Macrocomputer: Zvimiro, Mienzaniso, uye Zvimwe

ari macrocomputers Iwo anonzi aya makomputa ane akati wandei madisiki mayunitsi anoabvumira iwo kuti agadzirise huwandu hweruzivo uye data, tsvaga mashandiro avanoshanda nekuverenga ichi chinyorwa.

macrocomputers

Chii chinonzi Macrocomputer?

Kuziva chii macrocomputer Iwe unofanirwa kuziva kuti iyo yakasanganiswa sisitimu yedrive dhiraivhi inonzi iyo nzira, nekuda kwesimba ravo ravanobvumidza kugadzirisa mavhoriyamu makuru e data neruzivo munguva pfupi kwazvo yenguva. Iyo CPU yemakomputa iyi ndiyo hwaro uye nzvimbo yechipiri system inoenderana zvakanyanya nekushanda kwayo.

Mabasa emacrocomputer anotendera, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kugadzirisa kutaurirana pakati pezviuru zvevashandisi panguva imwe chete. Uku ndiko kutenda kune tekinoroji inonzi iyo timeshare system. Icho chimiro chekushanda umo processor inogadzira dzimwe nguva dzekufa. Izvi zvinopihwa kune wega mushandisi kuti aite mashandiro avo.

Nekuda kwenzvimbo pfupi pakati pekukanganisa pakati pemumwe mushandisi uye mumwe, saka hapana mhando yekunonoka inokosheswa. Iko kugona uye nekumhanyisa kwendangariro zvinobvumidza kuita iyi nguva yenguva ive isingaonekwe. Iwe unogona kuwedzera ruzivo urwu nekudzvanya pane inotevera link ROM ndangariro

macrocomputers 2

Aya makirabhu makuru ane rumwe rudzi rwehutongi uko makomputa akakwirira kupfuura macrocomputer. Iwo ndiwo akakurisa pasirese uye anodhura kwazvo kugadzira. Tinogona kutaura kuti munyika havasi kusvika makumi mashanu.

Kubva uye nhoroondo

Iwo ma microcomputer ekutanga akaunzwa pasi rose panguva yemakore ekuma 40. Yekutanga kugadzirwa yainzi ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator Uye Computer), muSpanish Komputa neElectronic Numerical Integrator. Yakanga iri yechinangwa chinangwa modhi.

Kutanga zvikwata

Chakanga chiri chikwata chakanyanya kubata kuti chive chirongwa uye chaigona kugadzirisa huwandu hukuru hwematambudziko ehuwandu. Izvo zvisikwa zvaive zvechinangwa chekuverenga mumatafura, pfuti pfuti uye yakapihwa kuBallistics Research Laboratory yeUnited States Army.

Vagadziri vayo vaive mainjiniya John Presper Eckert naJohn William Mauchly. Nekudaro, chirongwa ichi change chiri pamusoro pevakadzi vatanhatu vanonzi Betty Snyder Holberton, Jean Jennings Bartik, Kathleen McNulty Mauchly Antonelli, Marlyn Wescoff Meltzer, Ruth Lichterman Teitelbaum naFrances Bilas Spence.

macrocomputers 3

50's

Yezvegore ra1951 iyo Macrocomputer inonzi UNIVAC ndakaunzwa, zvakare yakagadzirwa neyakagadzirwa neiyo ENIAC. Asi nekuda kwezvinangwa zvebhizimusi chete, iyo inoshambadzira kambani yaitungamirirwa nekambani yeRemington Rand.

Aive mutsivi wekomputa yekutanga diki inonzi UNIVAC. Kuvhiya kwake kwaive kupfupi uye akazoendeswa kuHarvard University. Aya mamodheru akange ari ekuvandudza kweyekutanga isiri-yemauto bhizimusi remhando yemakomputa inonzi Z3 iyo yakasikwa mugore ra1941. Midziyo iyi yakanga isiri muchikwata chemacrocomputer.

Midziyo mizhinji yaida kuendeswa kunzvimbo dzaive pasina magetsi akawandisa. Kuti uwane pfungwa yehukuru hwezvikwata izvi tinogona kuti kuiswa kwavo kwaida nzvimbo imwechete. Iko kungave kuri pakati pe1000 kusvika 300 mativi emamirimita.

