Nhoroondo yemitauro yemitauro

Nekushanduka kwekusingaperi kwemakomputa, mitauro yekuronga yakachinja. Kuongorora inobudirira kuti mutauro wekutanga wakagadzirwa makore anopfuura zana apfuura uye wakagadziridzwa nemukadzi. Ngatione kuti chii icho nhoroondo yemitauro yemitauro.

Nhoroondo ye Programming Mitauro: Background

Nekufamba kwenguva uye shanduko yekusingaperi yemakomputa, mitauro yekuronga yaifanirwa kushandurwa uye kuvandudzwa zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa nemapurogiramu uye makomputa zvakajairika, zvichigadzira huwandu hwakawanda hwemitauro nemakodhi izvo zvakatopfuura mukukanganwa.

Iyo yekutanga programming mitauro yakatangira komputa yazvino, pakutanga iyo mitauro yekuronga yaive makodhi. Muchina wekuruka wakagadzirwa naJacquard, mugore ra1801, wakashandisa maburi mumakadhi aive nemafuta ekudzokorora kufamba kwechimakanika ruoko chemuchina wekuruka, kuti vagadzire mapatani ekushongedza otomatiki.

Pakati pemakore a1842 na1843, Ada Lovelace, akakwanisa kududzira basa rebasa raMenabrea pamushini wakakurudzirwa naCharles Babbage, "Iyo Injini Yekuongorora." Ada Lovelace, akawedzera kumwe kuongorora pane iyo nzira yekuita iyo kuverenga kweiyo manhamba eBernoulli nemuchina uyu.

Herman Hollerith akadhinda ruzivo rwese pamakadhi akabaiwa, paakaziva kuti vatyairi vezvitima vaikwanisa kuziva vafambi vachishandisa buri ravakaita mutikiti. Zvino muna 1890, Hollertih akagadzira rekodhi rekodhi rekodhi pamakadhi aya.

Makomputa emakomputa ekutanga aive nehunyanzvi zvinoenderana nezvavaizoshandiswa. Mumakumi emakore ekutanga ezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, kuwanda kwenhamba kwaive kwakavakirwa pamadhigiramu edhisimali. Gare gare, vakaona kuti kufunga kunogona kufananidzirwa nenhamba.

Alonzo Chechi yakaratidza kuverenga kweLambda vachishandisa mafomula. Iyo Turing muchina, yakaisa hwaro hwekunyora zvirongwa se data kubva pakombuta mune yeVon Neumann architecture.

Nekudaro, iyo Kodhi yekuyedza haina kushanda zvinobudirira senheyo yemitauro yepamusoro, asi yakashandiswa mukuwongorora kwakasimba kwema algorithms.

Yokutanga nhoroondo yemitauro yemitauro, zvakaoma kuwana munguva nekunyatso. Kubva pakutanga, kutadza kwe Hardware kwakatsanangura iyo nhoroondo yemitauro yemitauro.

Pakutanga makadhi ekubaya aingotsigira chete nezve makoramu makumi mapfumbamwe, zvisinei, iwo aizoshandiswa kugadzira kupatsanurwa kweimwe neimwe yemakadhi. Iko kushandiswa kwemagineti dhiramu yekurangarira kwaireva kuti zvirongwa zvaifanirwa kupindirwa nekukanganiswa kwedhiramu. Nekudaro, zvirongwa izvi zvaitsamira pahardware.

Kune dzimwe nyanzvi, iyo Jacquard yekucheka muchina, pamwe neBabbage Machine, yaive mitauro yakakosha uye iine maganhuriro ekutsanangura zviito zvakaitwa nemichina iyi. Mukati me nhoroondo yemitauro yemitauroKunyangwe zvibhakera makadhi anoonekwa semutauro wakakosha, kunyangwe iwo usina kugadzirirwa kudyiwa nevanhu.

Mazuva akakosha uye data

Muma40, makomputa ekutanga akagadzirwa, anofambiswa nemagetsi emagetsi. Ivo vaive nekumhanyisa uye ndangariro kugona kugona, vachimanikidza programmers kugadzira mapurogiramu akareruka. Mukufamba kwenguva, ivo vanoona kuti kuronga semitauro kwaida hukuru hwepfungwa sezvo waigona kudya zvikanganiso kana iwe usingazive chidzidzo.

Muna 1948, Konrad Zuse akaburitsa chinyorwa pamutauro wechirongwa waakagadzira unonzi Plankalkul, asi haana kuzoenderera mberi nekutsvagisa munzvimbo ino. Pakati pemitauro yakasikwa panguva iyoyo, zvinotevera zvinogona kusimbiswa:

• 1943: ENIAC Kodhi.

