Kwicandelo lobuchwepheshe kukho iinkqubo zolawulo, ezibandakanya ikakhulu ukusebenza kwezixhobo zombane neze-elektroniki kunye nezixhobo, funda ngeempawu zazo kunye neminye imiba ebalulekileyo kweli nqaku.
Iinkqubo zolawulo
Kukho iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zolawulo, ezinokusekwa kwiinkampani ezahlukeneyo ezinje iinkqubo zolawulo, iinkqubo zolawulo lofikelelo kwimibutho kunye iinkqubo zolawulo oluzenzekelayo, Naluphi na olu hlobo lweenkqubo zolawulo lubonwa njengolawulo kunye nokubeka esweni, kunokuthiwa luluhlu lwezinto ezivelisa iintshukumo zokufezekisa ulawulo olusebenzayo kwimisebenzi emininzi.
Iinkqubo zolawulo zinesakhono sokulawula kunye nokunika imiyalelo echanekileyo yokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwezinye iisistim, ezijolise ekunciphiseni iimpazamo kwinkqubo kunye nokuvelisa esona siphumo sihle.
Iinkqubo zolawulo ngokubanzi zenza imisebenzi efakwe endaweni yesandla somntu, ethi xa isetyenziswa ivelise iziphumo ezifanelekileyo kwaye ikhulule umntu ekwenzeni imisebenzi ethile.
Siyakumema ukuba ufunde inqaku elinomdla elinxulumene nemiba yezobuchwepheshe enje Ukucwangciswa kwelogic ehleliweyo.
Kule meko ithile, siza kuthetha ngeenkqubo zolawulo kwicandelo lobuchwephesha, zahlulwe zaziindidi ezimbini, enye yenkqubo evaliweyo yomtya kwaye enye yenkqubo yokuvula evulekileyo.
Iinjongo zenkqubo yolawulo
Ezona njongo ziphambili kwinkqubo yolawulo kukwenza umsebenzi, ngakumbi owawucwangciselwe, nangona kunjalo, iinjongo ziyafezekiswa ngokuxhomekeke kuthintelo lokwenza umsebenzi, kunye nolawulo kunye namandla okwenza iinkqubo.
Ezona njongo ziphambili zifumaneka:
- Uzinzile, ungenakonakala kwaye womelele xa ujongene nobunzima kunye nokusilela kwemodeli.
- Ukusebenza ngokukuko kweekhrayitheriya esele zimiselwe, ukuthintela isenzo ngequbuliso kunye nokungaqhelekanga.
Uzinzile kwaye ungenakonakala
Oku kuthetha ukuba inkqubo kufuneka isekwe kuzinzo, olungavumeli ukuba lonakaliswe okanye luthintelwe kuko nakuphi na ukusilela kwidatha; Iinkqubo zolawulo olucwangcisiweyo zinokuyeka ngokulula nangaliphi na ixesha kukho impazamo, kwaye azihambelani nomsebenzi omiselweyo.
Eyiyo
Xa bethatha indawo yomsebenzi womntu, aba matshini eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kukusebenza ngendlela efanelekileyo, kufuneka ubenamandla okwenza iinkqubo esele zilungiselelwe kwangaphambili, ezenza ukuba kube nzima ukwenza ulawulo ngequbuliso. eyonakalisa iziphumo zomsebenzi.
Ulwahlulo lweenkqubo zolawulo
Iinkqubo zolawulo zahlulwa zangamaqela amabini aphambili, iinkqubo ezivulekileyo, kunye neenkqubo ezivaliweyo, ezinxulunyaniswa nesenzo sokulawula imveliso kwinkqubo eza kulawulwa.
Ukwahlulwa kweenkqubo zolawulo kufunyenwe ngeendlela ezimbini ezibalulekileyo: iinkqubo ezivulekileyo zeluphu kunye neenkqubo ezivaliweyo zelokhwe zinxulunyaniswa nomsebenzi othile wolawulo lwemveliso ngenkqubo efuna ukulawulwa.
Nangona ezi zimbini zinomsebenzi ofanayo, inkqubo yokuvula evulekileyo yahluke ngokupheleleyo ekusebenziseni inkqubo evaliweyo yeluphu.
Inkqubo yolawulo lweluphu evulekileyo
Luhlobo lwenkqubo yolawulo apho imveliso ingabonisi ubunzima kwinkqubo ngokwayo, oko kuthetha ukuba ayifuni ingxelo evela kwimveliso ukuze ilawulwe ukuze isebenze ngokufanelekileyo.
