Iimpawu zendlela kunye nomsebenzi wayo

Las Iimpawu zendlela esiza kuyichaza ngokulandelayo, iya kunceda umfundi kunye nomsebenzisi ukuba azi okungakumbi ngesi sixhobo sibalulekileyo. Ungaphoswa yiyo yonke into enxulumene nesi sihloko ngokufunda inqaku elilandelayo.

Iimpawu ze-Router 1

Iimpawu zendlela

I-router, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-router, sisixhobo se-elektroniki esikuvumela ukuba uqhagamshele izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zekhompyuter, iiselfowuni kunye neetafile ngothungelwano. Inoxanduva lokuseka indlela echaziweyo yepakethi yedatha ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yolwazi okanye kwi-intanethi.

Babaluleke eofisini, ukusekwa kweshishini kunye nasekhaya, kanye njengokuba umnxeba wawukho phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX. Iimpawu zeRouter zivumela abantu abaninzi ukuba banxibelelane nenethiwekhi ye-intanethi. Basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zonxibelelwano ezizezinye izixhobo, ezivumela uqhagamshelo ukuba lwenziwe ngaphandle kwentambo.

Okwangoku, phantse wonke umsebenzi kunye nomsebenzi wobuqu uphathwa ngenethiwekhi, nokuba yeyokufundisayo okanye yolonwabo. Kungenxa yoko le nto kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba kanjani Isebenza njani iWiFi kwaye ngayiphi indlela esinokwenza ngayo olunye unxibelelwano.

Okwangoku akukho msebenzi kwihlabathi apho unxibelelwano lwe-intanethi alubandakanyekanga. Unxibelelwano olunokuveliswa nge-router luxhunyiwe ngaphandle kweengcingo okanye ngeentambo ezithile. Kodwa makhe sijonge ngokweenkcukacha yonke into enxulumene nesi sihloko.

Iimpawu ze-Router 2

Kubalulekile ukuba wazi ukuba izixhobo ezilula ezinoxanduva lokuseka ukukhangela kwinethiwekhi. Kungenxa yoko le nto eli nqaku lichaza iimpawu zendlela, kunye nezinye iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo, ke makhe sijonge ukuba ziyintoni na:

  • Inika lula kubasebenzisi abafuna ukuqhagamshela kwi-intanethi.
  • Inamandla okuzimela, oko kukuthi, inenkqubo yayo yokwamkela amandla.
  • Igcina inkqubo ye-algorithms enceda ukumisela eyona ndlela imfutshane eya kwinethiwekhi ye-intanethi.
  • Inesakhono sokuthintela ukufikelela. Ine-firewall yayo kunye nenkqubo ye-firewall.
  • Yazisa umsebenzisi xa inkqubo igcwele.
  • Ikhupha umqondiso ngenkqubo yee-eriyali ezinokudityaniswa ngaphakathi. Kwezinye izixhobo unokubona ukuya kwi-eriyali ezine.
  • Ujongano luthe tye, olunceda ukunxibelelana nabasebenzisi abaninzi ngaxeshanye.
  • Inokudityaniswa ngeentambo kunye nenethiwekhi ye-Ethernet, eyinkqubo yangaphakathi yenethiwekhi.
  • Inokubekwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.
  • Yinto eyodwa yodwa yezithuthi eyenzeka kwinethiwekhi.
  • Ziza ngobukhulu obahlukeneyo kwaye zilula kakhulu
  • Ilawula kwaye ilawula ukugcwala kwabantu kwiidilesi ezithile kunye neendawo ezinje ngonxibelelwano lwe-WAN, i-LAN VLAN.
  • Ukunciphisa ukungena kunye nokufikelela okungafunekiyo kwinethiwekhi.
  • Inesibonelelo sokudibanisa ngaphandle kwamacingo okanye ngeentambo.
  • Iyahambelana nayo nayiphi na inkqubo yenethiwekhi.
  • Nika iidilesi ze-IP ngokukhawuleza nangokuzenzekelayo.
  • Lawula izikhangeli ezahlukeneyo ezinikezelwa yi-Intanethi, ezinje ngeFirefox, uGoogle, uYahoo! phakathi kwabanye.
  • Unakho ukuqhagamshela iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunxibelelana ngelizwi kunye nevidiyo.