• 1948 Plankalkul, izvi zvakaitwa hafu yezana ramakore gare gare.

• 1949 kusvika 1954 - Seti yemirairo yakagadziridzwa iyo yakagadzirirwa vamwe vagadziri.

50s uye 60s XNUMXth century: Kutanga kwenhoroondo yemitauro yemitauro

Panguva ino, mitauro mitatu yekuronga ichiri kushanda yakagadziridzwa, iri:

1. 1955 - FORTRAN, yakagadzirwa naJohn Backus.

2. 1958: LISP, yakagadzirwa naJohn McCarthy.

3. 1959: COBOL, yakagadziriswa neKapfupi Range Komiti, uye pesvedzero yake yaive Grace Hopper.

Imwe nguva yakakosha yaive pakupera kwema50's, apo American neEuropean Committee yeComputing nyanzvi (Algol) yakaburitsa nezve yakagadziridzwa "Mutauro weAlgorithms". Chirevo ichi chakaunza pamwechete mazano mazhinji uye kucherechedzwa kwezuva uye chakapa hunyanzvi huviri hwakakodzera kune iyo nhoroondo yemitauro yemitauro:

• Nested Block Structures.

• Lexical chiyero: block ine ayo akasiyana, maitiro uye mashandiro, ayo asingaonekwe nekodhi iri kunze kweiyi block, muenzaniso ungave, kuviga data kana ruzivo.

Imwe nyowani inosanganisirwa neruzivo urwu ndeinotevera:

• Chiratidzo chaicho chemasvomhu, Backus - Naur Fomu kana inozivikanwa zviri nani seBNF, yakashandiswa kurondedzera kuvakwa kwemutauro. Ese anotevera mitauro yekuronga yakashandisa mutsauko weBNF kutsanangura chikamu-chisina chikamu chekuvaka kwavo.

Dare reAmerica neEurope rakanyanya kukanganisa kukura kwemitauro yakatevera. Masisitimu makuru eBurroughs akagadziriswa kuti aiswe mune yakasarudzika seti yekomiti yakazozivikanwa seAlgol.

Pfungwa huru dzeAlgol dzakapararira uye pagore ra1968, Algol 68 yakazadzikiswa:

• Iyo yekuvaka uye semantics yakaitwa yakawanda orthogonal, ine isingazivikanwe maitiro, typing system ine yakakwira odhiyo mabasa.

• Haisi chete chikamu chemahara chechinyorwa chakatsanangurwa zviri pamutemo, asiwo kuvaka uye semantics, maererano negirama yaVan Wijngaarden, yakagadzirirwa chinangwa ichi.

Izvo zvakakura asi zvisina kushandiswa maficha e y Algol 68 uye yayo yakaoma sisitimu yekuzvitenderera mapfupi uye kurambidzwa kwakatungamira mukusafarirwa uye kunetsa kunyorera.

Saka Niklaus Wirth akaparadzana nekomiti uye akavandudza mutauro wakapusa unozivikanwa sa "Pascal." Iyi ndiyo mimwe mitauro yakagadzirwa panguva iyoyo:

• Gore 1951: Mutauro wegungano redunhu.

• Gore 1952: Autocoder.

• Gore 1954: IPL.

• Gore 1955: Kuyerera Matic.

• Gore 1957: FORTRA N.

• Gore 1958: LISP.

• Gore 1959: CHOKWADI, COBOL uye RPG.

• Gore 1962: APL, Simula uye SNOBOL.

• Gore 1963: CPL.

• Gore 1964: BASIC uye PL / I.

• Gore 1967: BCPL.

Ma 70s: akakosha mamodheru akasimbiswa

Pakati pema1960 nema1970, pakanga paine kukura kukuru mu nhoroondo yemitauro yemitauro. Mazhinji emakomputa emitauro akakodzera anoshandiswa nhasi akagadzirwa panguva ino:

• SIMULA, yakagadzirwa muna 1960 naDahl naNygaard seAlgol 60 superset, waive mutauro wekutanga we nhoroondo yemitauro yemitauro, Yakagadziridzwa kusimbisa chirongwa chakagadzirwa chakanangana nezvinhu.

• Mutauro weC programming wakatanga kugadzirwa sehurongwa hwekugadzira mutauro, vagadziri vacho vaive Ken Thompson naDennis Ritchie mumakore 168 na1972.