Siza kukhankanya eminye imizekelo yale nkqubo yokuvula iluphu ivulekileyo, kwimeko yoomatshini bokuhlamba ngokuzenzekelayo, kuyajongwa ukuba banokwenza imijikelezo yokuhlamba ngokujonga ixesha elithile ngolawulo lwenkqubo.
Inkqubo ifanelekile ngaphakathi kwiluphu evulekileyo, kunokubonwa ukuba ifuna idatha yokuphuma, eyi: ukucocwa kweempahla ekupheleni kwemijikelo.
Kwangokunjalo, omnye umzekelo unokukhankanywa, onje ngee-toasters, ezifuna ukulinganisa isixa sesonka ekufuneka siselwe ukuze sisebenze, nangona kunjalo, ayifuni ukuba kunqwenelwa i-toast, ifunyanwa kuphela ngokulinganisa ixesha .
Izixhobo
Le nkqubo yolawulo lweluphu evulekileyo ineempawu ezithile ezinje:
- Ukusetyenziswa ngokulula, ezi nkqubo zibonakaliswa ngokulula ukuzisebenzisa, kwaye intuition encinci iyasetyenziswa.
- Akukho datha yokuphuma iyafuneka, oko kuthetha ukuba ukuze bagqibe imisebenzi yabo, abaqwalaseli iziphumo zomsebenzi, bazinikezela kuphela ekufezekiseni isenzo ngendlela elungileyo, oku kuthetha ukuba bathatha kuphela idatha yokufaka ngaphandle kokuthatha ingqalelo ubala iziphumo.
- Ubuthathaka obukhulu ekuphazanyisweni, ezi nkqubo zivulekileyo zeluphu zihlala zibuthathaka nakuphi na ukusilela, kuba azinakho ukubhaqa iimpazamo, kuba azilinganisi idatha yokuphuma kulo msebenzi, ukuphazamiseka kunokwenzeka ngokwasemzimbeni okanye kwinkqubo yabo.
- Ukwahluka kwempumelelo, ezi nkqubo zinokuba namathuba aphezulu okanye alinganayo okuphumelela, konke kuxhomekeke kwinkqubo elungileyo, kwimeko apho inkqubo inesakhiwo esomeleleyo, inokuba nesiphumo esihle, kwimeko apho kunjalo iya kuba ziimpazamo.
Inkqubo yokulawula iluphu evaliweyo
Iinkqubo ezibizwa ngokuba zi-loop-loop control systems, owona msebenzi wazo kukuthelekisa ixabiso elifunekayo nexabiso elifunyenweyo, elifunyanwa ngokulinganisa idatha ekhutshiweyo, oko kuthetha ukuba luhlobo lwenkqubo enolawulo lwengxelo, iyasabela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kuxhomekeke kwiziphumo.
Iinkqubo ezivaliweyo zolawulo lwelokhwe zinomsebenzi ophambili wokuthelekisa idatha ethile phakathi kwale ifunwayo kunye naleyo ifunyenweyo, oku kufunyanwa ngokubala idatha ekhutshiweyo, eguqula ukuba yinkqubo enenkqubo ephendula kwisicelo. , ke isiphumo sivela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.
Ezi nkqubo zolawulo lwe-loop evaliweyo zenziwe ngenjongo yokunciphisa iimpazamo, ukuze kuzuzwe iziphumo ezilungileyo.
Kule meko, eminye imizekelo inokukhankanywa njengezifudumezi ezisetyenziselwa ukulawula ubushushu bamanzi, zinamandla okwenza imisebenzi, nangona kunjalo, zifuna ukuba imveliso ibanike ulwazi oluthile ngaphambi kokwenza, ukuze usondele kufutshane kangangoko kunokwenzeka kwiziphumo ezilungileyo.
Kodwa, kule meko, umsebenzisi nguye owenza isigqibo ukuba kuphuma amanzi abandayo okanye ashushu, nje ukuba kugqityiwe ngenkqubo yolawulo iya kuqhubeka nomsebenzi, kuthathelwa ingqalelo into ekhethiweyo.
Nje ukuba intshukumo ye-buoy iveliswe, inokuvelisa isithintelo esincinci okanye esingaphezulu kokuhamba komoya okanye kwegesi; Ii-sensors kufuneka zithathele ingqalelo iintshukumo ezenziwa yiboyy, ukuze isebenze ubukhulu okanye ubuncinci kwinkqubo yolawulo kwivalve evaliweyo, evula kancinane ngakumbi xa amandla aphezulu esondela ukukhupha uxinzelelo.