60s uye 70s

Iyi nguva yakaratidza kushanduka kwemakomputa nekambani yeIBM, uye zvakare yakamiririra nguva yeshanduko mukomputa. Yakashanda kuona kuberekwa kweMicrosoft uye yayo MS DOS inoshanda sisitimu. Izvo zvakare zvakatibvumidza isu kuti tione kuoneka kweyekutanga IBM desktop komputa.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2JQ1KJgTVHI

Saizvozvowo, zvaive zvichikwanisika kugadzira kubatana kwekutanga pakati pemaseva, kutanga matanho ekutanga ekuumbwa kweinternet. Muchidimbu, nguva yakatarwa kunyangwe neshanduko yezvemagariro uye iyo inozogadza ramangwana revanhu.

Iyo IBM kambani yaitonga pamusika wemakomputa achangogadzirwa, uyezve yanga ichironga kuunza macrocomputer modhi. Neichi chikonzero, yakanga yatanga macro 700/7000 akateedzana emidziyo.

Makore mashoma gare gare ichavhura iyo 360 nhevedzano, iyo yakashanda kuona kuvhurwa uye kuvandudzwa kwemakomputa edesktop. Iwo akateedzana mazana matatu nemakumi matatu akabatwa zvakanyanya seMacrocomputer. Pakazopera ma360 CDC (Control Data Corporation) yaitonga pamusika wemidziyo mikuru yemakomputa.

Nekudaro, kuputika kune chikamu chevaridzi vekambani kwakabvumidza mumwe wevamwe varo kuti aparadzane uye aigona kutanga muna 1969 kambani inonzi Cray Research. Iyi kambani yakaita chirongwa ichi kuratidza akasiyana macrocomputer dhizaini muma70 uye kutanga kwema80.

Iko kushandiswa kwema transistors uye gare gare akasanganiswa maseketi zvakabatsira kugadzirwa kwemhando yepamusoro yezvigadzirwa. Kune rimwe divi, mukupera kwema80, vagadziri vakasiyana siyana vakaita seBMM, Burroughs, UNIVAC, NCR, Control Data, Honeywell, General Electric neRCA vakabuda.

macrocomputers 4

Vaive nemacrocomputer musika wekugadzira uyo waikwikwidzana nemamwe maratidziro eEuropean neAsia senge Nokia, Telefunken, Olivetti, Fujitsu, Hitachi neNEC. Kwemakore apfuura makambani aibatanidza nekugadzira makambani mukubatana nedzimwe nzvimbo.

80s uye 90s

Sezvo makore akapfuura, kusimudzira uye shanduko yemakomputa yakanga ichitamba nekukwira uye kufambira mberi mukufambira mberi kwetekinoroji. Nenzira imwecheteyo, macrocomputer anga ave kutora nzvimbo dzakakosha munyika yekomputa.

Midziyo yakabva pakuva vector-mhando mapurosesa kuenda kune yakafanana-mhando ma processor. Izvi zvaisanganisira zviuru zveCPUs zvakarongeka uye zvakagadzirirwa kuita akasiyana mabasa panguva imwe chete. Yakanga iri nguva iyo vagadziri vakagadzira iyo PowerPC, Opteron kana Xeon.

Ipapo uye pakupera kwema90s, epamusoro-anokwanisa mapurosesa akaonekwa zvichienderana nesumbu-mhando tekinoroji. Aya mapoka anobatanidza akajairika maCCU ane akasarudzika kubatana. Nekudaro, masangano emauto uye mamwe makambani makuru epasirese akashandiswa nehurumende.

Mukupera kwema90, mamwe makambani aivimba zvakanyanya pama macrocomputer. Iwo masevhisi akaudzwa kuti aite zviito zverudzi rwepakati; pamwe neinternet network kubatana. Mune mamwe mazwi, ruzivo uye kugadzirisa data kwaiyerera nekukurumidza zvakanyanya.

Gore 2000 zvichienda mberi

Ino nguva inobvumidza kugadzira michina inogona kubata dhata mapakeji mune mabatch; Mune mamwe mazwi, maitiro akaomarara uye chaiwo anogona kuitwa panguva imwe chete muyakaenzana uye nenguva yenguva. Iyi tekinoroji yakapa nzira kune izvo zvinonzi zvemagetsi zvekutengeserana uye kubhengi.

