Imbali yeenkqubo zokufunda

Ngokuvela ngokusisigxina kweekhompyuter, iilwimi zenkqubo ziye zavela. Ukuphanda Ifezekisa ukuba ulwimi lokuqala lwenziwa ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-100 eyadlulayo kwaye lwaphuhliswa ngumfazi. Masibone ukuba yintoni i- Imbali yeenkqubo zokufunda.

Imbali yeeLwimi zeNkqubo: Imvelaphi

Ixesha elingaphezulu kunye nokuvela ngokusisigxina kweekhompyuter, iilwimi zenkqubo kuye kwafuneka ziguqulwe kwaye ziphuculwe ngokweemfuno zabaprogram kunye neekhompyuter ngokubanzi, ukuvelisa inani elikhulu leelwimi kunye neekhowudi esele zidlulile kwelokulibala.

Iilwimi zokuqala zenkqubo zandulela ikhompyuter yangoku, ekuqaleni iilwimi zenkqubo zazikhowudi. Lo matshini wenziwe nguJacquard, ngonyaka we-1801, wasebenzisa imingxunya kumakhadi awayenezinto zokuphinda enze kwakhona ukuhamba kwengalo yomatshini wokuluka, ukwenza iipateni zokuhombisa ngokuzenzekelayo.

Phakathi kweminyaka ye-1842 kunye ne-1843, u-Ada Lovelace, wakwazi ukuguqulela umsebenzi kaMenabrea kumatshini owacetyiswa nguCharles Babbage, "Injini yoHlahlelo." UAda Lovelace, wongeze ezinye iindlela kwindlela yokwenza ukubala kwamanani eBernoulli ngalo matshini.

U-Herman Hollerith ubhale lonke ulwazi kumakhadi ajijelweyo, akuqonda ukuba abaqhubi boololiwe bayakwazi ukuchonga abakhweli besebenzisa umngxunya abawenzileyo kwitikiti labo. Emva koko ngo-1890, uHollertih wenza ikhowudi yokurekhoda abakhweli kula makhadi.

Iikhowudi zokuqala zekhompyuter zazizodwa ngokubhekisele kwinto ezakusetyenziselwa yona. Kwiminyaka yokuqala yamashumi amabini, ukubalwa kwamanani kwakusekwe kumanani edesimali. Emva kwexesha, baqonda ukuba ingqiqo inokufuziselwa ngamanani.

Icawa iAlonzo ivakalise ukubalwa kweLambda isebenzisa iifomula. Umatshini weTuring, wabeka iziseko zokuqulunqa iinkqubo njengedatha esuka kwikhompyuter yoyilo lweVon Neumann.

Nangona kunjalo, ikhowudi yeTuring ayikhange isebenze ngempumelelo njengesiseko seelwimi eziqhubela phambili, kodwa yayisetyenziselwa uhlalutyo oluqinileyo lwee-algorithms.

Eyokuqala Imbali yeenkqubo zokufunda, Kunzima ukuyifumana ngexesha ngokuchaneka. Ukusukela ekuqaleni, ukusikelwa umda kwezixhobo ezichaziweyo Imbali yeenkqubo zokufunda.

Ekuqaleni amakhadi epunch axhasa kuphela malunga neekholamu ezingama-90, nangona kunjalo, zaziza kusetyenziswa ukwenza ulwahlulo lwekhadi ngalinye. Ukusetyenziswa kwedrum yamagnetic kwimemori kwakuthetha ukuba iinkqubo kufuneka zingeniswe kunye nokususwa kwedrama. Ke, iinkqubo bezixhomekeke kwizixhobo zekhompyutha.

Kwiingcali ezithile, umatshini wokuluka iJacquard, kunye neBabbage Machine, yayiziilwimi ezisisiseko kwaye zinemiqobo yokuchaza iintshukumo ezenziwa ngaba matshini. Ngaphakathi Imbali yeenkqubo zokufundaNokuba amakhadi e-punch athathwa njengolwimi olusisiseko, nangona lwalungenzelwanga ukusetyenziswa ngabantu.

