Iindidi zamalungiselelo enkqubo

Eli xesha siza kuthetha ngalo iintlobo zamalungiselelo kwinkqubo ekhoyo kwindawo yesayensi yekhompyuter. Apho siza kuchaza nganye nganye kunye nokubaluleka kwazo kwiinkqubo zenkqubo, iinkqubo okanye amaphepha ewebhu.

Iindidi zamalungiselelo

Kwindawo yekhompyuter, ulungelelwaniso okanye uluhlu lwaziwa njengeseti yedatha okanye ulwakhiwo lwedatha, olufunyenwe lulungelelaniswe ngokufanayo kwaye lubekwe kwi-RAM (kulapho idatha igcinwa ngendlela efanayo) okwethutyana). Ezi datha akufuneki zibenalo naluphi na uhlobo lokwahluka okanye ukungaqheleki kwiifomathi zazo okanye kwiimpawu zazo ezinokubangela iingxaki.

Ezi datha zilungelelaniswe ngokulandelelana ukuze babe nokumiselwa kwangaphambili ekusebenzeni kwabo kunye nokugcinwa okulandelayo kwimemori ye-RAM yekhompyuter, kuba imisebenzi yabo igcinwa okwethutyana. Idatha kuluhlu iguquguquka ngokupheleleyo kwaye inokudityaniswa njengedatha edibeneyo enokusetyenziswa kwinkqubo.

Ukuze ukusetyenziswa kwedatha kufikelele kwisakhiwo esizinzileyo kwaye idatha ngaphakathi inokuqhutywa ngokufanelekileyo ngesantya esihle sokuqhubekeka. Ukulungiswa kwale datha ngaphakathi kwamalungiselelo kuya kwenziwa ngendlela ejikelezayo, ke lo mjikelo kufuneka uzalisekiswe ngokupheleleyo ukuze yonke idatha eza kusetyenziswa ngendlela elungileyo kwaye ingafaki ngxaki.

Ezi datha zineempawu ezifanayo kuluhlu lwazo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemijikelezo yazo yokuqhubekeka kwedatha, kunye nakwizikhokelo zoku-odola ezinikezela ngokuqhubekeka kwedatha. Kunye noku-odola kunye nokuma kwakusekwe ngaphambili ngabadwelisi benkqubo kwimigca ethi, ngokweenkcukacha, babanike iodolo kunye nesikhundla esichongwa ngabadwelisi benkqubo.

Kodwa ngendlela efanayo, ezi zinothotho kuthintelo ukuze imisebenzi yazo yenziwe kwaye ukuba zitshintshiwe, amacandelo ukuya kuluhlu olupheleleyo anokuyeka ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo.

Ukwenza inkqubo iyeke ukusebenza kwaye ibonise umyalezo wempazamo ye-syntax ngokubhekisele kwingxaki eyenzekayo, kuba uluhlu kufuneka lube kwifomathi efanayo kunye nohlobo, kunye nomxholo wayo kufuneka ube luhlobo lwamanani kwaye ngaphandle kokwenza utshintsho rhoqo okanye ngaphakathi.

Kungenxa yoko le nto iintlobo zamalungiselelo zithelekiswa nematriki kunye neeveki ezikhoyo kwimathematics, ke oku kufana kusekwe ngobume babo kunye nolwakhiwo, ngendlela efanayo isisombululo sabo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-algorithms kuxhomekeke kumaxesha amaninzi kwimisebenzi yemathematika. Uluhlu luneentlobo ezahlukeneyo zobukhulu esiza kuthetha ngazo kamva.

Ezi ziyaziwa ngokwesahlulo sombini-mbini, -mbini-mbini kwaye zinokubakho kulwakhiwo lwazo kwaye ngendlela elingana okanye engaphezulu kwemilinganiselo emithathu yokufezekisa imisebenzi eziyicwangcisiweyo ngaphakathi kwenkqubo. Ezi ntlobo zobukhulu zithobela imisebenzi ecwangcisiweyo kunye esekwe ukusombulula ingxaki ethile, zaziwa phantsi kwegama elimbumbulu labathwali, imatriki kunye neetafile zemultidimensional.

Izixhobo

Phakathi kweempawu eziphambili ezinokuba nazo iintlobo zamalungiselelo okanye uluhlu, sinazo:

• Izinto eziguquguqukayo zahlukile kwaye ziza kumela into nganye kuluhlu, ezi zinto zahlulwe ngesalathiso.
• Izinto eziloluhlu ziya kugcinwa zikwimeko ngokuqhubekayo kwimemori.
• Izinto eziloluhlu zinokufikeleleka ngokungacwangciswanga nangokuthe ngqo.