Maitiro acho akaitwa nezvikwata uko maJapan aive kumberi mukuvandudzwa kwemacrocomputer. Pakati pezvigadzirwa zvaive zvakatsvakwa zvakanyanya mushure me MDGrape-3. Midziyo iyi yaitengeswa kune vanhu vakazvimiririra chete uye yanga isina mareferensi ekutengesa.

Muna 2009, michina yakadai seRoad Runner, ine simba rekugadzirisa 3 petaflops neIBM, yakatangwa pamusika uye ichitora sechirevo cheJapan MDGrape-1, muChina "Milky Way One" ine hunyanzvi hwe1,2 petaflops yaive zvakagadzirwa.

Ipapo yakatanga hondo ye macrocomputer iyo yakazotungamira nyika dzakasimukira kuvaka makomputa, iwe unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve makomputa aya nekudzvanya inotevera chinyorwa Mhando dzemakomputa.

Ipapo United States yakagadzira iyo Cray Research neJaguar, ese ari 1,7 petaflops. Pakupera kwa2009 inoonekwa seMacrocomputer yakakura kwazvo pasi rese. Sechitarisiko, tinogona kuratidza kuti petaflops akapeta kashanu chiyero icho mukomputa chakatemwa kuverenga "zvinoyerera-poindi mashandiro pasekondi imwe" (Inoyerera-poindi Mashandiro Pasekondi).

Izvi zviyero zvinotarisa kumhanya uko iyo Macrocomputer kana supercomputer inogona kuita mashandiro mune yakapihwa nguva yenguva. Parizvino, iyo IBM kambani iri kugadzira michina yemakomputa pamwe chete neiyo Unisys kambani.

Iwo maZ10 mamodheru, anotsiva iyo z9, kubva kuIBM akakurudzira kwazvinonzi mainframe tekinoroji, zvinova ndizvo zvinogadza zvese zvishandiso zvemakomputa nhasi.

Macrocomputers main maficha

Aya makomputa makuru mhando yekomputa yakakura zvakajairika. Iyo ine yakaoma kunzwisisa maratidziro ayo anoita ayo maitiro; akateedzana ezviito anogona kuitiswa nenyaya yemasekondi. Kana timu yakajairika yaitora maminetsi mashoma uye kunyangwe maawa.

Huru kugona

Iyo ine kugona kwekugadzirisa ruzivo nekukurumidza uye nenzira kwayo. Ivo vanobata maitiro nekukasira kumhanya uye kugona. Pakati pavo tinogona kutumidza dhata rekuchengetedza uye manejimendi ezvikuru zviitwa zviitiko. Iyo sevha yakajairika yaizotora iko kushandisa uye mari yehuwandu hwakawanda hwezviwanikwa.

Maitiro acho anotemerwa zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa nevashandisi. Izvi zvinoonekwa zvichibatwa pamwero mukuru. Saka vhoriyamu yeruzivo inoremedza maseva madiki. Maitiro akagadziriswa anowanzo mutsauka zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nevashandisi.

Saizvozvo, ivo vanotendera kuita mashandiro nemaapplication akasiyana, chaiwo michina panguva imwe chete. Tinogona kutaura ipapo kuti kugona kwayo kuita mashandiro panguva imwe chete; ndechimwe chehunhu hwayo hwakakosha.

Kukura uye vhoriyamu

Kunyangwe vachibata huwandu hweruzivo nedata, makomputa aya anoda ndangariro huru kwazvo. Nekudaro, mazuva ano ivo vari pasi pekushandisa panyama kwete hombe nzvimbo. Kuenzaniswa nemidziyo kubva makore makumi mashanu apfuura, uko kwaifanirwa kuve vari munzvimbo dzinotopfuura hekita imwe.

Aya macrocomputer nhasi anogona kuiswa munzvimbo dzisingapfuure 75 M2. Izvi zvave nekutenda kune miniaturization yemacomputer maseketi uye necomputer maitiro. Nhasi kune macrocomputer ayo akaenzana nefriji gumi nematanhatu.