Iimpawu ze-Router 3

Yintoni na?

Ezi zixhobo zibonelela abasebenzisi ngemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, eminye ingaziwa nakwezinye ezininzi. Bamele isibonelelo esikhulu kubantu abafuna ukunxibelelana ne-intanethi mihla le. Kodwa masibone ukuba yeyiphi le misebenzi:

  • Umsebenzi ophambili kukuseta iiparameter zokunxibelelana nezixhobo ezahlukeneyo kuthungelwano, ngakumbi i-Intanethi.
  • Ukuseka iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zonxibelelwano lwangaphakathi kwiindawo ezincinci ngokubizwa ngokuba yiWAN, LAN kunye neVLAN yedatha yenethiwekhi
  • Ivumela iikhompyuter ukuba zidibane kunye ukuze zenze inethiwekhi encinci yekhompyuter.
  • Isebenzisa ikhonkco elingaphezulu kwesinye kwi-LAN enye kwaye enkosi koku kulinganisa ukuhamba kwedatha
  • Fumana kwaye ulawule unxibelelwano lwe-intanethi
  • Ulawulo - iikhompyutha apho idatha ingathunyelwa khona
  • Ihlengahlengisa iinkqubo zokhuselo, izicelo zabasebenzisi abanqwenela ukunxibelelana nenethiwekhi ye-intanethi.
  • Igcina ulwazi luhamba luzinzile.
  • Yenza konke ukuhanjiswa okufikelela kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo
  • Iimodeli zohlobo olungenazingcingo zingathumela umqondiso wokutsalwa ofunyenwe ngaxeshanye kwizixhobo nezixhobo ezahlukeneyo. Ngamaza amancinci kanomathotholo afuna ukuba kude.
  • Idibanisa ikhonkco yedatha ukuze idlulise ngokuzolileyo kwindawo yayo.
  • Ivumela ubumbano lonxibelelwano ngeentambo.
  • Ukuhlaziya ngokuzenzekelayo iitafile zendlela.
  • Lawula idatha ekufuneka idlulisiwe ukusuka kwinethiwekhi ukuya kwenye.
  • Igcina inkqubo yokhuseleko ivumela kuphela abo bayaziyo ikhowudi yokhuseleko kunye negama lokugqitha ukuba bangene.
  • Ikuvumela ukuba uqhagamshele abashicileli ngeentambo okanye ngaphandle kweengcingo. Logama isixhobo sokuprinta sinohlobo oluthile lweWiFi okanye uqhagamshelo lweBluetooth.

Izixhobo zendlela

Ezi zixhobo zenziwe ngeemodeli ezahlukeneyo; Nangona kunjalo, ubume bayo kunye noyilo lobuchwephesha bufana kakhulu phantse kuzo zonke. Zinee-microprocessors kunye nee-microcircuits ezinceda ukunxibelelana neenethiwekhi ngokukhawuleza.

phandle

I-router ngokubanzi yenziwe ngezinto zeplastiki kunye nezinye ii-alloys ziyafumaneka. Zilula kakhulu kwaye ikhava yazo ivumela ukukhusela nokukhusela zonke iisekethe zangaphakathi zezixhobo. Ke kukho ipaneli yangaphambili apho kukho amaqhosha nezibane ezivumela ukwazi amanqanaba okusebenza.

Eli candelo linamaqhosha ombane ngamanye amaxesha abekwe ngasemva, konke kuxhomekeke kwimodeli, emva koko ii-LEDs ziyavela, ezizizikhombisi ezikhanyayo, ngokokuqhwanyaza okanye ukuzinza kwazo, esivumela ukuba sazi ukuba yeyiphi imeko yomsebenzi.

Izibane ezikhokelwayo zihlala zibonisa ukuba kukho unxibelelwano lwe-intanethi, ukuba isixhobo sivuliwe, i-fluidity ye-LAN izinzile okanye ukuba ukuhanjiswa kwe-WIFI kusebenza ngokuchanekileyo.

Ngasemva kukudityaniswa kwezibuko le-USB, ekuvumela ukuba wabelane ngeefayile ezahlukeneyo kunye nedatha kuthungelwano, ikwadlulisela ukumiselwa kwesixhobo kwikhompyuter. Emva koko, unokubona uhlobo lwe-BNCl yohlobo lwe-WAN, ekuvumela ukuba uqhagamshele iintambo zohlobo lwe-coaxial; Ukuba awunayo ikhebula le-USB, inokusetyenziselwa unxibelelwano olubanzi.

