La Indaleko yekhompyuterNgokudibene nezinye inkqubela phambili kwezobuchwephesha, yenye yezona zinto zinempembelelo enkulu kuluntu. Kweli nqaku uza kufunda ngayo yonke into enxulumene nesiqhelo, kodwa sisihloko esinomdla.
Ukuvela kwekhompyuter
Ngaphambi kokubhekisa kwi Indaleko yekhompyuter, Kuya kufuneka umisele umxholo. Ngale ndlela, sinayo ukuba ikhompyuter iseti yeenkqubo, iindlela, ubuchule kunye nolwazi olusetyenziselwa unyango oluzenzekelayo lolwazi, olufuna ukusetyenziswa kweekhompyuter ukusombulula iingxaki zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Ngesi sizathu, kuqhelekile ukumane uyinxibelelanise nekota ulwazi oluzenzekelayo.
Ngokubanzi, ikhompyuter inika ithuba lokufumana, ukugcina, ukumela, ukwenza kunye nokuhambisa idatha egcinwe kwimagnethi yemagnethi yeekhompyuter. Ezi datha ziikhowudi ezimele izimvo, izinto kunye neenyaniso, ezidluliselwa kwiikhompyuter ngemiyalelo evela kwisoftware okanye iinkqubo zekhompyuter.
Yiyo loo nto, nangona eyona nto ixhaphakileyo kukubhangqa ikhompyutha kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zekhompyuter, ayixhomekeki ekusetyenzisweni kweekhompyuter kuphela, kodwa kumaxesha amaninzi kunokubonwa njengokumiselwa kolwazi njengenxalenye yenkqubo.
Ngale ndlela, iikhompyuter zibonisa inkqubo emanyanisiweyo eyenza ukubala ukusebenza okuqiqayo kunye nemathematika, ngokudityaniswa kwezinto zangaphakathi nangaphandle.
Okulandelayo, siya kuhamba ngokwamanqanaba aphambili ayenzileyo Indaleko yekhompyuter kwinto esiyaziyo namhlanje, kubandakanya nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokubala zakudala, ukuvela kweenkqubo zekhompyuter ezinakho ukwenza ukuba ulwazi lusebenze, ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi njengejelo lonxibelelwano, ukuya kuphuculo lobuchwephesha obunxulumene nekhompyuter ngokubanzi.
Historia
Njengoko besesitshilo, ukusetyenziswa kweekhompyuter kunxulumene kakhulu ne Indaleko yekhompyuter, kwaye oku kucwangciswa kolwazi. Ke siza kuqala ukhenketho lwethu ngokukhankanya iinzame zokuqala malunga noku.
Isixhobo sokuqala esenzelwe ukwenza imisebenzi esisiseko, enje ngokudibanisa nokuthabatha, sasibizwa ngokuba yiPascaline. Kwavela ngo-1642, kodwa uyilo lwayo lwabandakanywa kwiikhalityhuleyitha zoomatshini ngeminyaka yoo-60.
Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, ngo-1822, umatshini umahluko wenziwa. Yayinkulu kakhulu kwaye inzima. Inikwe amandla ngumphunga. Umsebenzi wayo yayikukubala iitheyibhile zemathematika, kodwa ayizange igqitywe ngenxa yemicimbi yohlahlo-lwabiwo mali.
Kamva, ngo-1833, injini yohlalutyo yakhiwa. Iqulethe iyunithi yokugcina, yenza izibalo ezisisiseko, ezinje ngoku: ukongeza, ukuthabatha, ukuphinda-phinda kunye nokwahlulahlula, kwinqanaba le-60 ngomzuzu. Ubungakanani bayo babukhulu kakhulu, kwaye yayixhotyiswa liloliwe.
Emva koko, phakathi kowe-1887 nowe-1890, umatshini wokwenza uluhlu wawuyilwe. Yayiyimodeli yokuqala yokubandakanya amakhadi epunch, akwazi ukuqokelela kunye nokuhlela ulwazi. Oku kukhokelele ekudalweni kweNkampani yoThicilelo loMatshini ngo-1896, ekuhambeni kwexesha yadityaniswa ukwenza iNkampani yokuRekhoda yeComputer-Tabulating, eyatshintsha igama layo ngo-1924, ibizwa ngokuba yi-International Bussines Machines Corporation (IBM) ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje.