Izixhobo
Kweli candelo, kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye iimpawu zenkqubo yokuvala iluphu evaliweyo, eyile:
Ubunzima, ngokwesiqhelo uyilo kunye nenkqubo inzima, kugxininiswa kwizixhobo zokusebenza, kunye nakwisoftware, oko kuthetha ukuba ziinkqubo ezifanelekileyo kakhulu, nangona kunjalo, zisathathelwa ingqalelo kunzima ukusetyenziswa ngabantu abangenamava.okanye abazi zisebenza njani.
Inani elikhulu leeparameter, ngaphambi kokubanakho ukusebenza, kubalulekile ukuba badibane neemeko ezithile, njengoko bexhomekeke kumzuzu kunye neeparameter ezifikelelweyo, impendulo efike ngexesha elifanelekileyo kwaye yamkelekile.
Idatha yemveliso iyafuneka, idatha ekhutshiweyo iyimfuneko ngokwenene ukuze ikwazi ukuyithelekisa kunye nolwazi ofuna ukulifumana kwigalelo, kwimeko apho idatha ekhutshiweyo ingafezekiswanga, inkqubo ye-loop evaliweyo ihlala ingenzi nto de impendulo elindelekileyo ifunyenwe.
Ukuzinza, ziinkqubo ezomeleleyo nezizinzileyo, isifundo sokuthelekisa idatha ngaphambi kokubambela, ezivumela ukuba zilungelelanise kakuhle nezithintelo, kwaye ziphendule kwiiyantlukwano ezahlukeneyo kwinkqubo yokwenza umsebenzi.
Iindidi zenkqubo yolawulo
Kwicandelo lekhompyutha kukho naliphi na inani leenkqubo zolawulo, oku kulandelayo kuchazwe apha ngezantsi:
Umntu wenziwe
Kakhulu kukho iinkqubo zombane eziqulathe izinto ze-elektroniki, zigcinwa zikwimeko engagungqiyo yokubanjwa, zinikezelwe ekukhangeleni imiqondiso evela kwinkqubo ephantsi kweskimu solawulo..
I-stema eyenziwe ngumntu, ubukhulu becala, ziinkqubo zombane ezithi indalo yazo isekwe kwizinto ze-elektroniki, zihlala zikwimeko yokubanjwa, owona msebenzi wazo kukukhangela imiqondiso evela kwiinkqubo eziphantsi kwesikimu solawulo..
Logama nje bekwazile ukufumana imiqondiso, ukusebenza kwabo kuyaqhubeka nenkqubo ngaphandle kobunzima, kwimeko apho kufunyenwe ukuphambuka okuthile kwinto yesiqhelo, iisenzi zenziwa zasebenza ukuzama ukubuyela kwindlela ababefudula benayo.
Umzekelo wolu hlobo lwenkqubo yolawulo unokukhankanywa, zii-thermostats, ezinomsebenzi ophambili kukubamba imiqondiso yeqondo lobushushu, nje ukuba bakwazi ukufumana ubushushu, inyuka kakhulu okanye inokuwa ngaphantsi kwenqanaba elivunyelweyo, emva koko ukufudumeza okanye ukupholisa Inkqubo iqalile ukufumana kwakhona ibhalansi efanelekileyo.
Kukho iinkqubo ezenziwe ngumntu, ezinje:
- Ngenxa yobume babo, banokuthi bachazwe njengabantu abaqhelekileyo: Kwinkqubo yesiqhelo kukho ikhonco lokunxibelelana phakathi kokufakwa kunye neziphumo zenkqubo, ngakumbi phakathi kwemveliso kunye namaxabiso asondeleyo kwigalelo.
- Ngokwenani leziphumo kunye neziphumo zenkqubo, zichazwa kukuziphatha kwazo.
- Igalelo kunye nemveliso okanye i-SISO, oko kuthetha ukuba: igalelo elinye, imveliso enye.
- Kwakhona negalelo elinye kunye neziphumo ezininzi okanye i-SIMO, oko kuthetha ukuba: ukufakelwa okuninzi, ukuphuma okukodwa.
- Iziphumo ezininzi kunye neziphumo ezininzi okanye i-MIMO: igalelo elininzi, iziphumo ezininzi.
Ngokwezibalo ezichaza le nkqubo, zichazwe njenge:
- Umgca: Ukuba umahluko wokulinganisa ochazayo ulayini; kunye non-linear ukuba umahluko umahluko ochaza ukuba awukho mgceni.