Ngaphandle iqulethe i-WAN port ebonakalayo, esetyenziselwa ukudibanisa iintambo zefiber optic. Kwelinye icala, xa olu hlobo lonxibelelwano lunokufumaneka, unxibelelwano olukhuselekileyo lusekiwe. Landela i-WAN RJ45 port, enomsebenzi wokudibanisa umzila kunye nezixhobo ezahlukeneyo ezixhumeke ngentambo.

Iimpawu ze-Router 4

Isamkeli samandla luhlobo lomthombo onceda ukufumana umbane ngoku kwaye uza ne-AC / DC yohlobo lweadaptha, evumela ukhuseleko xa kukho umbane ngesiquphe.

Ngaphakathi

I-router nganye ine-CPU encinci, eyiprosesa elawula zonke iiparameter kunye nemisebenzi eyifumana kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. I-CPU iphumeza iiparameter zolwazi ezahlukeneyo. Le processor inoxanduva lokwenza isenzo ngasinye kwaye yenza imiyalelo kuyo nayiphi na ikhompyuter.

Ikwalawula kwaye ilawule unxibelelwano lwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo ezinxulumene. Amandla eRouter ayahluka ngemodeli, ke ngamanye amaxesha ukutshintsha kunokujongwa ukuba imodeli yakho yahlukile. Kukho inkumbulo ye-RAM, enoxanduva lokugcina idatha kunye nolwazi okomzuzwana.

Le nkumbulo, nangona inomthamo olinganiselweyo, ibalulekile njengenye yeempawu zendlela, kuba zigcina iitafile ezahlukeneyo zendlela, indawo yokugcina kunye nesithuba esomeleleyo sokusebenza kwangaphakathi kwesixhobo.

Imemori ye-RAM ye-router iyafana naleyo yekhompyutha. Ke xa icinyiwe ibuyela kuseto lwalo lonke ulwazi olugciniweyo. Elinye icandelo yinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-flash memory; Lo ngumsebenzi wokugcina imifanekiso yenkqubo yokusebenza, kodwa ikwaxhomekeke kwiimfuno zomsebenzisi.

Icandelo elilandelayo yimemori yeROM, eyokufundwa kuphela, nangona kunjalo igcina idatha kunye neekhowudi ezithile ezibizwa ngokuba yiposti. Ukuvumela ukunika isigxina kulwazi oluthile olufana neephasiwedi okanye idatha ye-IP. Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi ngesi sihloko, sicebisa ukuba ufunde ifayile ye- Imemori yeROM.

Iimpawu zendlela kunye neemodeli

Imakethi kunye nophuhliso lwezixhobo zendlela zanamhlanje zikhule ngokubonakalayo. Okwangoku kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye neemodeli ezinokufumaneka ngokulula kuyo nayiphi na ivenkile yekhompyuter kunye nekhompyuter. Iimpawu zeRouter ziyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kumgangatho kunye nexabiso.

I-Asus RT-N12E C1

Yimodeli engenazingcingo ye-N300, ebonisa ukuba ikwiNdawo yokuFikelela / imowudi yokuphinda, inene zizixhobo ezintathu kwenye, iza ne-2 dBi ii-eriyali ezihleliweyo ezandisa ukogquma. Ububanzi bebhendi bunokuhlengahlengiswa kwaye ziqulathe iseva yeVPN, inokuxhasa ukuya kuthi ga kwinethiwekhi ezintathu ngokwahlukeneyo.

I-Asus RT-AC53

Imodeli yohlobo lwe-Asus, inenkxaso yeVPN kunye namazibuko e-2GB, inokusingatha isantya esikufutshane ne-750 Mbps ngendlela edityanisiweyo: Ulawulo lwe-ASUSWR olukrelekrele, ekubekwalilo nakwi-interface. Oku kukuvumela ukuba ulawule kwaye uqwalasele usetyenziso lwenethiwekhi. Inee-eriyali ezintathu eziphucula kakhulu umqondiso.