Iindidi zamalungiselelo

Iindidi zamalungiselelo enkqubo zichazwe ixesha elininzi ngohlobo nangobungakanani obunazo, kananjalo ezi ziya kusetyenziswa ekusetyenzisweni kwamalungiselelo kulo naluphi na ulwimi lwenkqubo. Oku kusekwe ngokwendlela abasebenza ngayo njengeempawu zangaphakathi abanazo ngaphandle kokungena kwicandelo elikhethekileyo lenkqubo elenziwa.

Ukufika okunomlinganiso omnye kuphela kwaziwa njengeeVectors, ngelixa ezo zinemilinganiselo emibini zibizwa ngokuba ziMatriki kwaye ekugqibeleni loo malungiselelo anobukhulu bawo alingana okanye angaphezulu kwemilinganiselo emithathu aziwa njengeetafile ezininzi. Kungenxa yoko le nto ingezantsi siza kwenza inkcazo eneenkcukacha nganye ye- Iindidi zamalungiselelo enkqubo ukuze baqonde ukuba nganye ingantoni na:

Ukuhlelwa okukodwa

Izakhiwo zedatha eziququzelelweyo ezilungelelaniswe kakuhle zibizwa ngokuba ngamalungiselelo emacala-nye.Zibonakaliswa ngokuba nenani elincinci ledatha, ekufuneka ibeloluhlobo olunye ukuze zilungiselelwe kula malungiselelo. Ezi shedyuli zisetyenziswa ikakhulu ekudaleni uluhlu lwezinto ngolungelelwano lwendalo kunye nezinto ezifanayo ngaphakathi.

Phakathi kwedatha eqhutywa ngaphakathi, akufuneki babe nohlobo olufanayo lwedatha, kodwa kufuneka babenegama elilinganayo phakathi kwabo. Ukuze ezi zinokwahlulwa kwisithuba abazinikiweyo ngaphakathi kolungiselelo ngokusetyenziswa kwemisebenzi yabo kunye nemimiselo ebekwe ngumdwelisi we-intanethi enekhowudi ekhethekileyo.

Ukulungiselela olu hlobo ukwenza imisebenzi yalo, kufuneka kuqala iqale ngokuchaseneyo okanye idatha ekuqaleni kwenkqubo esebenza kuyo. Ukongeza, zombini igama kunye nohlobo lwedatha ekufuneka yenziwe ngaphakathi kuluhlu kufuneka lusekwe.

Ukufika kwezinto ezininzi

La ngamalungiselelo ahlelwe ngemilinganiselo emibini okanye nangaphezulu kwaye aziwa njengamalungiselelo ahlukeneyo. Xa sithetha ngemilinganiselo kolu hlobo lwamalungiselelo, kungenxa yokuba iseka amanani esalathiso ahlukileyo kunalawo kwaye kufuneka abenabo kulwakhiwo lwabo ukuze bakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yabo ngaphakathi kwenkqubo.

Eli nani lezalathiso ekufuneka lisetyenzisiwe kufuneka lisetelwe kwangaphambili kunye nedatha. Oku kusetwe kwangaphambili ngendlela efanayo namalungiselelo emacala-nye ngumahluko kuphela oya kuthi ube nobume obomeleleyo kunye nemisebenzi engaphezulu.

Uluhlu lweeSalathiso ezininzi

Oku kunokuchazwa njengothotho lwetheyibhile yamaxabiso, enoluhlu lwemiqolo ekhethekileyo kunye neekholamu, ezisetyenziselwa ukukhohlisa nokuchonga indawo yexabiso elithile ngaphakathi. Kanye nokuchonga eli xabiso, kubalulekile ukuseka ukuba yeyiphi na indawo kwizalathiso ezisekwe kula malungiselelo kwaye ikwimo enjani eya kuthi iboniswe ngayo.

Ngaphakathi kwezikhokelo zenkqubo ezihambelana nolu hlobo lwamalungiselelo, baqala ngokuqhubeka besebenzisa isalathiso sokuqala esichonga ukuba yeyiphi umqolo idatha esifuna ukuyisebenzisa ngaphakathi kolungiselelo. Kananjalo ngendlela efanayo kwaye kwangaxeshanye isalathiso sesibini kulwakhiwo loludwe oluchonga ikholamu elinexabiso elinye eliza kusetyenziswa kuludwe lwemisebenzi.