Vagadziri

Kusiyana nemakomputa emakomputa, malaptop, mapiritsi, nharembozha, uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvehunyanzvi. nyika ye macrocomputer vagadziri yakatemwa ne; hapana anopfuura makambani gumi pasi rese.

Vagadziri vakuru senge IBM vaingozvipira mukugadzira macrocomputer uye supercomputer. Zvakare makambani akaita saHewlett-Packard, Unisys, Fujitsu, Hitachi neNEC; kuti mamwe makore apfuura akauya kugadzira makomputa edesktop.

Iko kudyara kwemakambani aya ekugadzira macrocomputer kwakakura kwazvo, ndosaka chikonzero chekukumikidza chete kungogadzira akasiyana zvachose uye epamusoro michina mukugona.

Terminal mhando

Macrocomputer ane zvinhu zvakasiyana kwazvo kubva kune zvakajairika zvemidziyo zvemakomputa. Ndicho chikonzero nei kubatana kwacho kuchigadzirwa kuburikidza nematemu akakosha anofanirwa kuve nehunhu chaihwo. Kugadzikana, kuita uye mhando.

Iwo mashopu akafanana neayo akajairika komputa. Zvisinei, haina CPU yayo; Ivo vanovimba nekapakati terminal iyo zvakare iri microcomputer iyo inozoita senzvimbo yekuwana yevanoshandisa.

Iyo Software

Macrocomputer ane anoshanda masystem ayo akasiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwekugadziriswa kunoitwa nemugadziri. Aya masisitimu anoshanda ari mukati meanonzi mainframe mashandiro ari kuitwa pari zvino nemakambani akadai seUnix neLinux. Shanduro nyowani dzechinyakare IBM zOs.

Masisitimu anoshanda anochengetedza chinongedzo cheanogona apo kudiwa kwemushandisi kunozotarisirwa. Iyo yekumisikidza haina kusiyanisa zvakanyanya zvine chekuita nezvidiki zvikwata asi iyo inobvumira kukurumidza nekukurumidza mashandiro maitiro.

Utility

Iyi midziyo inoshandiswa pamabasa akasiyana siyana, kunyanya kana achiitirwa kugadzirisa huwandu hwekuita kuyerera. Kuvandudzwa kwaro kwakaita kuti zvikwanise kupa masevhisi kumakambani epasi rese anga achikura muhuwandu uye kuwedzera.

Zvekutengesa zvinangwa

Pasina kupokana, imwe yenzvimbo dzakabatsirwa zvakanyanya kubva kumakomputa macomputer yanga iri yekubhanga nekutengesa. Kukura kwemamwe makambani mukati memakore ekutanga ema90s kwaive kushoma, sezvo ivo vaisakwanisa kupa hupamhi hwekushanda kune vatengi vavo.

Zvimwe zvaive zvakaganhurirwa kune imwe nhamba yevashandisi uye zviitiko. Nekuvandudzwa kwemacrocomputer, zviitiko zvebhangi zvakave zvepasirese, kutengeserana kwakakura nenzira yekuti iko zvino inosanganisa tekinoroji yekutengesa yedhijitari nekutengesa nekutengesa pamhepo.

Vemauto

Kunyangwe vaive ivo vatangiri vemakomputa, mabasa ehondo kutenderera pasirese anoda pasina chikonzero, kuendesa kwavo kwemauto maitiro uye manejimendi kumacrocomputer. Ndege masystem, radars, kudzora maoko, manejimendi ruzivo ruzivo, pakati pemamwe mashandiro, inofanirwa kuve iri pamusoro pevakuru ma processor.

Huwandu hwemasaiti satellites ari kutenderera nyika anofanirwa kuve ari ekuraira macrocomputer. Zviuru zvezviitiko zvavanoita zuva nezuva zvinofanirwa kutarisirwa nemakomputa makuru. Tinogona kutsanangura dzakawanda macrocomputers mienzaniso inopindura zvinodiwa muchiuto asi zvinotora nguva yakareba kuti vatsanangure zvese.

Mushonga uye hutano

Nhasi zvinodikanwa kuve neepidemiological control uye yekuongorora system. Izvo zvinobvumidza kudzora nekutarisa mhando dzezvirwere zvinogadzirwa munyika yega yega. Munzvimbo makambani mazhinji anochengetedza marekodhi uye nekugadzirisa ekutsigira masevhisi kuburikidza nezvikwata zvakakura.