Ivumela ukuhanjiswa kwedatha amaxesha ali-10 ngokukhawuleza kunesixhobo esili-10/100 se-Ethernet. Inamazibuko amabini e-Gb yenye yezona zicetyiswayo ziingcali ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuphezulu. Ixabiso liphezulu kodwa kufanelekile.

Asus RT-AC66U

Imodeli ye-wireless ye-AC1750 ene-band ezimbini kunye nendawo yokufikelela kwi-USB, i-Triple VAN iyahambelana ne-Ai Mesh Wifi. Igcina uqhagamshelo olukhawulezayo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-450 Mbps, i-2,4 Ghz ebanzi kunye ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1300 Mbps edityanisiweyo yebhanti xa amaza kunye nokuhanjiswa kungu-5 Ghz.

Inee-eriyali ezimbini zamandla aphakamileyo ezivumela unxibelelwano olufanelekileyo ukuba lusekwe. Inayo i-USB port evumela ukuba wabelane ngeefayile. Iiprinta kunye nokunxibelelana ukuya kuthi ga kwi-4G, iphindaphindwe kali-10 kune-USB 2.0. Izinto eziluncedo ngexabiso, ziqulathe i-Asus Firmware, uqhagamshelo lwe-AC kunye namazibuko e-1 GbE, izinto ezingalunganga zimbini kuphela kumazibuko e-Ethernet kwaye ayinangqinelwano lwe-DLNA.

I-TP-Link Archer i-C1200

I-TP-Link Archer C1200 yi-Dual Band engenantambo yeGigabit Router, ehambisa i-300Mbps kwi-2.4GHz kwaye phantse i-900Mbps kwi-5Ghz. Izibuko le-USB yimodeli 2.03, inee-eriyali ezimbini ezinokudluliselwa okuhle. Imodeli ephezulu yale Router iqulethe ii-eriyali ezintathu zangaphandle ze-5dBi.

Ukugubungela okubonelela nge-omni-ekhombisa, ukugcina ukuthembeka okuhle. Iphuhliswe ngetekhnoloji ye-Beamforming, ekuvumela ukuba ulawule unxibelelwano olungenazingcingo oluphezulu. Amazibuko amane aqulathe ukuvumela ukuba wandise ukusebenza kwawo. Ixabiso lihlengahlengiswa kwinkangeleko yalo.

I-Netgear R6400

Esi sixhobo yiNighthawk AC1750 Dual Band WiFi Router enezibuko ezi-4 zeGigabit. Iprosesa iluhlobo lweArmor, ukugubungela kufikelela kwi-90 m2, isantya esiphezulu sinokufikelela kwi-1300 Mbps. Iyahambelana naso nasiphi na isixhobo kunye nesixhobo.

Unxibelelwano yifayibha kunye neprosesa ye-800Mhz. Inee-eriyali ezi-2 ezihlaziyiweyo. Ivumela ukunxibelelana kuthungelwano lwezixhobo zesandi, imidlalo yevidiyo, iiselfowuni, phakathi kwabanye. Kwakhona kwizibuko le-USB unokudibanisa umshicileli okanye i-hard drive yangaphandle, ukuze wenze ilifu lomntu.

Unxibelelaniso EA6900

Olu hlobo lwe-Smart Wi-Fi wireless router yi-Dual Band 2.4 + 5 GHz, eneempawu ze-Wireless-AC, Smart Wi-Fi, Beamforming, USB 2.0 kunye ne-USB 3.0. Isixhobo sivumela ukuya kumaxesha ama-4 okuhambisa ngokukhawuleza kunetekhnoloji yeN.

TP-LINK Utolo C3200 kunye neC5400

Le ndlela ine-band ye-Gigabit engenazingcingo enomthamo wama-3200 Mbps kwi-5 Ghz, inee-eriyali ezi-6. Okuvumela ukuhambisa uninzi lweekhompyuter kunye nezixhobo eziphathwayo ngaphandle kwentambo: itekhnoloji isekwe kwi-TP-Link's Smart Wifi, ujongano lwayo lulula kwaye yenye yezona zihambele phambili ezikhoyo kwintengiso.

