira dzakasiyana, zvinoenderana nezvabuda.
Yakavharwa loop masystem masisitimu ane basa rekutanga rekufananidza imwe data pakati peiyo iri kutsvaga neiyo yakawanikwa, izvi zvinoitwa nekuverenga zvakaburitswa data, izvo zvinoshandura kuti ihurongwa hune hurongwa hunopindura kuchikumbiro, saka mhedzisiro yacho inoitika nenzira dzakasiyana.
Aya akavharika-loop masystem masisitimu akagadzirwa aine chinangwa chekudzora zvikanganiso, kuitira kuti uwane zvakanakira mhedzisiro.
Muzviitiko izvi, mimwe mienzaniso inogona kutaurwa senge mahedzi ayo anoshandiswa kudzora kudziya kwemvura, anokwanisa kuita mabasa, zvisinei, ivo vanoda kuti izvo zvinoburitswa zvivape rumwe ruzivo vasati vaita, mu kuraira kuti uswededze padhuze sezvinobvira. zvinogoneka kumigumisiro yakanaka.
Asi, mune ino kesi, mushandisi ndiye anoita sarudzo kana mvura inotonhorera kana mvura inopisa ikabuda, kana zvatemwa sisitimu yekudzora inoenderera nebasa, uchifunga izvo zvinosarudzwa.
Kana kamwe kufamba kweye buoy kukagadzirwa, kunogona kuburitsa zvishoma kana kupfuura kutenderera mukuyerera kwemhepo kana gasi; Iwo ma sensors anofanirwa kufunga nezve mafambiro anoitwa nebooy, kuitira kuti ishandise kune yakakura kana diki padanho system yekudzora pane vharavha yakavharika, iyo inovhura zvishoma zvishoma kana iyo yakanyanya kugona ichisvika kuburitsa kumanikidza.
Zviratidzo
Muchikamu chino, zvakakodzera kutaura nezvehunhu hweyakavharwa loop system system, inoti:
Kuomarara, kazhinji dhizaini uye chirongwa chakaomarara, nekusimbisa pazvinhu zvemhando yepamusoro, pamwe nesoftware, zvinoreva kuti vane masisitimu ane hunyanzvi, zvisinei, ivo vachiri kutorwa sevanonetsa kushandiswa nevanhu vasina ruzivo.kana ivo havazive mashandiro avo.
Huwandu hukuru hweparameter, vasati vakwanisa kushanda, zvakakosha kuti vasangane nemimwe mamiriro, sezvo vachivimba nenguva uye nemipimo inosangana, mhinduro inoenderana nenguva uye inogamuchirwa inowanikwa.
Yakaburitswa dhata inodiwa, iyo yekubuditsa dhata iri chaizvo inodiwa kuti ukwanise kuenzanisa iyo neruzivo iwe rwaunoda kuwana kubva kune izvo zvekuisa, mune iyo kana iyo data yekubuditsa isina kuwanikwa, iyo yakavharwa loop system inoramba isina basa kusvikira mhinduro inotarisirwa iri yakawanikwa.
Kugadzikana, iwo akasimba uye akatsiga masisitimu, iyo nyaya yekufananidza dhata usati waita, inovabvumidza kuti vagadzikane zvakanaka kune zvinovhiringidza, uye nekupindura kumisiyano dzakasiyana mukuita chiitiko.
Mhando dzekutonga masisitimu
Muchikamu chemakomputa pane chero huwandu hweanodzora masystem, anotevera ataurwa pazasi:
Munhu akagadzirwa
Mazhinji acho anoonekwa sisitimu dzemagetsi dzine zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi, zvinowanzo chengetwa munzvimbo inoenderera yekutapa, vakazvipira kutsvaga zviratidzo kubva kuhurongwa huri pasi pechirongwa chekutonga..
Stema inogadzirwa nevanhu, kusvika padanho rakakura, mashandisiro emagetsi ekuti zvisikwa zvavo zvinovakirwa pazvinhu zvemagetsi, ivo vanenge vari nguva dzese mukutora, basa ravo guru kutsvaga matsimba kubva kumasystem ari pasi pechirongwa chekutonga..
Chero bedzi ivo vachikwanisa kugamuchira masaini, mashandiro avo anoenderera mberi nemaitiro pasina matambudziko, mune chiitiko chekuti kumwe kutsauka kubva pane zvakajairwa chiito kunoonekwa, ma sensors anomisikidzwa kuyedza kutangazve nzira yavaimbove nayo.
Muenzaniso werudzi urwu rweanodzora system unogona kutaurwa, ndiwo ma thermostats, ane basa rakakura kutora ma tembiricha, kana vakwanisa kuwana iyo tembiricha, inowedzera zvakanyanya kana kuti inogona kuwira pasi pezera rinotenderwa, ipapo kupisa kana kutonhora maitiro anotanga kudzoreredza muyero wakaringana.
Kune masystem akagadzirwa nemunhu, akadai se:
- Nekuda kwechikonzero chavo, vanogona kutsanangurwa se: zvisina kujairika uye zvisina kujairika; mune yakasarudzika system pane chinokonzesa chinongedzo pakati pekushandisa uye zvakabuditswa zvehurongwa, kunyanya pakati pekuburitsa uye nemitengo iri padyo nekuisa.