Imihla ebalulekileyo kunye nedatha

Ngama-40, iikhomputha zokuqala zaphuhliswa, zanikwa amandla ngombane. Babenomda wokukhawulezisa kunye nobungakanani bememori, benyanzelisa abadwelisi benkqubo ukuba benze iinkqubo ezilula. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, bayayiqonda into yokuba inkqubo njengolwimi ifuna ukonyusa ubukrelekrele kuba ungatya iimpazamo ukuba ubungawazi umxholo.

Ngomnyaka we-1948, uKonrad Zuse wapapasha inqaku elithetha ngolwimi lwenkqubo awalukhulayo olubizwa ngokuba yiPlankalkul, kodwa akazange enze olunye uphando kule ndawo. Phakathi kweelwimi ezenziwa ngelo xesha, kunokuqaqanjiswa oku kulandelayo:

• Ngo-1943: Ikhowudi ye-ENIAC.

• Ngo-1948 iPlankalkul, oku kwaphunyezwa kwisiqingatha senkulungwane kamva.

• Ngo-1949 ukuya ku-1954 - Iseti yemiyalelo yaphuhliswa eyenzelwe abavelisi abathile.

Ama-50s kunye nama-60s kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX: Ukuqala kwembali yeelwimi zokuprograma

Ngeli xesha, ezi lwimi zintathu zisasebenza zisaphuhliswa, zezi:

1. Ngo-1955-FORTRAN, ephuhliswe nguJohn Backus.

2. Ngo-1958: I-LISP, iphuhliswe nguJohn McCarthy.

3. Ngo-1959: I-COBOL, iphuhliswe yiKomiti emfutshane yoHlelo, kwaye impembelelo yakhe yayinguGrace Hopper.

Omnye umzuzu obalulekileyo wawusekupheleni kweminyaka yama-50, xa wawupapashwe yi-American and European Committee of Computing expert (Algol), malunga "noLwimi lweeAlgorithms" oluhlaziyiweyo. Le ngxelo idibanise izimvo ezininzi kunye nokuqwalaselwa kosuku kwaye yanikezela ngeendlela ezimbini ezifanelekileyo Imbali yeenkqubo zokufunda:

• Ulwakhiwo lweBhloko e-Nested: Ulandelelwano lweekhowudi kunye nokubhengezwa okunxulumene noko kupakishwe kwiibhloko ngaphandle kokuba kucaciswe gca kwinkqubo nganye.

• Ubungakanani be-Lexical: ibhloko inezinto zayo eziguquguqukayo, iinkqubo kunye nemisebenzi, engabonakaliyo kwikhowudi engaphandle kwale bhlok, umzekelo unokuba kukufihla idatha okanye ulwazi.

Olunye uhlengahlengiso olunxulunyaniswa nolu lwazi lulandelayo:

• Uphawu oluchanekileyo lwemathematika, iBackus-Naur Form okanye eyaziwa ngokuba yi-BNF, yayisetyenziselwa ukuchaza ukwakhiwa kolwimi. Zonke ezi lwimi zilandelayo zenkqubo zisebenzise umahluko we-BNF ukuchaza indawo engenamxholo wolwakhiwo lwabo.

Le komiti yaseMelika neyaseYurophu zichaphazele ngokukodwa ukukhula kweelwimi ezalandelayo. Iinkqubo ezinkulu zeBurroughs zaphuhliswa ukuba zicwangciswe zibe siseti eyandisiweyo yekomiti enjalo eyathi yaziwa ngokuba yiAlgol.

Iingcamango eziphambili zeAlgol zisasazeka kwaye ngonyaka we-1968, i-Algol 68 yafezekiswa:

• Ulwakhiwo kunye neesemantiki zenziwe ngakumbi nge-orthogonal, ngeendlela ezingaziwayo, inkqubo yokuchwetheza enemisebenzi yoku-odola ephezulu.

• Ayisiyiyo kuphela indawo yasimahla yomxholo echazwe ngokusesikweni, kodwa nolwakhiwo kunye neesemantiki, ngokwegrama kaVan Wijngaarden, yenzelwe le njongo.