Yonke into isebenza ngetekhnoloji ye-TP-Link's Smart WiFi ekhetha ngokuzenzekelayo ibhendi efanelekileyo kakhulu. Inika ujongano lolawulo olulula, kunye neenketho eziphambili. Inguqulelo ye-C5400 inee-eriyali ezisi-8 kwaye isetyenziswa kwiinkampani ezahlukeneyo.

Sisalathiso esifanelekileyo soqhagamshelo olubanzi noluphezulu, umthamo wayo wokuhambisa ofana neC3200, unokufikelela kwiiMephu ezingama-5400 zidityanisiwe ngaphandle kokufikelela kwingxinano. Ijelo kunye nolawulo lokuhambisa umqondiso lukhatshwa yi-CPU elungileyo kunye ne-RAM.

Umahluko phakathi kwendlela kunye nemodem

Ezi zixhobo zimbini ziyafana kwaye imisebenzi eyizalisekayo ikwathetha ukuba banokuba nemisebenzi efanayo. Iimpawu zendlela zenzelwe ukubonelela ukufikelela kwenethiwekhi ngaphandle kwamacingo. Esi sisibonelelo esihle okoko ukusetyenziswa kweentambo kushiyiwe.

Ngendlela eya kuthi ivumele ukunxibelelana nenani lezixhobo ngaxeshanye, kunjalo xa ivolumu yoqhagamshelo iphezulu, ukwanda kwetrafikhi kunye nonxibelelwano kunye nesantya esinciphileyo. Ngokwenxalenye yayo, iModem sisixhobo esithatha isiginali kumboneleli wesevisi ye-intanethi kwaye siyiguqulele kwidatha esetyenziswa nasiphi na isixhobo.

Imodem isebenza nothotho lweekhowudi eziguqula kwaye ziguqule umqondiso ukuze zibe nokufunyanwa zizixhobo ezahlukeneyo. Umqondiso ovela kumboneleli wenziwe ngentambo ye-fiber optic, emva koko uthunyelwa kumzila ukuze udluliselwe ngamaza erediyo ukuba izixhobo zinokuwufumana.

Ezinye izixhobo zidityanisiwe kwimodem kunye nee-routers, ukufuna ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuhla kweenkqubo ezinokuphazamisa umsebenzisi. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zixhobo ngamanye amaxesha zihlupheka ngenxa yokulayisha kwakhona idatha eninzi. Bacubungula ulwazi nge-RAM enye kunye ne-CPU enye. Ukuhanjiswa kungathatha ixesha kwaye kungaphazamisa isixhobo.

Kukho esinye isixhobo esingasetyenziswanga ngokubanzi, sifana kakhulu nomzila. Ebizwa ngokuba zizixhobo zokuphindaphinda isiginali, zisetyenziswa emakhayeni nakumagumbi amakhulu apho isiginali yomzila ingafikeleli. Zibekwe kwiindawo ezithile kwaye zandisa umqondiso ofikelela nakwezingaphezulu kwe-100 M2.

Iintambo zendlela

Nangona uxhulumaniso olungenazintambo lufuna ukwenza iimpawu zendlela efanelekileyo ngakumbi, akunakuphepheka ukuba neendlela ezininzi zokwenza ukudibanisa okuphambili kwezixhobo. Kubalulekile ukwazi nganye nganye ebandakanyiweyo kwiphakheji yokuthenga iRouter.

Imodem kwintambo yentambo

Xa sithenga umzila kufuneka ukuba sele siyifakile iModem. Ifumana ukuhanjiswa kumboneleli wesevisi ye-intanethi. Ifunyenwe ngentambo yohlobo lwefowuni eqhagamshelwe kwiModem. Emva koko ukusuka kwiModem unxibelelwano lwentambo kufuneka lwenziwe kwiRouter.

Ukuqhagamshela kwi-Router kungenxa yentambo ebizwa ngokuba yi "Ethernet Cable", oku kuhamba kwizibuko le-Intanethi leModem okanye iWAN kunye nokungena kwi-WAN port yeRouter. Yinkqubo elula kakhulu, cinezela nje intambo kwaye xa usiva unqakrazo, uqhagamshelo luya kuba lulungile.

Kubalulekile ukwenza olu nxibelelwano ngezixhobo zivaliwe «Valiwe», umbono kukukhusela abafowunelwa kwaye uphephe impembelelo eyomeleleyo nengafunekiyo enokonakalisa i-microcircuit.

