Iinguqulelo zeLinux Yazi nganye yazo!

Le nkqubo yokusebenza yenye yezona zidumileyo kwihlabathi liphela, kodwa ukhe wazibuza ukuba zingaphi Iinguqulelo zeLinux Ngaba zikhona ukuza kuthi ga ngoku? Apha uya kufumana impendulo!

linux-1-iinguqulelo

Yintoni iLinux?

Linux Ngumthombo ovulekileyo, inkqubo yokusebenza efana ne-Unix. Zenziwe ngokudibanisa iiprojekthi ezahlukeneyo, apho kubonakala khona i-GNU, ikhokelwa ngumdwelisi waseMelika uRichard Stallman ebambisene neFree Software Foundation, esi siseko sijolise ekusasazeni iSoftware yasimahla, ukongeza kwinkqubo yokusebenza yekernel eyaziwa njenge «Linux », Ikhokelwe yinkqubo yesiFrentshi uLinus Torvalds, umfundi wezobunzululwazi bekhompyutha.

Ngo-1991 wenza i-Linux kwaye wakhawuleza waqwalaselwa ngabaphuhlisi abaninzi, abathi basebenzise izimvo zeSoftware evulekileyo, benze inkqubo esebenzayo.

Umbono wazalelwa eHelsinki, ikomkhulu laseFinland. Ngenxa yokuba iTorvalds yayinokufikelela kwiiseva zeUnix, eyunivesithi. Inkqubo awayeyisebenzisa ukwenza i-kernel yakhe yayingu "Minix".

Njengayo nayiphi na indalo eyimpumelelo, le projekthi yayisetyenziselwa ubuqu kuphela, apho uTorvalds wayecinga malunga nentuthuzelo yakhe xa esebenzisa ikhompyuter yakhe.

Iimpawu eziphambili zeSoftware yeGNU /Linux Zizo zilandelayo:

  • Olona phawu lubalulekileyo Linux kukuba sisoftware evulekileyo okanye "uMthombo ovulekileyo"
  • Ikhululekile ngokupheleleyo kwaye kufuneka uyikhuphele kumthengisi we-intanethi.
  • Olunye uphawu olugqamile yi "Preferential Multitasking" kuba kuphela kwenkqubo yokusebenza enesi sixhobo, evumela ukusetyenziswa kwezicelo ezininzi ngaxeshanye, ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka phakathi kwazo. Ngokungafaniyo nesixhobo seWindows esibizwa ngokuba yi "Cooperative Multitasking".
  • Elinye inqaku elomeleleyo le- Linux kukuba zonke iintlobo zonxibelelwano zinokusebenza ngokuchaneka okukhulu, oku kukwanika ithuba lokufikelela kwi-intanethi.
  • Ukulandela inqaku elidlulileyo, enkosi koku, sinokuyiguqula iPC yethu ibe yiseva, iindleko eziphantsi kakhulu kunesiqhelo.
  • Linux Khange ikhawulwe njengenkqubo ephathekayo, kodwa namhlanje ngokusisiseko lonke ulwabiwo lwayo lukhona.
  • Inkqubo Linux Inazo zonke izinto ezisisiseko zokuphuhlisa iinkqubo eziqinileyo kunye nesoftware isebenzisa iilwimi: "C", "C ++", "ObjectiveC", "Pascal", "Fortran", "BASIC", phakathi kwabanye. Othanda imeko yabaphuhlisi.
  • "I-Multi-user" yenye yeempawu zayo eziphambili, ezibeke apho ikhoyo ngoku, phakathi kwabanye, ivumela abasebenzisi abohlukeneyo ukuba bafumane izixhobo ezifanayo ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka.
  • Ukhuseleko lwayo oluphezulu lolunye uphawu oluzibeka kakuhle, oku kuhamba negalelo elihlangeneyo labaphuhlisi abaninzi.
  • Eyokugqibela kodwa engancinananga, Linux inokulungiswa nasiphi na isixhobo. Umzekelo ocacileyo yinkqubo ye-Android, ekwangulwabiwo lwe LinuxSiza kubona oku kamva.

Uluhlu lwexesha leenguqulelo zeLinux ezikhoyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.

I "Distro" njengeenguqulelo ze Linux, yenye yeenkqubo zokusasazwa kweGNU /Linux Ibandakanya iphakheji yeenkqubo, ngokweemfuno zokudalwa kwayo. Apha sifumana uluhlu lwe-Distro eyalelwe ngokulandelelana.

Kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuba iinguqulelo azange zongezwe, ukuba azixhaswanga okanye beziziiprojekthi kodwa aziphumelelanga. Oku kwenzelwa ukonga ixesha, kuba ukuba zonke bezingongezwa bekuya kubakho iinguqulelo ezingaphezu kwe-800 ze Linux 

Oko kwathethi, okoko uLinus Torvalds wayila inkqubo yakhe yokusebenza nje ukonwabisa ngo-1991, kwafika abasebenzisanayo kwaza kwazalwa ingxelo yokuqala:

  1. Linux 0.12: Yeyokuqala kwifayile ye- Iinguqulelo zeLinux emhlabeni, umenzi wayo yayingu-HJ Lu ngo-1992. Olu fakelo lwalufuneka lwenziwe ngediski ezimbini, enye yayijongene nokuQala ikhompyutha, kunye nomnye ukuyibumba. Ukuze inkqubo igqibe ngempumelelo, ikhompyuter kufuneka ibe nohlobo lomhleli we-hexadecimal.
  2. MCC yethutyana I-Linux: Sisasazo esidala kakhulu seLinux esaphuhliswa eManchester Computing Centre, nango1992. Umyili waso yayinguOwen Le Blanc, kwaye yema phandle ngokuba yinguqulelo yokuqala eyayinokufakwa ngokuzimeleyo kuyo nayiphi na ikhompyutha. Yasasazwa esidlangalaleni kwiseva ye-FTP kwiziko leKhompyuter laseManchester.
  3. tami I-Linux: Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva kwi-1992, uhlobo olutsha lwe Linux awayeyiphuhlisile eTexas A&M ecaleni kwe Unix kunye Linux Iqela lomsebenzisi. Le nguqulo yayiyeyokuqala ukubonelela ngeefestile ezahlukeneyo kwinkqubo ngaphandle komhleli wokubhaliweyo.
  4. Ukuthambisa Linux Iinkqubo (i-SLS): Olu nikezelo lwakhutshwa phantse ngaxeshanye nolo lwangaphambili (Tamu Linux), kodwa lwahlukile kuba lubeka iziseko zezona nguqulelo zibalaseleyo Linux esaziyo ngoku. Yayisuselwe kwi-MCC yethutyana Linux kwaye umyili wayo yayinguPeter McDonald. 2 yeLinux Distros esekho ngoku ibisekwe kwi-SLS, ezi zi "Debian" kunye ne "Slackware".
  5. I-Slackware: Le nguqulo yaphuma embindini wonyaka wama-92, kwaye ukusungulwa kwayo de kwaba sekupheleni kweminyaka yama-90 yayilawula imakethi yeSoftware. Ngokusekwe kwiiSoftlanding Linux Systems kunye nezinye iinguqulelo ezichazwe apha ngasentla, le yeyona indala isasebenza kwaye ifumana uhlaziyo.
  6. YGGDRASIL: Iphuhlisiwe kwinkampani ka-Adam J. Ritcher kwiphondo laseCalifornia, yayiyi-Distro yokuqala eyasasazwa yi-CD ROM: Yayiyinto yokuqala eyayinokuqwalaselwa kusetyenziswa iPlagi kunye neMidlalo. Yayisungulwa ngasekupheleni kuka-1992 yiYggdrasil Computing Inc.
  7. Debian: Ukuthandana phakathi ku-1993, le yenye ye Iinguqulelo zeLinux  yomelele ngakumbi, kwaye ngokuhamba kweminyaka iyaqhubeka nokuhlaziya. Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, yayisekwe kwi-SLS kwaye umphuhlisi wayo yayingu-Ian Murdock. Ibifumaneka nge-CD-ROM kwaye ikhutshelwe kwi-Intanethi. Kunokuthiwa le nguqulo iphawula ngaphambi nasemva kwimbali ye I-Linux, ezinye ii-distros ezininzi zisekwe kwi-Debian. Le software isebenziseka kakhulu kuba iyaziqhelanisa neekhompyuter ezahlukeneyo kwaye iyafumaneka kwiilwimi ezininzi.
  8. Red Hat I-Linux: Yenye yeenguqulelo ezindala, kwaye isasebenza nanamhlanje, nangona iphantsi kwegama elahlukileyo emva kokudibana noFedora. Inkampani yeRed Hat yayijongene nokuqaliswa kwayo ngo-1994, yenye yeenguqulelo ezimbalwa zorhwebo. Emva kokudityaniswa ngo-2003, isebenza phantsi kwegama elibizwa ngokuba yiRed Hat Enterprise Linux. Ibe nguvulindlela ekusebenziseni izixhobo zolawulo lwephakheji, kwaye yabeka isiseko seenguqulelo ezilandelayo zokuyisebenzisa.
  9. Mandrake okanye Mandriva LinuxIkhutshwe ngo-1998 kwaye isekwe kwiRed Hat Linux, ibhekiswe eluntwini ngeekhompyuter ukuzisebenzisa. Yayiyinkqubo efanelekileyo kakhulu kubo bobabini abaqalayo kunye nabona baninzi. Umphuhlisi wayo wayengumququzeleli wenkampani yaseFrance iMandrakeSoft, uGael Duval.
  10. Vine Linux: Olu luguqulelo olwenzelwe iJapan, yimfoloko yeRed Hat kwaye ixhaswe yiVineCaves. Iqale ukukhula ngo-1998 kwaye ngo-2000 yakhutshelwa uluntu.
  11. I-ELKS: Yinkqubo esezantsi ehamba ngaphandle kweziganeko zenucleus I-Linux, Yenzelwe iikhompyuter ngobugcisa obuphantsi, umzekelo, iibits ezili-16. Yayisaziwa njengeLinux-8086, kwaye yaqala ukusebenza ngo-99.
  12. Inja etyheli: Yi-Distro ukusuka ngo-1999, ephuhliswe phantse ngaxeshanye neRed Hat Linux kwaye isekwe kuye. Kodwa oku kwahlukile kwinto yokuba isebenza ngokugqibeleleyo kwiikhompyuter zePower PC.
  13. ElinOS: yenye yeefayile ze- Iinguqulelo zeLinux kunye nezicelo zeshishini kwaye ezisebenza kwiiKhomputha zoMamkeli. Zonke iiphakheji zayo zingumthombo ovulekileyo, yiyo loo nto ukukhutshwa kwayo ngo-99 kwakuyinkqubela phambili enkulu.