Kubalulekile ukuba size kugxininisa ukuba olu luhlu lwezalathiso ezininzi kwiinkqubo lusekwe kwimodeli esemgangathweni ekhethekileyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-ANSI kwaye le isetyenziswa kwilizwe jikelele. Imodeli esemgangathweni icacisa ukuba ulungiselelo lolu hlobo lunokusebenzisa ngaphezulu kokubhaliswa kabini ngexesha elinye, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwalo kulinganiselwe kwimirhumo elishumi elinambini esetyenziswa ngaxeshanye ukuze siphephe ukulahla idatha kusetyenziso lwale malungiselelo.

https://youtu.be/0IP3sQLrnRA?t=7

Ukuhlelwa kwamalungiselelo

Kwiilwimi zokuprinta kukho ukuhlelwa kwamalungiselelo amathathu, nganye inempawu zayo kunye nokubalulwa okwenza ukuba ikhetheke ngeendlela ezininzi, ibenze baphuhle ngakumbi kumacandelo enkqubo. Ezi ziyaziwa ukuba zisetyenziselwa i-sweepstakes okanye iinkqubo ze-lottery, yiyo loo nto sitshilo ngaphambi kokuba la malungiselelo ahlelwe:

Ikhathuni vector

I-Vectors okanye ikwabizwa phantsi kwegama elingu-Unidimensional Tables, ngamalungiselelo anomlinganiso omnye kwaye awadingi zalathiso zininzi ukuze bakwazi ukucacisa imisebenzi yabo, imijikelezo yabo imiselwe ngokufutshane nangokungangqinelaniyo ukusebenza ngexesha elimiselweyo kwaye ngaphandle kokufumana ingxaki ukwenziwa kwayo. Idatha iya kudweliswa phantsi kohlobo lwedatha efanayo.

Ezi datha zibekwe kuhlobo lwamanani, kunye negama lesalathiso okanye igama ledatha eliya kuhlala ngelixa kusenziwa olu lungiselelo, ngaphakathi kufuneka lifane kwaye baya kwahlulwa omnye komnye ngenani lesithuba ngasinye isiqwenga solwazi sanikwa ixabiso laso. Ezi datha zihambelana nomgangatho othile owahlukileyo, othi yonke idatha yakho iyalelwe ukusuka kwelona liphezulu ukuya kwelona liphantsi kwaye le fomu inye ukujikeleza kwayo ukuze izalisekiswe.

Kule nkqubo, elona xabiso liphantsi okanye elineempawu ezincinci lelona liqala umjikelo wenkqubo yevektha. Ngelixa ixabiso elingaphakathi kwevektha eneempawu eziphezulu lelona liya kwenziwa ekugqibeleni, lizalisekise isiphelo somjikelo ngempumelelo.

Imatriki

Iimatriki ziyaziwa phantsi kwegama elingu-XNUMX-dimensional Tables, eli gama linombulelo ngenxa yokuba linemilinganiselo emibini kuphela eyenza isakhiwo sayo, kunye nokwabelana nenani elikhulu lokufana kunye nabathwali. Kodwa ezi zahlulwe kwezokugqibela kuba inemibhalo emibini yokwenza imisebenzi yayo.

Umjikelo wokusebenza kunye nokusebenza okwenziwayo phantsi kokusetyenziswa kwale matrix kuphezulu kunale vector kuba ilawula isixa esikhulu sedatha ngaphezulu kwezo zikhankanywe apha ngasentla. Idatha kwimatriki kufuneka ikhathalogu kwaye iqaliswe ngokufanelekileyo.

Le datha yematriki xa usebenzisa imirhumo emibini, idatha ekulungiselelo oluchaziweyo iya kubekwa kwii-quadrants ezifanayo kwaye nohlobo lwedatha yazo kufuneka ihlale ifana, kwimeko yendawo abakuyo bayakuchongwa phantsi kokusebenzisa indawo uququzelelo. Kwizikhokelo zeenkqubo, zisetyenziselwa ukwenza imisebenzi ngokufanelekileyo kwimatriki.

Iitafile ezininzi

Iitafile ezininzi, njengalo naluphi na ulungiselelo, zibonisa uthotho lweempawu ezifanayo, kodwa umahluko omkhulu kukuba zinemilinganiselo emithathu okanye nangaphezulu kulwakhiwo lwazo, ngendlela efanayo inani lezibini ezibhalisiweyo kufuneka zibe ngaphezulu ukuze zikwazi ukugubungela nganye imilinganiselo enayo le tafile. Ukongeza, ubungakanani kunye nenani ekufuneka itafile yemultimensional ithobele kufuneka ibhengezwe ngendlela enyanzelekileyo kwaye ibekiwe ukuze kuthintelwe iimpazamo ze-syntax.