Iimpawu okanye izinto eziguquguqukayo zeenkqubo eziguqukayo umsebenzi wazo obalulekileyo zexesha, kwaye ngokweenkqubo:
- Ixesha eliqhubekayo, kwimeko apho imodeli ingumlinganiso umahluko, ke kuthathwa ngokuba ukwahlula, ukuguquguquka kwexesha okuqhubekayo kuchazwa njenge-analog.
- Kananjalo ngexesha elichaziweyo, kwimeko apho inkqubo ipharameterwe ngumlinganiso umahluko, ixesha lahlulwe laba ngamaxesha exabiso rhoqo; Ixabiso lezinto eziguquguqukayo zidijithali: iinkqubo zokubini, i-hexadecimal kunye nezinye, ixabiso lazo laziwa kuphela kwixesha ngalinye.
- Kwimicimbi ethe kratya, kuxa inkqubo iguquka ngokweenguqulelo, kwaye ixabiso liyaziwa xa umcimbi othile uveliswa.
Ngokwenxibelelwano phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo zeenkqubo, kunokuthiwa:
- Iinkqubo ezimbini zidityaniswe kakuhle, nje ukuba eziguquguqukayo zenye yazo idityaniswe kwenye inkqubo.
- Ngendlela efanayo, iinkqubo ezimbini azixhunyiwe okanye zidityanisiwe, xa ezi nkqubo zimbini zingenayo ikhonkco kwenye nenye.
Ngokumalunga nomsebenzi wokuvavanya ukuguquguquka kwenkqubo ngexesha nakwindawo, kunokuthiwa zezi:
- Kumile, xa izinto eziguquguqukayo zihlala zisisigxina ngexesha nasendaweni.
- Ukungazinzi, xa izinto eziguquguqukayo zingahlali ngokusisigxina ngexesha okanye kwindawo.
Ngokwempendulo efunyenwe kwinkqubo ngokwexabiso lemveliso, ngokunxulumene nokwahluka kwegalelo lenkqubo, kunokuthiwa:
- Inkqubo izinzile xa, kwimeko apho nabuphi na ubukho beempawu ezinqumliweyo zempendulo, impendulo emiselweyo yemveliso yenziwe.
- Kananjalo le nkqubo ayinakho ukuzinza xa kukho igalelo elinye elibophelelayo elenza impendulo ebotshelelwe kwimveliso.
Kwimeko apho ungeniso kunye nemveliso yenkqubo ithelekiswa okanye hayi, evumela ukulawula oku kulandelayo, inkqubo ibizwa ngokuba:
- Inkqubo evulekileyo yokuvula, xa imveliso kufuneka ilawulwe, ayithelekiseki nexabiso lesiginali esiveliswe ligalelo okanye uphawu lwesalathiso.
- Ngendlela efanayo, inkqubo ye-loop evaliweyo kuxa imveliso kufuneka ilawulwe, inokuthelekiswa nomqondiso wesalathiso; isignali yemveliso iqhutywa kwinkampani enesiginali, oko kuchazwa njengophawu lwengxelo.
- Inkqubo evulekileyo yokuvula, xa imveliso ilawulwa, ayinakuthelekiswa nedatha yesiginali eveliswa ligalelo.
- Kwenzeka into efanayo ngenkqubo evaliweyo yelog, nje ukuba imveliso ilawulwe, unokukhetha ukuthelekisa umqondiso wedatha; emva koko isiginali yemveliso iyahamba kunye nomqondiso wokufaka, oko kuthetha ukuba ikhupha impendulo.
Ngokwendlela yokuqikelela indlela yokuziphatha kwenkqubo, okuthetha ukuphendula kwayo, zahlelwa:
- Inkqubo yokuchonga, xa ukusebenza kwayo kwikamva kuqikelelwa ngaphakathi kwemida yokunyamezelana.
- Inkqubo ye-stochastic, kwimeko apho kungenakwenzeka ukuqikelela ukusebenza kwixa elizayo, iinkqubo eziguquguqukayo zaziwa ngokungacwangciswanga.
Yendalo
Ezendalo, kubandakanya iinkqubo zebhayoloji, zinokuchazwa njengomzekelo ukuhamba komzimba, okubandakanya izinto zenkqubo yolawulo lwebhayoloji njengamehlo, isandla, umnwe, ingalo kunye nengqondo yomntu, kunokuqwalaselwa ukuba ukungena kunye nokuphuma kushukunyiswa.