linux-2-iinguqulelo

Iinguqulelo zeLinux ukusuka kunyaka ka-2000

  1. SmoothWall: Le distro yasungulwa kwimarike ngo-2000 kwaye yayiyeyona ndawo yomlilo yelo xesha. Kuba ayisebenzi kuphela njengenkonzo ekhuselekileyo kuthungelwano, kodwa ikwasebenza njengeseva.
  2. I-CRUX Linux: Enye yeenguqulelo zokuqala zeLinux, ezenzelwe abaphuhlisi kwaye zilula. Yakhutshwa ngo-2001 kwaye isasebenza kwi-Linux kernel. Ukuhlaziywa kwayo kwenziwa ngabaphuhlisi abahlukeneyo kuluntu lweCRUX.
  3. Skolelinux: Le distro ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-DebianEdu, oko kukuthi, luguqulelo lwemfundo lwe-Debian olwakhutshwa ngo-2001. Kwakucingelwa njengesixhobo sezikolo eNorway, ukulungiselela inkqubo yokufunda yabafundi kunye nemo yovavanyo lootitshala.
  4. I-PA-RISC I-Linux: Yindlela elula ekhutshwe ngo-2001, ngenjongo yokuba iikhompyuter ezineeprosesa ze-PA-RISC zinokonwabela inkqubo yeLinux kernel.
  5. igophe Linux: Ngo-2002 uJudd Vinet kwaye wayese-Crux. Ngesi sizathu, ikwayiDistro encinci, ebonakaliswa ngokongeza izicelo ezimbalwa kufakelo lwayo. Yayingowokuqala ukufumana uhlaziyo oluzenzekelayo kwi-intanethi.
  6. I-KNOPPIX: Kukuhanjiswa kweJamani ngombindi LinuxUkusuka kwinkqubo yoMthombo ovulekileyo, ikhulu leepesenti eliphathwayo kwaye linokuqhutywa ngeCD okanye ngependrive, emva koko kwiDVD. Ngo-2002 yaphuhliswa nguKlaus Knopper, wayexhomekeke kwi-Debian Distro ukwenza olu hlobo. Iimpawu zayo kukuba igcina indawo yasimahla yedesktop, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-LXDE.
  7. Gentoo I-Linux: Le distro zange yaziswa ngokusesikweni, nangona kunjalo, ibisebenza phantsi kwegama elithi Gentoo ukusukela ngo 2002. Igama layo libhekisa kwipapenguin penguin, ithathela ingqalelo ukuba inkqubo yemascot yintaka yolu hlobo. Le distro iguquka ngokulula nangokukhawuleza kulo naluphi na uyilo kwaye ukusebenza kwayo kuyasebenza, ngakumbi kubasebenzisi abanamava ngeephakeji zefonti.
  8. Oracle I-Linux: Le distro yaqala ukusebenza njengenkqubo yenkxaso yabasebenzisi beOracle's Red Hat Linux ngo-2002. Okwangoku, iqinisekisiwe ngamaseva anjenge-IBM, iDell, iCisco kunye ne-HP. Inokufumaneka simahla kwi-Intanethi kwiwebhusayithi yeOracle.
  9. Cacisa i-OS: Olu lwabiwo lwe Linux yaphuma ngo-2002, kwaye ikwasekwe kwiRed Hat. Nangona ikwanazo neephakeji zeCentOS. Ekuqaleni kuka-2002 le distro yaziwa ngokuba yiClark Conect kwaye yayenzelwe iinkampani ezincinci ezinemisebenzi yeseva.