• Smalltalk, yakagadzirwa muma70, yakapa yakafara dhizaini yemutauro kuzvinhu.

• Prolog, yakagadzirwa naRoussel, Colmerauer naKowalski muna 1972, yaifunga semutauro wekutanga manyorerwo.

• ML yakavaka polymorphic mhando sisitimu, yakagadzirwa naRobin Milner muna 1973, pane cusp yeLisp, yaifungidzirwa semutangiri mune static mhando inoshanda programming mitauro.

Iyo mitauro yemitauro yakatsanangurwa yaive yakakosha hwaro mukati meiyo nhoroondo yemitauro yemitauro, mitauro yese yazvino ine imwechete yeiyi mune yavo rejista.

Panguva ino pakange paine zvakare gakava rakakura pamusoro pemafungiro nezvezvakakodzera zvirongwa zvakarongwa, izvo zvaimiririra chirongwa pasina kushandisa GOTO. Rukova rwemazano rwakange rwakabatana nemagadzirirwo emutauro, nekuti mimwe mitauro yaisatarisisa GOTO, nekudaro mugadziri akamanikidzwa kugadzira hurongwa hwakarongeka.

Mimwe mitauro yekuronga iyo yakasikwa pakati penguva ino, ndeiyi:

• Gore 1968: Logo.

• Gore 1969: B, akafanotungamira C.

• Gore 1970: Pascal uye Forth.

• Gore 1972: C, Prolog uye Smalltalk.

• Gore 1973: ML.

• Gore 1975: Chirongwa.

• Gore 1978: SQL, iyo mukutanga kwayo yaive mutauro wemibvunzo uye yakazotambanudzirwa pakuvakwa kwepurogiramu. Modula - 2 yakagadziridzwa zvakare gore rino.

80s: kusimbisa, ma module uye kuita

Ma1980 anoonekwa mukati me nhoroondo yemitauro yemitauro, senguva yekusimbisa mumitauro inokosha. Basa rakaenderera mberi pamitauro yakatogadzirwa mumakore gumi apfuura.

C ++, yakauya kuzobatanidza chirongwa chakanangana nezvinhu uye hurongwa hwehurongwa. Hurumende yeUS yakawana kumisikidzwa kweADA, inova hurongwa hwehurongwa hwehurongwa hunoshandiswa nemakambani ehondo nedziviriro.

MuJapan, pachikamu chayo, chikamu chikuru cheNational Budget chakaiswa mukutsvaga pa "Fifth generation programming mitauro", iyo yaisanganisira zvivakwa zvehurongwa hwekufunga. Iyo Sosaiti yeMitauro Inoshanda yakaita ML uye Lisp zvakajairika.

Kufambira mberi kwekuferefeta kwemutauro unoshanda unonzi Miranda, uyo waienda zvishoma zvishoma, wakatanga kubata panguva ino.

Zvinoitika munzvimbo yekugadzirwa kwemitauro yaive nzira iri nani yekugadzirisa zvirongwa pamwero mukuru kuburikidza nekushandisa mamamojuru, rakakura danho remakodhi mayuniti.

Mitauro yakadai saModula, Ada uye Ml yakagadzira yakasarudzika module masisitimu muma80s, uye yaive nechokuita nekuvakwa kwegeneral programming, inozove mamodule atove neakafanotemerwa paramende.

Kunyangwe pasina mazano matsva akagadzirwa pamusoro pekuronga mitauro, mazhinji eiyo nyanzvi dzakakurisa hwaro hwemitauro yakapfuura uye dzakakwanirisa kuchinjika kune zvitsva chaizvo. Muenzaniso weiyi mitauro yeEmerald neArgus masisitimu, ayo akaita kuti kuchinjika kwepurogiramu kune zvinhu zvehurongwa hwakagoverwa.

Mune ma80s, kufambira mberi kwakaitwa mukuitwa kwemapurogiramu mitauro. RISC boka rinoshanda paComputer Architecture rakaratidza kuti Hardware yaifanirwa kugadzirirwa macompiler kwete yea programmers.

Nekudaro, pamwe nekuvandudzwa kweprosesa kumhanya, iine inoshanda nzira dzekuunganidza, iro boka reRISC rakakwezva kufarira kwepamusoro-soro mitauro yekuunganidza tekinoroji.

Iwo matekinoroji epurogiramu mitauro yakaramba ichishanda pane iri basa, mukutanga kwema90s.

Pakati pemitauro inonyanya kuzivikanwa yakasikwa mumakore gumi aya, tinogona kutaura:

• Gore 1980: C ++, inova iyo vhezheni yeC asi nemakirasi.