Iimpawu ezibanzi kodwa ezingasetyenziswanga ze-y Algol 68 kunye nenkqubo yayo enzima yeendlela ezimfutshane ezinqumlayo kunye nezithintelo zikhokelele ekuthandeni nasekusebenzeni nzima.

Ke uNiklaus Wirth waqhekeka kwikomiti kwaye wavelisa ulwimi olulula olwaziwa njenge "Pascal." Nazi ezinye zeelwimi eziphuhliswe ngelo xesha:

• Unyaka we-1951: Ulwimi lwendibano yengingqi.

• Unyaka we-1952: I-Autocoder.

• Unyaka we-1954: IPL.

• Unyaka we-1955: Ukuhamba kweMatic.

• Unyaka ka-1957: IFORTRA N.

• Unyaka ka-1958: iLISP.

• Unyaka we-1959: INYANISO, I-COBOL kunye ne-RPG.

• Unyaka we-1962: APL, Simula kunye neSNOBOL.

• Unyaka we-1963: CPL.

• Unyaka we-1964: BASIC kunye ne-PL / I.

• Unyaka ka-1967: BCPL.

Ii-70s: iimodeli ezisisiseko ziyasekwa

Phakathi kwee-1960 kunye nee-1970s, bekukho ukwanda okukhulu kwi Imbali yeenkqubo zokufunda. Uninzi lweemodeli zolwimi ezifanelekileyo kakhulu ezisetyenzisiweyo namhlanje zenziwe ngeli xesha:

• ISIMULA, yenziwa ngo-1960 nguDahl noNygaard njenge-Algol 60 superset, yayilulwimi lokuqala Imbali yeenkqubo zokufunda, Iphuhlisiwe ukomeleza inkqubo eyenziweyo ejolise kwizinto.

• Ulwimi lweenkqubo C lwenziwa ekuqaleni njengeenkqubo zenkqubo yolwimi, abaphuhlisi yayinguKen Thompson noDennis Ritchie kwiminyaka ye-168 kunye ne-1972.

• I-Smalltalk, eyenziwe nge-70s, ibonelela ngoyilo olubanzi lolwimi kwizinto.

• IProlog, eyenziwe nguRoussel, Colmerauer kunye noKowalski ngo-1972, yathathela ingqalelo ulwimi lokuqala lwenkqubo.

• I-ML yakha inkqubo yohlobo lwe-polymorphic, eyenziweyo nguRobin Milner ngo-1973, kwi-cusp ye-Lisp, ethathelwa ingqalelo njengomanduleli wolwimi olusebenzayo lohlobo olusebenzayo.

Iilwimi zokuprinta ezichaziweyo zazisisiseko esisiseko ngaphakathi kwe- Imbali yeenkqubo zokufunda, Zonke iilwimi ezikhoyo ngoku zinenye yezi kubhaliso lwazo.

Ngalo lonke eli xesha bekukho nengxoxo ebanzi yeembono malunga nokuhlengahlengiswa kwenkqubo, ethi yona ibonakalise inkqubo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa iGOTO. Le torrent yeembono yayihambelana noyilo lolwimi, kuba ezinye iilwimi khange ziyicinge i-GOTO, ke ngoko umdwelisi wanyanzelwa ukuba enze inkqubo eyakhiweyo

Ezinye zeelwimi zenkqubo ezenziweyo ngeli xesha zezi:

• Unyaka we-1968: I-logo.

• Unyaka we-1969: B, owandulela uC.

• Unyaka ka-1970: uPascal noFthth.

• Unyaka we-1972: C, Prolog kunye ne-Smalltalk.

• Unyaka we-1973: ML.

• Unyaka we-1975: Isikimu.

• Unyaka we-1978: I-SQL, ekuqalekeni kwayo yayilulwimi lwemibuzo kwaye kamva yandiswa kulwakhiwo lwenkqubo. I-Modula-2 nayo yaphuhliswa kulo nyaka.