Ezi nkqubela-phambili zilandelwe kukwenziwa komatshini wokubalwa kwe-electromagnetic phakathi kweminyaka ye-1920 kunye neye-1950. Ikwanamakhadi amakhulu okupakisha.
Ngexesha elifanayo, ngo-1941, ikhompyutha yokuqala ehlelwe, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Z3, yakhiwa. Yayinenkqubo yolawulo lwekhadi kwaye yayingasombulula ubalo lobunjineli oluntsonkothileyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yokubini ekusebenzeni okwenziwa ziikhompyuter kungenxa yayo.
Ngokufanayo, phakathi kuka-1937 no-1942, ikhompyutha yokuqala yedijithali yavela. Yayibizwa ngokuba yiAtanasoff-Berry, kodwa yayiqhele ukwamkelwa njengekhompyuter yeABC.
Ngo-1946, esekwe kwikhompyuter ye-ABC, i-ENIAC yayilwa. Yayikhompyuter enkulu enkulu, eyadlula ababengaphambi kwayo ngesantya kunye nokusebenza. Namhlanje isabonwa njengenye yezona nkqubela phambili kubuchwephesha bekhompyuter.
Emva kwayo, i-EDVAC yenziwa ngo-1949. Yayiyikhompyuter ye-elektroniki ezenzekelayo enezinto eziguquguqukayo, ezazigcina iinkqubo kwimemori yayo, yokufunda kwazo kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemiyalelo ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuzibhala kwakhona.
Ekugqibeleni, i-IBM 650 yavela, yajika umhlaba wekhompyuter ujonge ezantsi. Yayikhompyuter ebhetyebhetye kakhulu kwaye ethembekileyo, ekhawulezayo kunye neempazamo ezimbalwa kuneemodeli zangaphambili, apho i-IBM yangena kuphuhliso kunye nentengiso yeekhompyuter.
Uphuhliso lweKhompyuter yoShishino
Ngale ndlela, ukusukela ngonyaka we-1950, ukuphuhliswa ngokusesikweni kweekhompyuter zentengiso kwaqala, i-UNIVAC I ukuba yimodeli yokuqala eyenzelwe le njongo. Yayiyikhompyuter enesakhono samagama aliwaka enkumbulo esembindini. Ukongeza, inokufunda iiteyiphu zemagnethi.
Emva kwe-UNIVAC I, ezinye iimodeli zathengiswa, ezinje nge-IBM 701, iRemington Rand 103, i-IBM 702, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-IBM 630. Oku kuye kwaba yimodeli ephumelele kakhulu yento ebizwa ngokuba sisizukulwana sokuqala sekhompyuter namhlanje. Kwakunomgqomo wamagnetic owawusebenza njengememori yesibini, eyayisisiseko sokwenza iirekhodi ezikhoyo.
Njengoko bekulindelekile, ukhuphiswano phakathi kwabavelisi abohlukeneyo lwaya lusiba mandundu, kwavela ezinye iimodeli ezazisoyisa ukusikelwa umda kwexesha, ngelixa zinika ukuphuculwa kweempawu zomntu ngamnye kubo. Ngabo bonke abenza isizukulwana esilandelayo seekhompyuter de sifike kwezi sizaziyo namhlanje.
Izizukulwana
Ukuphuhliswa kweekhompyuter kwahlulwe kwaba zizizukulwana, ngokweendlela zokwakha, utshintsho olubalulekileyo abalubandakanyayo kunye nenkqubela phambili abayimeleyo kuhlobo lonxibelelwano phakathi kwabo nomntu.
Ukuhambelana nale miqathango ikhankanywe apha ngasentla akunakuhlala kuchongwa ngokucacileyo, nto leyo ebangela ukudideka. Nangona kunjalo, kunokwenzeka ukwahlula ezizukulwana zilandelayo ziphawula uphawu lwe- indaleko yeekhompyuter:
Ekuqaleni
Iikhompyuter eziyinxalenye yesi sizukulwana, ezaqala ngo-1950, zazinkulu kwaye zibiza kakhulu. Kunxibelelwano lwabo basebenzise iityhubhu ezincamathelayo, babephethe amakhadi okufaka idatha kunye neenkqubo, basebenzise inkqubo yolwimi yokubini kwaye basebenzise iisilinda zemagnethi ukugcina ulwazi kunye nemiyalelo yangaphakathi.