Ukusebenza kweArray

Kunokuthiwa uninzi lweenkqubo, usetyenziso kunye neenkqubo zolwazi ezisebenzisa uthotho lwemisebenzi kwiimeko ezininzi ezifuna ulungiselelo ukuze zikwazi ukuzalisekisa imisebenzi yazo. Kungenxa yokuba zibonisa idatha kuphela kwaye azigcini idatha efanayo kwakhona kuba ezi ziboniswa kwindawo yememori esisigxina okanye zisetyenziselwa ukugcwalisa umgca othile wedatha ethile.

Uluhlu lwenkqubo yokubhala kufuneka inike ibhokisi yokubhaliweyo etshixiwe ngexabiso elifunyenwe ngaphakathi kuluhlu ukuze igcinwe ngokungathanga ngqo, kuba idatha ekuoluhlu igcinwe ngaphakathi kwikhowudi efanayo yomthombo yenkqubo. Kwaye oku kusetyenziswa kuphela xa kugcinwa okwethutyana kwi-RAM ngelixa sisebenza nolo lungiselelo.

Kwiinkqubo zokufunda umsebenzi wayo ulula, oku kufuneka kwenziwe kwinkqubo okanye kusetyenzwe ukwenziwa kwamalungiselelo, ukuze ke ibonise idatha ephuma ngenxa yolungiselelo, ngendlela efanayo nelungiselelo elinokufumaneka kweminye imisebenzi eyenza inkqubo, inkqubo yokwenza isicelo okanye ulwazi. Kodwa kufuneka iqulunqwe ngokuchaneka okukhulu nokuba kungalandelelana okanye kungenjalo.

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba umdwelisi weenkqubo ngamnye asoloko ekwazi ngokwazisa uhlobo lwedatha eliza kusetyenziswa leli lungiselelo kwinkqubo anqwenela ukuyenza ngempumelelo. Kunye nobukhulu bayo kunye nemirhumo iyahambelana nobungakanani belungiselelo ukuze lifezekise kwaye lenze umsebenzi walo ngaphakathi kwenkqubo.

Izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo kumalungiselelo

Phakathi kwezinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo kulungiselelo lwenkqubo kufuneka sichaze ezinye ezinje ngezi:

Inzuzo

• Kukulungele ukugcina okanye ukufunda iibhloko zedatha ezilandelelanayo ezinkulu kakhulu, njengezicelo ezinedatha enkulu, imifanekiso kunye neevidiyo, phakathi kwabanye.
• Ungafumana kwakhona ulwazi.
• Kulula ukusebenza nazo.
• Usebenza ngezikhombisi.
• Ukuqala kwifayile ephazamisekileyo, amalungiselelo aya kuvumela ukuvelisa idatha ngomyalelo othile.

Iingxaki

• Ubungakanani be-arrays buzinzile, ke ukuba inani lezinto ezigciniweyo alaziwa, iingxaki ezithile zinokwenzeka ukuba indawo ingaphantsi kwesidingo.
• Ukufaka izinto ngokucocekileyo kuyacotha.
• Kwaye ukukhangela into kulungelelwaniso olonakeleyo kukwathatha ixesha.

Ukuphelisa eli nqaku malunga neendidi zamalungiselelo enkqubo kufuneka sitsho ukuba kwindawo yekhompyuter kubaluleke kakhulu kwaye kunyanzelekile ukuba kugcinwe ulwazi ukuze iinkqubo zenze uninzi okanye phantse yonke imisebenzi kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo okanye inkqubo, Oku Kutheni sichaza iintlobo zamalungiselelo akhoyo ngaphakathi kwenkqubo.

Ngaphakathi kwenkqubo kukho inani elikhulu lolwazi oluntsonkothileyo olusinceda ukugcina ulwazi ngendlela ehleliweyo, ezi zakhiwo zedatha yile nto besithetha ngayo kulo mbhalo ubalaseleyo, obizwa ngokuba luhlu okanye ulungiselelo olusetyenziswa kakhulu kuwo naluphi na ulwimi lwenkqubo namhlanje. Kungenxa yoko le nto sikunike inkcazo eneenkcukacha zeentlobo zamalungiselelo akhoyo kwinkqubo.

Uluhlu lubaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo kuba sisiqalo sayo yonke into kuba into enomdla malunga noku kukukhangela kunye nemisebenzi enokuthi yenziwe ngenxa yabo. Ngamathuba amaninzi kangaka, kuya kufuneka uyazi ukuba ungazisebenzisa njani kwezi nkqubo zokukhulisa nayiphi na inkqubo, inkqubo okanye iphepha lewebhu osebenza kulo.

Ukuba ufuna ukuqhubeka nokwandisa ulwazi lwakho malunga nendawo yenkqubo ungajonga kule khonkco ilandelayo apho ungafunda ngayo Iindidi zezinto eziguquguqukayo kwinkqubo.