- Zvinoenderana nehuwandu hwezvakabuda uye zvakabuditswa zvehurongwa, zvinotsanangurwa nehunhu hwavo.
- Zvekupinza uye zvinobuda kana SISO, zvinoreva kuti: imwechete yekuisa, imwechete kuburitsa.
- Zvakare nekuisa imwe chete uye zvakawanda zvinobuda kana SIMO, zvinoreva kuti: kuwanda kuwanda, kuburitsa kamwe chete.
- Zvakawanda zvinowaniswa uye zvakabuda zvakawanda kana MIMO: kuwanda kwekuisa, kuwanda kubuda.
Zvinoenderana neiyo equation inotsanangura system, ivo vanofungidzirwa se:
- Linear: Kana iyo equation yekusiyanisa inoitsanangura iri mutsara; uye isiri-mutsara kana iyo equation yekusiyanisa inoitsanangura haina-mitsara.
Zviratidzo kana misiyano yemasimba akasimba basa ravo rakakosha nderenguva, uye zvinoenderana neaya masisitimu:
- Inoenderera nguva, mune iyo modhi iri musiyano equation, saka inoonekwa seinopatsanurwa, inoenderera nguva misiyano inotsanangurwa seanalogog.
- Zvakare zve discrete nguva, mune iyo mamiriro ekuti iyo system inoiswa paramende neiyo equation yemisiyano, iyo nguva yakakamurwa kuita nguva dzekugara kukosha; hunhu hweanosiyana ndedhijitari: mabhinari masystem, hexadecimal nemamwe, kukosha kwawo kunozivikanwa chete munguva yega yega.
- Yezviitiko zvisina kujairika, ndipo panoshanduka sisitimu zvinoenderana nemisiyano, uye kukosha kwacho kunozivikanwa kana chiitiko chakati chikagadzirwa.
Zvinoenderana nekubatana pakati pezvakasiyana zvehurongwa, zvinogona kunzi:
- Sisitimu mbiri dzakabatana zvakanaka, kana misiyano yeimwe yacho yakabatana neimwe sisitimu.
- Saizvozvo, maviri masystem haana kubatana kana kudonhedzwa, kana misiyano yeaya maviri masisitimu isina chero chinongedzo kune imwe neimwe.
Nezve iro basa rekutarisa akasiyana eesisitimu munguva nenzvimbo, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti ndeizvi:
- Chakamira, apo izvo zvinosarudzika zvinogara zvechigarire munguva nenzvimbo.
- Isiri-yakamira, kana izvo zvisirizvo zvikasagara zvechigarire munguva kana munzvimbo.
Zvinoenderana nemhinduro yakawanikwa kubva kuhurongwa mukukosha kwezvakabuda, zvine chekuita nekusiyana kwekuisa kwesystem, zvinogona kunzi:
- Iyo sisitimu inogadzikana kana, muchiitiko chekuvapo chero kwechiratidzo chakatemwa chekupinza, yakatemwa mhinduro mhinduro inogadzirwa.
- Zvakare iyo sisitimu inogona kusagadzikana kana paine imwe chete yakasungwa yekuisa iyo inogadzira yakasungwa mhinduro kubva pane zvabuda.
Muchiitiko chekuti kuiswa uye kubuda kwehurongwa zvikaenzaniswa kana kwete, izvo zvinobvumidza kudzora kwekupedzisira, sisitimu inonzi se:
- Vhura chiuno chiuno, kana iko kuburitswa kuchidzorwa, hakufananidzwe nekukosha kwechiratidzo chinogadzirwa neyakaiswa kana chiratidzo chereferenzi.
- Nenzira imwecheteyo, yakavharwa loop system ndipo painobuda kuti igadziriswe, inogona kufananidzwa nereferenzi chiratidzo; Iyo yekuburitsa chiratidzo inotakurwa pamwe nekambani yekuisa chiratidzo, inotsanangurwa seyemhinduro chiratidzo.
- Iyo yakavhurika chiuno sisitimu, kana iyo goho yadzorwa, haigone kuenzaniswa neiyo data yechiratidzo icho icho chinogadzirwa chinogadzirwa.
- Izvo zvinoitika neyakavharika loop system, kana zvakaburitswa zvadzorwa, iwe une sarudzo yekuenzanisa iyo data chiratidzo; ipapo chiratidzo chinobuda chinoenda pamwe neyakaiswa chiratidzo, zvinoreva kuti inoburitsa mhinduro.
Zvinoenderana nekwaniso yekufanotaura maitiro ehurongwa, zvinoreva kupindurwa kwayo, anoiswa mu:
- Deterministic system, kana yayo ramangwana mashandiro ichitarisirwa mukati mekushivirira miganho.
- Zvakare stochastic system, mune mamiriro ekuti hazvigoneke kufungidzira mashandiro mune ramangwana, iyo sisitimu misiyano inozivikanwa seyakajairika.
Natural
Izvo zvakasikwa, zvinosanganisira zvehupenyu masisitimu, zvinogona kutumidzwa semuenzaniso mafambiro emuviri wevanhu, ayo anosanganisira zvikamu zveiyo biological control system senge maziso, ruoko, munwe, ruoko uye huropi hwemunhu, zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti kupinda uye kubuda mafambiro kunoitwa.