Okwesibini
Esi sizukulwana sabonakaliswa ngokunciphisa ubungakanani kunye nokwanda kwamandla okulungisa iikhompyuter. Ezi zazakhiwe ikakhulu ngeesekethe zeetransistor kwaye zacwangciswa zisebenzisa iilwimi ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Ngokubanzi, yayikukuqala kweenkqubo zenkqubo. Inikezelwa kwiminyaka yokugqibela yeshumi leminyaka yama-50 kunye neyokuqala kule minyaka ilishumi ilandelayo.
Ngokusisiseko, yayilixesha lotshintsho phakathi koomatshini be-elektroniki kunye neekhompyuter zanamhlanje.
Isithathu
Yaqala ngo-1964, kunye nenkqubela phambili kwi-elektroniki. Ke, iikhompyuter zesi sizukulwana zazineesekethe ezidityanisiweyo, ezenziwe ziitransistors ezikrolwe kwiipleyiti ezincinci zesilicon. Ukusebenza kwabo basebenzise iilwimi zolawulo lweenkqubo zokusebenza. Ukongeza, babeka emgangathweni ubuchwephesha kunye neendlela zolawulo lweenkqubo.
Babezincinci, zilula, kwaye zinekhompyuter efanelekileyo. Ngaphandle koko, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwamandla kwakusezantsi kakhulu.
Okokugqibela, kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba esi sizukulwana sibe sesona siphumelele kakhulu ngaphakathi indaleko yekhompyuter, Yayilixesha lophuhliso olupheleleyo kunye nokukhula kweemarike zamanye amazwe ngokweekhompyuter.
Ikota
Kuvela ngokuzalwa kwee-microprocessors ngo-1972. Ezi zixhobo beziyinxalenye yeekhompyuter ezixinene kakhulu, ezisetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza ziye kumashishini.
Kwesi sizukulwana, iinkumbulo ezinee-cores zemagnethi zatshintshwa ze-chip ze-silicon, ezibandakanya izinto ezintsha ngaphakathi kwazo ngokusebenzisa i-microminiaturization. Oku kuye kwenza ukuba kuzalwe ii-microcomputer.
Ndiyakumema ukuba ufunde inqaku lethu ku khomputha. Apho uyakufumana ukusuka kwinkcazo yayo ukuya kwimbali yayo kunye nezinye iinkcukacha.
Isihlanu
Ibhekisa ekusungulweni koomatshini abanezinto ezintsha eziyinyani ngokwakhiwa kunye nenkqubela phambili kunxibelelwano. Ngokubanzi, iikhompyuter zesi sizukulwana zisebenzisa uyilo olukhawulezayo, uyilo kunye neesekethe, ezivumela ukwenziwa kolwazi ngokuhambelana.
Olunye lweempawu eziphambili zeli xesha kukuphathwa kolwimi lwendalo kunye nokubandakanywa kweenkqubo zobukrelekrele bokuzenzela. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, ezi nyaniso zenza inyathelo eliya kwikhompyuter yekamva.
Iinkalo zesicelo
Ubungakanani bekhompyuter kunye nokusebenza kwayo okuninzi, yenza ukuba kukho iindawo ezininzi apho inokusetyenziswa khona. Nazi ezinye zazo:
Imfundo: Iphucula inkqubo yokufunda, inceda ukudala izakhiwo ezintsha zokuqonda zabafundi. Ukuququzelela ukukhangela ulwazi lwedijithali. Isebenza njengesixhobo somsebenzi.
Amayeza: Ivumela ukuthintelwa kwezifo, kunye nolawulo lonyango kunye nokubeka iliso kwizigulana ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zetelemedicine. Ukongeza, iququzelela umsebenzi wolawulo onxulumene nokwenza inkqubo kweerekhodi zonyango zabaguli.
Ubunjineli: Ukuphucula ukusebenza okunxulumene noyilo, ukubalwa kwamanani, ukulinganisa, ukuchaneka, ukuphunyezwa komatshini, kunye nezinye izinto ezihambelana nobunjineli.
Iinkampani: Igalelo ekuthathweni kwezigqibo, ngokulawulwa kwemisebenzi yolawulo. Enkosi ngokusebenza kwayo okuninzi, kunokwenzeka ukuqhubekeka, ukuhlalutya kunye nokunikezela ngolwazi lwemibutho ngokulula nangokulula.