I-80s: ukomeleza, iimodyuli kunye nokusebenza

Ii-1980s zithathelwa ingqalelo ngaphakathi Imbali yeenkqubo zokufundaNjengexesha lokomeleza kwiilwimi eziyimfuneko. Umsebenzi uyaqhubeka kwiilwimi esele zenziwe kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo.

I-C ++, yeza ukudibanisa inkqubo ejongene nezinto kunye nenkqubo yenkqubo. Urhulumente wase-US uphumelele ukubekwa emgangathweni kwe-ADA, eyinkqubo yolwimi eza kusetyenziswa ziinkampani zemfazwe nezokhuselo.

E-Japan, kwinxalenye yayo, icandelo elikhulu loHlahlo-lwabiwo mali lukaZwelonke latyalwa kuphando "lwesihlanu ulwimi lwenkqubo yeelwimi", ezibandakanya izakhiwo zenkqubo yokucinga. Umbutho weeLwimi eziSebenzayo wenze iML kunye neLisp yesiqhelo.

Ukuqhubela phambili kophando kulwimi olusebenzayo olubizwa ngokuba nguMiranda, olwaluhamba kancinci, lwaqala ukubamba ngeli xesha.

Umkhwa kwindawo yoyilo lolwimi yayiyindlela ebhetele kwiinkqubo zenkqubo kwinqanaba elikhulu ngokusetyenziswa kweemodyuli, umbutho omkhulu weeyunithi zekhowudi.

Iilwimi ezinje ngeModula, Ada kunye noMl zenze iinkqubo zemodyuli ezibalaseleyo kwii-80s, kwaye zazinxulumene nokwakhiwa kwenkqubo yohlobo oluqhelekileyo, eya kuthi ibe ziimodyuli esele zineeparameter ezimiselweyo.

Nangona kungekho zimvo zintsha zaphuhliswayo malunga nokusetyenziswa kweelwimi, uninzi lwazo iingcali zandisile iziseko zeelwimi zangaphambili kwaye zafezekisa ukuziqhelanisa nezinto ezintsha. Umzekelo woku ziilwimi zeenkqubo ze-Emerald kunye neArgus, ezenze uhlengahlengiso lwenkqubo kwizinto ezisasazwe kwiinkqubo.

Ngama-80, kwenziwa inkqubela phambili ekuphunyezweni kweelwimi. Iqela le-RISC elisebenza kuCwangciso lweKhompyuter luchaze ukuba izixhobo zekhompyuter kufuneka zenzelwe abahlanganisi hayi iinkqubo.

Ke, ngokuphuculwa kwesantya seprosesa, kunye neendlela ezisebenzayo zokuqokelela, iqela leRISC litsala umdla kwitekhnoloji yokuqokelela ulwimi ekumgangatho ophezulu.

Itekhnoloji yeelwimi zokuprinta ziyaqhubeka ukusebenza kulo msebenzi, ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-90.

Phakathi kwezona lwimi zibalaseleyo zenziwe kule minyaka ilishumi, singakhankanya:

• Unyaka ka-1980: C ++, eluhlobo lwe-C kodwa kunye neeklasi.

• Ngowe-1983: uAda.

• Unyaka ka-1984: IMATLAB kunye neLisp eqhelekileyo.

• Unyaka we-1985: Eiffel.

• Unyaka ka-1986: Erlang kunye neNjongo - C.

• Unyaka we-1987: uPerl.

• Unyaka ka-1988: IMathematika kunye neTcl.

• Unyaka we-1989: FL.

90s: Ixesha le-Intanethi

Ukuvela ngokukhawuleza kwe-Intanethi ngexesha le-9 leminyaka, yayisisiganeko esikhulu ibali yeelwimi zokuprograma. Ngokuyilwa nokuphuhliswa kweqonga elinobuchule obupheleleyo beenkqubo zeKhompyuter, i-Intanethi izise ithuba lokwamkelwa kweelwimi ezintsha.