Ukusuka kwi-router ukuya kwizixhobo ezineentambo

Iintambo zohlobo lwe-Ethernet ziphuma kwi-router kwaye kufuneka zixhunywe ngqo kwizixhobo. Izibuko lokuphuma elinamanani ahlukeneyo linokubonwa ngasemva kweModem. Ke ngokuxhomekeke kwimodeli abanokuhamba ngayo ukusuka kwi-l1 ukuya kwi-10. Ungazidibanisa izixhobo ozifunayo ukuba uza kuzenza ngaphandle kwentambo.

Ukungancedi kukuba ukuhamba ngaphakathi kwendawo, nokuba ligumbi, indlu okanye iofisi, kuphelele kwindawo enye. Nangona kunjalo, uncedo kukuba uqhagamshelo luzinzile ngakumbi kwaye lusebenza kakuhle.

Ukusuka kwi-router ukuya kwikhompyuter

Ukuqhuba inethwekhi yasekhaya kubalulekile ukudibanisa i-Router kwinethiwekhi yangaphakathi. Ngenxa yoku, intambo ye-Ethernet iyasetyenziswa kwaye ifakwe kwizibuko lokufaka lekhompyuter. Ngale nxu lumano ungaqhuba Ukuqhagamshela njani kwinethiwekhi  Ikhaya elikuvumela ukuba ucwangcise kwaye uqhagamshele kuzo zonke izixhobo ngokusebenzisa iintambo.

Khumbula ukuba emva kokuqhagamshela iRouter kunikezelo lwamandla, kufuneka siyivule, musa ukwenza umva umsebenzi. Ke nasiphi na isixhobo sinokuqhagamshela kwinethiwekhi ye-intanethi kunye nakwinethiwekhi yasekhaya yokufumana igama lomsebenzisi kunye negama lokugqitha lomnini weRouter.

Emva kokuvula enye yeempawu zendlela kukuba izibane ze-LED ziqala ukudanyaza ukubonisa ukuba inkqubo iyenziwa. Ukuphonononga incwadana yemodeli yezixhobo, iyakuxelela ukuba ngowuphi umsebenzi ozalisekiswa yi-LED nganye.

Iingcebiso

Ukwazi iimpawu zendlela yomzila kuvumela umsebenzisi ukuba azi iinkcukacha kunye nokusebenza kwayo. Kungenxa yoko le nto kulungile ukuba xa uyisebenzisa okokuqala kufuneka ufunde incwadi ngononophelo.

Unxibelelwano kufuneka lwenziwe njengoko kubonisiwe kule ncwadana yemigaqo. Phantse okufanayo ukuzama ukuyibeka kwiindawo apho kungekho kuphazamiseka kwimpawu zikamabonakude, ii-eriyali, iintambo okanye esinye isixhobo se-elektroniki esinokuphazamisa isiginali.

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ukuba kukho naluphi na uhlobo lokuthintela ukuhanjiswa kosasazo, iRouter ayinakukwazi ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo. Enye ingcebiso ebalulekileyo kukusebenzisa izixhobo ezikhuselayo kunye nezixhobo. Okukuvumela ukuba uyikhusele kwimeko yokuphela kombane kunye nokuhla kwamandla.

Nangona iRouter nganye iza nesiguquli samandla esincinci esibonelela ngombane kwisixhobo; Inamandla okuba kwimeko yokumka kombane kwangoko, ihlala ime kwimizuzwana embalwa. Oku kwenzelwa ukuthintela ukunyanzeliswa kwamandla okuvelisa xa kubuya umbane.


Yiba ngowokuqala ukuphawula

Shiya uluvo lwakho

Idilesi yakho ye email aziyi kupapashwa. ezidingekayo ziphawulwe *

*

*

  1. Uxanduva lwedatha: Okwenziweyo Ibhlog
  2. Injongo yedatha: Ulawulo lwe-SPAM, ulawulo lwezimvo.
  3. Umthetho: Imvume yakho
  4. Unxibelelwano lwedatha: Idatha ayizukuhanjiswa kubantu besithathu ngaphandle koxanduva lomthetho.
  5. Ukugcinwa kweenkcukacha
  6. Amalungelo: Ngalo naliphi na ixesha unganciphisa, uphinde uphinde ucime ulwazi lwakho.