Ikamva lekhompyutha
I-intanethi, ubukrelekrele bokuzenzela, imaltimidiya, itekhnoloji yemveliso yekhompyuter, unxibelelwano ngomnxeba, phakathi kwezinye izinto, zibumba ikhomputha yekamva. Zonke ziziphumo zenguqulelo yezobuchwephesha eyamkelekileyo ehamba nabantu, ngokusisiseko ibhekisa kuguquko lwezixhobo zekhompyuter kunye nesoftware.
isibulali
Olona tshintsho luphambili kwinkxalabo yehardware izama ukuphucula isantya kunye nomthamo weedrive drive ezisuswayo, ukuya kwinqanaba lokuba zibenze bakhuphisane neemoto ezinzima zemveli. Ngale ndlela, ukugcinwa kwesixokelelwano kunokwandiswa ngokulula, kwaye kuya kubakho ukutshintshiselana ngeefayile ezinkulu phakathi kwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo. Enye into enokubanceda kukutshintsha iiyunithi ngokwahlukeneyo.
Enye into ekufuneka uyiqwalasele kukonyuka okubonakalayo kwisantya seetshipsi, ngokunciphisa iindlela zombane ezidibanisa zona. Ngokubhekisele kwimbonakalo yemizobo, kulindeleke ukuba ifuduswe ngokupheleleyo ziilwimi zendalo, ikakhulu ngokwamkelwa kwentetho. Ukuba oku kuyenzeka, ukusetyenziswa kwebhodibhodi kuya kuncipha kwaye umlinganiswa ophambili abe yimakrofoni.
software
Ngokwenxalenye yayo, isoftware yekhompyuter yexesha elizayo kulindeleke ukuba ibonelele ngokusebenza okukhulu ngamaxabiso asezantsi. Iimpawu eziphambili zibandakanya oku kulandelayo:
Isakhono sokwabelana ngeekhowudi, kunye nokwabelana ujongano lweenkqubo ezifakiweyo ngaxeshanye.
Ukunciphisa ubungakanani beenkqubo kunye nokunikezela ingqokelela epheleleyo, endaweni yokuthenga usetyenziso ngokwahlukeneyo.
Ikhowudi yokusetyenziswa kwakhona kumaqonga amaninzi, kunye nokuvela kwezixhobo ezisekwe kwinto.
Ukuphunyezwa kweeseva zefayile okanye iiseva zesicelo esembindini ukuze abasebenzisi abaninzi babelane ngeenkqubo kubo.
Ukuba unomdla wokufunda ngakumbi malunga noku, awungekhe uyeke ukufunda inqaku lethu kwi Inkqubo ejolise kwinto.
Iinkqubo zolwazi
Ukongeza kwinkqubela phambili yehardware kunye nesoftware, ukuvela kweekhompyuter kufuneka kubandakanya ukuphuculwa kweenkqubo zolwazi. Kuya kufuneka bakwazi ukuphendula kwangexesha kwiimfuno zemo engqongileyo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo izinto abazithandayo kunye neemfuno zabathengi, kunye neemeko zentengiso.
Umxholo osisiseko kulo mbandela kukuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kunye nokuhlaziywa kwakhona. Ngale ndlela, kubalulekile ukudibanisa iitekhnoloji ezahlukeneyo ezinxulumene nonxibelelwano, ngendlela yokuba izakhiwo zemveli zaphulwe. Imizekelo yoku kukusebenza ngomnxeba kunye nokwabela abaphantsi amagunya okuhlala kwiimeko ngokubanzi.
Ngokubanzi, ukuziqhelanisa nale ndlela yokuphila intsha kubandakanya imveliso enkulu yomntu ngamnye, ukuncitshiswa kwenkcitho, ukupheliswa kwexesha elingenamveliso, ukuguquguquka kweeshedyuli, phakathi kwezinye izibonelelo ezibalulekileyo.
Ngaphantsi kwalo mbono, kukho imfuneko yokutshintsha indlela yonxibelelwano, ukulungisa iinkqubo kunye neekhompyuter kwiimfuno zabathengi, kunye nokuvumela unxibelelwano phakathi kwabavelisi abohlukeneyo.