  10. IConnochaet OS: Ngo-2002 yaziwa ngokuba yiDeli I-Linux, kodwa kamva yahlengahlengiswa ngokusekwe kwiSalix kunye neSlackware, ukubizwa ngokuba yiConnochaet OS. Ujoliso lwakhe lwalusezikhompyutheni ezindala okanye ezinobuncinci, zikwathathela ingqalelo imeko yanamhlanje yexesha. Ngaphandle kwezithintelo ezibonisiweyo yile Distro, ukusukela nge2016 ifumene uhlaziyo olungaphazanyiswa.
  11. Ukuqubuda kwenyanga I-Linux: Yakhutshwa ekuqaleni kuka-2002, phantsi kwe-Linux kernel kunye nekhowudi yomthombo. Ime ngaphandle kuba ihambelana ngokufanelekileyo neemfuno zabasebenzisi, ikwanesiqalo esilula kunye neephakeji ngaphandle kwengxaki. Inyanga Linux yi-distro eguquguqukayo kakhulu esebenza kwizakhelo ze-X86 kunye ne-X86-64 ngendlela efanayo.
  12. Iseva ye-SME: Embindini ka-2002 phantse, le nguqulo ibibekwe emarikeni, kuba ngaphambi kokuba ihambe kubanini abohlukeneyo. Njengoko iqikelelwa ngegama layo, le software inikezela ngeenkonzo zamazibuko onxibelelwano, eyaziwa ngokuba sisicaka.
  13. Umthombo weMage: Ngaphambili ubizwa ngokuba "yiScercer", ujongano kunye nenkqubo yokusebenza ibhekisa kumlingo omnyama nakubugqwirha, kodwa kwiinkqubo zePC. Imfihlakalo ecaleni, le distro ibonelela ngolawulo lwekhompyuter olungcono xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iinguqulelo, ezinokubonakala ngathi ngumlingo. Kuba isipelingi asiyonto ingaphezulu komthamo wemiyalelo, le software endaweni yokwenza ulwabiwo ngebhanari, iyenza nekhowudi yemvelaphi; Kungenxa yoko le nto abaphuhlisi beze neli gama.
  14. Vector Linux: Le distro ineyona nto iphambili kuyo I-Linux, iyaqhelana nolwakhiwo lwekhompyuter kwaye ijolise kubasebenzisi abaphakathi. Ujongano lwayo lwenziwe kakuhle kunye nenxalenye yomzobo. Umyili wayo yayinguRobert S. Lange, owayephefumlelwe nguSlackware kuphuhliso lwayo. Namhlanje, le nkxaso igcinwa linani elikhulu labanomdla, abenza ukuba ihlale isebenza.
  15. I-Freeduc: Yeyona nto ikhethekileyo isungulwe kwimarike ngu «Umbutho weSoftware yasimahla kwezeMfundo nokuFundisa». Ixhomekeke kwiKnoppix kunye neDebian yokuphuhlisa i-CD-Rom enebhodi enokubonakalayo. Le software yenzelwe ngokucacileyo iinjongo zemfundo.
  16. I-Linux ukusuka ekuqaleni: Le distro, njengangaphambili, yenzelwe iinjongo zemfundo, kodwa ijolise kwabo baphuhlisi abafuna ukufunda indlela yokwenza eyabo inkqubo. Le distro ikwabandakanya incwadi ebhalwe nguGerard Beekmans, apho acacisa gca ngendlela yokuxhasa izixhobo zePC ukuze zidibane ngokwanelisayo nenkqubo. Kwakhona kwaziswa ngo-2002.
  17. I-Black Panther: Le distro yenzelwe iHungary ngo-2002, yayisekwe eMandriva kwaye umyili wayo yayinguCharles Barcza. Ukusukela ngo-2003, lonke uhlaziyo lwayo luze namagama atsala umdla ngenxa yokuqwalaselwa kwawo: Isithunzi, ubumnyama, ukuhamba kwabafileyo, umbulali othuleyo, phakathi kwabanye.