• Gore 1983: Ada.

• Gore 1984: MATLAB uye Common Lisp.

• Gore 1985: Eiffel.

• Gore 1986: Erlang uye Chinangwa - C.

• Gore 1987: Perl.

• Gore 1988: Mathematica uye Tcl.

• Gore 1989: FL.

90s: Indaneti nguva

Iko kushanduka kwekukurumidza kweInternet mukati memakore mapfumbamwe, chaive chiitiko chikuru cheiyo nhau yemitauro yekuronga. Nekusikwa uye kuvandudzwa kweapuratifomu yakakwana yeComputer masisitimu, iyo Internet yakaunza mukana wekutora mitauro mitsva.

Kunyanya, inofanirwa kutaurwa, iyo JavaScript programming mutauro, iyo yakakurumidza kuwana mukurumbira, nekuda kwekukurumidza kubatana kwayo neNetscape Navigator browser, pamwe nemimwe mitauro iyo yakakwanisa kuwedzera kushandiswa kwayo mukugadzirwa kwezvimwe zvinoshandiswa zvewebhu. maseva.

Tinokukoka iwe kuti uverenge, kana iwe uchifarira kuziva nezvazvo Wireless technology: tsananguro nemabasa.

Iwo ma90s yaive nguva yemubatanidzwa mutsva uye kufambira mberi kwemitauro yekutanga, mukuwedzera kune iyo mitauro inoshanda yakatanga kupararira. Kukurumidza kukurumidza kana RAD mitauro yekushandisa yakagadzirwa, yakanangana nezvinhu, pakati pazvo zvatinogona kutaura: Visual Basic, Java uye Object Pascal.

Mitauro yekuvandudza uye yakanyanyisa, inozivikanwa semitauro yekunyora, yakagadziriswa. Iyo mitauro ine gogo rakakura kupfuura maRAD, zvisinei, kugadzirwa kwavo kunowanzo kukonzerwa nenyaya yekuti zvakaomarara kunyora nekuchengetedza mapurogiramu akareba pane zvakapusa uye zvidiki zvirongwa.

Nekudaro, zvinyorwa zve script zvakazove zvakanyanya mukurumbira mukubatana kwewebhu.

Pakati pemitauro inonyanya kukosha yakagadzirwa mumakore gumi aya, tine:

• Gore 1990: Haskell.

• Gore 1991: HTML, Visual Basic uye Python.

• Gore 1993: Lua naRuby.

• Gore 1994: CLOS.

• Gore 1995: JavaScript, PHP, Delphi uye Java.

• Gore 1996: WebDNA.

• Gore 1997: Kumukira.

• Gore 1999: D

Gore 2000: Mazuva Ano

Mukati nhau yemitauro yekuronga, shanduko yayo yechisikigo inoenderera, padanho rekutsvaga uye nemaindasitiri. Nzvimbo dzazvino dzebasa dzinosanganisira:

• Yakawedzera rutsigiro rwechirongwa chinoshanda mumitauro yekuronga.

• Dhizaini uye kuvaka kwemitauro kutsigira yakaparadzirwa uye panguva imwe chete chirongwa.

• Maitiro ekuwedzera kune iwo mutauro, wongororo uye ongororo maitiro maererano nekuvimbika uye chengetedzo: shinda chengetedzo, ruzivo kutama kudzora, yakawedzera syntactic ongororo.

• Imwe nzira modularity nzira.

• Kugadzira uye kusimudzira kwechinhu-chakatarisana nesoftware.

• Metaprogramming uye kuwana kune isingabvumirwe syntax muti.

• Tarisa pane kugovera uye kufamba.

• Kubatanidzwa pamwe dhatabhesi.

• Tsigiro ye Unicode mune yekodhi kodhi.

• XML ye graphical interface.

• Vhura sosi yekuvandudzwa kwemitauro yekuronga.

Pakati pemitauro inonyanya kukosha yakagadzirwa mumakore gumi aya, tine:

• Gore 2000: ActionScript.

• Gore 2001: Visual Basic.NET uye C #.

• Gore 2002: F #.

• Gore 2003: Factor, Scala naGroovy.

• Gore 2005: Kukanda.

• Gore 2007: Clojure.

• Gore 2009: Enda.

• Gore 2011: Dart.

• Gore 2014: Swift.

Kana iwe waifarira ruzivo urwu, tinokukoka iwe kuti uongorore aya mamwe maratidziro ekufarira:

Hybrid gore: tsananguro, basa, mabhenefiti nezvimwe.