Kutsvagisa uye kushandiswa kwedzidzo

Kutenda kuma macrocomputer, kuferefetwa kwakasiyana kwesainzi kunogona kuitiswa muparutivi chero kupi zvako pasi. Nhasi uno mapurojekiti anotarisirwa uye akaongororwa nevanyanzvi vepamusoro.

Masayunivhesiti ane mukana wakakura wekufambisa mapurojekiti ekutsvagisa anoitirwa mamirioni evadzidzi. Zvinyorwa, dhata, ruzivo uye nemhando dzese dzezviwanikwa zvinogona kuchinjaniswa nekuvandudzwa pasina kukwana kwenguva uye daro.

Shandura mumatare

Macrocomputer akaita kuti zvikwanisike kugadzirisa maitiro anogona kunonoka kana akaitwa nevakawanda maseva. Dhatabhesi emawebhusaiti mazhinji anounganidza huwandu hweruzivo, shandisa zviwanikwa zvemacrocomputer sekuchengetedza.

Iyo mainframe system projekiti inobvumira kudzikamisa maitiro aya, iwo akanyatsogadzirirwa kugadzirisa mavhoriyamu makuru eruzivo anobva kumamiriyoni evashandisi kuburikidza nemaapplication akasiyana siyana. Mune inotevera chinongedzo iwe unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezvenyaya inoenderana ne Mhando dze network network

Mhando dzemacrocomputer

Munyika mune zvakawanda zvakagadzirwa zvemakomputa ayo akapararira mumakambani epasi rose nemakambani, pakati pezvakanyanya kushandiswa pane zvinotevera:

  • Izvo zvakavakwa neBM pane yayo IBM zSeries, Sisitimu z9 uye z10 mhando. Aya makomputa eDominican parizvino anotengesa macrocomputer.
  • Hewlett-Packard anovandudza uye anotengesa zvishandiso zveNonStop. Boka Bull inogadzira iyo DPS.
  • Iyo yekuJapan kambani Fujitsu inoshambadza yayo BS2000 pamwe neiyo Fujitsu-ICL VME mainframe mapurojekiti, ayo anotengeswa chete muEurope.
  • Unisys ine kusimudzira kwekushambadzira kweiyo ClearPath Libra uye ClearPath mamodheru, ayo anowoneka mavara ekuvandudza, maumbirwo uye mitsara.
  • Hitachi inogadzira masisitimu anoshanda anonzi MSP uye VOS 3, ayo IBM anoti ndeyekunyepedzera kweMVS software modhi dzakagadzirwa muma80.

Macrocomputer Enzaniso

Zvimwe zvinosanganisirwa mumaseva akasiyana siyana atakambotaura nezvazvo kare, pakati pawo tinowana:

  • IBM
  • Sisitimu z9
  • z10 uye zSeries

Ehe ibasa redu kukuyeuchidza kuti IBM ichiri kure nemutungamiriri wemusika mune mainframe, ine inoshamisa 90% yayo.

Ndiani anowana yakanakisa mutsetse wemakomputa anozivikanwa pasi rese se:

  • System 360
  • System 370
  • System 390

Inofanirwa kuverengerwa pasina kupokana kutsenga seClearPath Libra uye mamwe mainframe saFujitsu-ICL VME ayo nhasi anowanikwa muEuropean continent. Zvakare uye kune zvimwe zvekare kwazvo, kubva pamakore gumi ema80 achiripo.

Zvakare zvigadzirwa zvakaita seHitachi neFujitsu zvine mimwe mitsara yemakomputa kana macro makomputa vanoshandisa masisitimu anoshanda avanodaidza kuti MSP neVOS3, uye kuti pane imwe nguva vakavanyorera kubva kuhurongwa hweBMM unonzi MVS, izvi muma1980.

Kune vamwe vane tekinoroji yakanyanya kufambidzana uye vanoshandiswa nemaCDS ane kuvimbika kwakanyanya, pamwe nehunyanzvi hwekugona mukushandira nekuwanika uyezve chengetedzo, izvo zvakakosha kwazvo. Muenzaniso we macrocomputer  Ndiyo inoratidzwa mumufananidzo unotevera.


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