  18. I-PLD I-Linux: Le Distro yindawo yeDebian kodwa yenziwe ngabantu basePoland. Le nguqulo isebenza kuyo nayiphi na ikhompyuter, olona lwimi lusetyenzisiweyo sisiPolish kodwa inokusetyenziswa ngesiNgesi.
  19. I-Caixa Magica: Le distro sisiPhuthukezi, yiyo loo nto isiPhuthukezi siphambili. Nangona iyafana neDebian, ke iiphakheji ze-SUSE zongezwa, inguqulelo yangoku kunye nehlabathi eyaziwayo. Isoftware esetyenziswa luluntu kwaye ayinayo imiyalelo ethile yemisebenzi ephambili.
  20. Phayoune Ukhuselekile I-Linux: Yenye yeendlela ezimbalwa zaseThai ze Linux eyayikhutshelwe unyaka ka-2002. Inempawu ezintle zeseva yewebhu, i-firewall kunye nezinye iimveliso ezinkulu ezidityaniswe ngeenjongo zokudibana. Yayisisiseko seFedora kwaye Linux ukususela ekuqalei. Ixhasa naluphi na uyilo.
  21. I-DIET-PC: Sisoftware evulekileyo enika ithuba kubaphuhlisi abohlukeneyo ukuba benze abathengi abancinci okanye ngeenjongo ezizodwa, ngakumbi izakhiwo ze-x86. Le distro ibisebenza ukusukela ngo-2002. Ukuze uyisebenzise kufuneka ube namava enkqubo kwaye uyazi Linux 
  22. MontaVista I-Linux: Yakhutshwa ngo-2002 kwaye isekwe kwiKernel Linux Le distro ikuvumela ukuba uphuhlise iinkqubo ezifakwe ngaphakathi kwizixhobo ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo, umzekelo, iiprosesa zefowuni.
  23. UClinux: Le distro isivumela ukuba sithwale i-Kernel Linux kwiikhompyuter ezingenayo iyunithi yememori. Yiprojekti ebethelelwe ye Linux, kwaye inceda umsebenzi wekernel kwiifowuni, iiDVD, iiPods, kunye nemicroprocessor engaqhelekanga.
  24. I-BioLinux: sisixhobo esinamandla kakhulu esineelayibrari ezinkulu kwinkqubo, yakhutshwa ngo-2002.
  25. I-GeexBox: I-distist encinci ukusuka I-Linux, Yasungulwa ngo-2002 kwaye injongo yayo yayikukuguqula i-pc ibe ngumdlali wemultimedia.
  26. ingqondo Linux: Le distro isinika ithuba lokwenza imifanekiso yokuqalisa yeekhompyuter kwii-cores zazo.
  27. Floppyfw: Le distro isebenza ukuseta i-firewall kuthungelwano oluncinci lwenkampani. Yaphuma ngo-2002.
  28. UDyne Bolic: Le distro ijolise ekudlaleni kwimultimedia, efanayo neGeexBox.
  29. I-LTSP: Yi-distro eneentlobo ezininzi zeephakeji ezisivumela ukuba sizenze Linux kwiikhompyuter ezincinci zomthamo.

Ezinye iiDistros ze Linux ezingenakushiyeka ngaphandle kokukhankanya zezi: Fedora, Cent OS, PC Linux I-OS, ekhutshwe phakathi ko-2002 no-2003.

Ukuba ufumene eli nqaku liluncedo, unganqikazi ukutyelela inqaku lethu elihambelanayo  Iimpawu zeLinux


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