Ngokukodwa, kufanele ukuba kukhankanywe, ulwimi lwenkqubo yeJavaScript, eyafumana udumo ngokukhawuleza, ngenxa yokudibana kwayo ngokukhawuleza kunye nesikhangeli seNetscape Navigator, kunye nezinye iilwimi ezikwazileyo ukwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo ekudalweni kwezicelo ezithile zewebhu abancedisi.

Siyakumema ukuba ufunde, ukuba unomdla wokwazi malunga Iitekhnoloji ezingenazingcingoInkcazo kunye nemisebenzi.

I-90s, yayilixesha lendibaniselwano entsha kunye nokuqhubela phambili kweelwimi zangaphambili, ukongeza apho iilwimi ezisebenzayo zaqala ukusasazeka. Uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwento okanye iilwimi zesicelo seRAD zenziwe, phakathi kwazo esinokuthi sikhankanye: iVisual Basic, iJava kunye nePasscal Pascal.

Iilwimi ezinobuchule kunye neenguqulelo, ezaziwa njengeelwimi zokubhala, nazo zaphuhliswa. Ziilwimi ezinemveliso enkulu kunee-RADs, nangona kunjalo, imveliso yazo ihlala ibangelwa yinto yokuba kunzima ngakumbi ukubhala nokugcina iinkqubo ezinde kuneenkqubo ezilula nezincinci.

Nangona kunjalo, iinkqubo zeskripthi zaba zezona zibalulekileyo kunxibelelwano lwewebhu.

Phakathi kwezona lwimi zichaphazelekayo kule minyaka ilishumi, sine:

• Unyaka ka-1990: Haskell.

• Unyaka ka-1991: HTML, Visual Basic kunye nePython.

• Unyaka ka-1993: uLua noRuby.

• Unyaka we-1994: CLOS.

• Unyaka ka-1995: JavaScript, PHP, Delphi neJava.

• Unyaka ka-1996: WebDNA.

• Unyaka ka-1997: Uvukelo.

• Unyaka ka-1999: D

Unyaka ka-2000: Ixesha langoku

Ngaphakathi ibali yeelwimi zokuprograma, indaleko yayo yendalo iyaqhubeka, kwinqanaba lophando nakwimizi-mveliso. Iindawo ezikhoyo zomsebenzi zibandakanya:

• Inkxaso eyandisiweyo yenkqubo yokusebenza kwiilwimi zenkqubo.

• Uyilo kunye nokwakhiwa kweelwimi ukuxhasa ukusasazwa kunye neenkqubo ezifanayo.

• Iindlela zokongeza kulwimi, uphononongo kunye neenkqubo zokuqinisekisa ngokubhekisele kukuthembeka nokhuseleko: ukhuseleko kumsonto, ulawulo lokufuduka kolwazi, uphononongo olwandisiweyo lwentsebenzo.

• Ezinye iindlela zokumodareyitha.

• Ukudalwa kunye nophuhliso lwesoftware ejolise kwicandelo.

• I-Metaprogramming kunye nokufikelela kumthi we-syntax.

• Gxila kulwabiwo nasekuhambeni.

• Umdibaniso wolwazi.

• Inkxaso ye-Unicode kwikhowudi yemithombo.

• IXML yomdibaniso womzobo.

• Umthombo ovulekileyo wophuhliso lweelwimi zenkqubo.

Phakathi kwezona lwimi zichaphazelekayo kule minyaka ilishumi, sine:

• Unyaka ka-2000: ActionScript.

• Unyaka ka-2001: iVisual Basic.NET kunye neC #.

• Unyaka 2002: F #.

• Unyaka ka-2003: IFactor, iScala kunye neGroovy.

• Unyaka ka-2005: Ukuqala.

• Unyaka ka-2007: uClojure.

• Unyaka ka-2009: Yiya.

• Unyaka ka-2011: Dart.

• Unyaka ka-2014: Ukukhawuleza.

Ukuba uluthandile olu lwazi, siyakumema ukuba uphonononge ezi ezinye amakhonkco onomdla:

Ilifu leHybridInkcazo, umsebenzi, izibonelelo kunye nokunye.