Internet
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi kuyaqhubeka nokwanda, ukufikelela kunxibelelwano olukhawulezayo, inani elikhulu labasebenzisi kunye nokubandakanya itekhnoloji entsha, enje ngokwenyani.
Ukongeza, ivumela ukufikelela kumgangatho ongcono wedijithali kunye nevidiyo yeenkonzo, ezijolise kumacandelo ahlukeneyo, anje ngemfundo, ulonwabo, ishishini, phakathi kwabanye. Ukongeza, ibonelela ngeenkonzo zokunxibelelana ngokusetyenziswa kwezicelo zemultimedia, ezikhethekileyo kwimidlalo, kwiindaba, njl.
Ingqondo yolwazi
Ngeli sebe lekhompyuter kunokwenzeka ukuba iinkqubo zekhompyuter ziziphathe kakuhle, kuba oku kuyimfuneko ukubhenela kwiinkqubo zeengcali.
Inkqubo yeengcali yinkqubo entsonkothileyo esetyenziselwa ukusombulula iingxaki ezinxulumene neenkalo ezithile, ukuvelisa ukuqiqa okufanayo kunye nemiyalelo yeengcali, ngendlela enokuthi inike impendulo esebenzayo kunye nefanelekileyo kwezi meko zichaziweyo.
Robotics
Esi sicelo se-elektroniki sihambelana kakhulu nobukrelekrele bokufakelwa. Inokusebenzisa iirobhothi ukwenza imisebenzi yezamashishini, endaweni yomsebenzi wabasebenzi.
isiNxulumanisi
Ibandakanya ukudityaniswa nokusetyenziswa kweendaba ezahlukeneyo ezisebenza njengenkxaso ekunikezelweni nasekuhanjisweni kolwazi. Inika uphuculo oluncomekayo, olufana nokuba ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwicandelo lezemfundo kuqapheleke, ngakumbi kwi-Intanethi okanye ekufundeni kude, nasekwakhiweni kweelayibrari zedijithali, iilebhu zokoqobo kunye nemeko yokwenyani yokwenyani.
Kwikhompyuter, sisakhono seekhompyuter ukuphatha imifanekiso emikhulu kunye nemibala, kubandakanya umxholo weaudiyo nevidiyo.
Itekhnoloji yokuvelisa ngekhompyutha
Umsebenzi wawo kukwenza iinkqubo zokwenza imveliso ngokusetyenziswa kweekhompyuter, kubandakanya imisebenzi yokuvelisa kunye nokusebenza kwayo okuncedisayo. Kubangela ukwanda komgangatho, kokubini kwinkqubo nakwimveliso yokugqibela, kunye nenqanaba eliphezulu lemveliso.
Kwinqaku lethu ku iinkqubo ezizenzekelayo, Uya kuba nakho ukufunda okungakumbi malunga nesihloko sinomdla kunye nenoveli.
ZoThutho
Unxibelelwano ngocingo lwexesha elizayo luzinikele kwingcinga yokunxibelelana okukhulu, ukuvumela unxibelelwano ngaphandle kokujonga indawo abakuyo abantu kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, nangoko.
Iziphumo
Inkqubela phambili kubuchwephesha bekhompyuter kunye nokudibana okuhambelana nekhompyuter kuvelisa ifuthe elikhulu eluntwini, kunegalelo elikhulu kutshintsho notshintsho olwenzekayo kulo.
Isiphumo esibalulekileyo kukufuduka kwetekhnoloji, enoxanduva lokunyuka kwenqanaba lokungabikho kwemisebenzi, okuvela kukuzenzekelayo kweenkqubo zeshishini.
Ngaphandle koko, kukho ilahleko enokwenzeka yabucala yabantu, oku kungenxa yokujikeleza kwedijithali kwenani elikhulu lolwazi lomntu siqu kwi-Intanethi.
Kwelinye icala, ukuphunyezwa kothungelwano kunye nonxibelelwano lwedatha kuba ngumnyango ovulekileyo wonxibelelwano lwehlabathi, ukuphucula kakhulu isantya sokuhambisa ulwazi.
Ngokubanzi, ukuvela kweekhompyuter kunyanzela iinkampani ukuba zonyuse amandla azo okufunda kunye nokuziqhelanisa neemfuno kunye notshintsho lwentengiso, zikwazi ukugcina inqanaba labo lokhuphiswano ukuze lubonakale phakathi kwabo bakhuphisana nabo.