Kuqhelekile ukuva ngememori yekhompyuter, kodwa uyazi ukuba yintoni iintlobo zememori yekhompyuter ezikhoyo? Qhubeka ufunda eli nqaku linomdla kwaye uya kuyazi yonke into oyifunayo malunga nayo.
Iinkumbulo ezibalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwekhompyuter.
Iindidi zememori yekhompyuter
Ngokubanzi, ukuze ikhompyuter isebenze ngokufanelekileyo nangokuchanekileyo kufuneka ezine iintlobo zememori yekhompyuter. Okulandelayo, siza kukunika zonke iinkcukacha ngazo.
Nangona kunjalo, okokuqala kufuneka kukhunjulwe izinto ezithile ezisisiseko ezinxulumene nesi sihloko sibalulekileyo. Umzekelo, intsingiselo yenkumbulo yekhompyuter, iimpawu zayo, kunye nokunye.
Yintoni imemori yekhompyuter?
Imemori yekhompyuter, okanye inkumbulo yekhompyuter njengoko abanye abantu beyibiza njalo, ayisiyonto ngaphandle kwesixhobo esisebenza ukugcina idatha kunye nemiyalelo eyidijithali. Ngenxa yoku, sinezinto ezahlukeneyo iintlobo zememori yekhompyuter, nganye nganye ineeseti ezizodwa kunye neempawu ezithile.
Ngamanye amagama, imemori yekhompyuter yinto yokulungisa, ethi iseti yeetshipsi, igcine ulwazi okwethutyana okanye ngokusisigxina. Ngokumalunga nomba wokugqibela, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba uhlobo lokugcina luxhomekeke kwimisebenzi ethile yenkumbulo nganye.
Izixhobo
Zonke iintlobo zememori yekhompyuter Izinto ezikhoyo zichazwa ziiparameter eziqhelekileyo, uninzi lwazo olukhokelela kuhlelo olwahlukeneyo ngokweekhrayitheriya ezisetyenziselwa inkcazo yazo. Ezi zezi: iyunithi kunye namandla okugcina, ixesha kunye nohlobo lokufikelela, ixesha lokujikeleza, uzinzo, ukusebenza, phakathi kwabanye:
Icandelo lokugcina
Iyunithi yokugcina nayiphi na iintlobo zememori yekhompyuter esiye sayithiya igama, yinto encinci. Ke, inani elincinci lolwazi elinokugcinwa kwizixhobo ze-elektroniki, ezinokuthi zenze ukuba kube namaxabiso antsonkothileyo.
Ukugcina amandla
Eli linani lezinto ezinokugcinwa yimemori yekhompyuter. Kule meko, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo esibhekisa kulo, sihlala sithetha ngeekilobytes, megabytes okanye iigigabytes.
Ixesha lokufikelela
Lixesha elidlulayo ukusuka kumzuzu ekubhekiswa kulo igama lide lifundwe okanye libhalwe kwimemori. Kule meko, kubalulekile ukuba ukhankanye ukuba igama ngalinye lenziwe luthotho lweebits, ezifumaneka ngaxeshanye.
Uhlobo lokufikelela
Ngokusisiseko, singathetha ngeendlela ezimbini zokufikelela kwimemori yekhompyuter: ngokungacwangciswanga kunye nothotho. Kowokuqala, ixesha lokufikelela lihlala lihleli, nokuba sithini isigama esikwiinkumbulo, ngelixa lesibini sahluka kakhulu.
Ngale ndlela, sinememori yokufikelela ngokungacwangciswanga iinkumbulo ze-RAM kunye neROM, kunye nolwahlulo oluhambelana nazo. Ngelixa iinkumbulo zokufikelela ngokulandelelana zihlelwa: Iirejista zeShift, iinkumbulo zeLIFO kunye neenkumbulo zeFIFO.
Ixesha lomjikelo
Oku kubhekisa kwixesha elincinci eligqithileyo phakathi kokufikelela kwimemori kunye nokulandelelana. Kule meko, kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuba ixesha lomjikelo lihlala likhulu kunexesha lokufikelela; Ngaphezulu, amanyathelo ayo aguqukayo ngamagama anokuqhubekekiswa kwiyunithi yexesha.
Indawo ebonakalayo
Ngokubanzi, iintlobo zememori yekhompyuter Izinto ezikhoyo zinokuhlelwa ngokwemo engqongileyo. Ngale ndlela, sinememori ye-elektroniki, imagnethi kunye nokukhanya.
Olona phawu luphambili lweenkumbulo zombane kukuba zakhiwe ngeemiconductors, ngelixa ezomazibuthe zenziwe ngezinto ze-ferro-magnetic. Okokugqibela, iinkumbulo ezibonakalayo zisekwe ekusetyenzisweni kwetekhnoloji ye-laser.
Uzinzo
Kwelinye icala, iinkumbulo zekhompyuter zinokuhlelwa ngohlobo lozinzo abalubonisayo. Ke sinokuguquguquka okuguqukayo, okunamandla, kunye neenkumbulo zokufunda ezonakalisayo.
Kule meko, ulwazi olugcinwe kwinkumbulo ezingazinzanga lulahleka xa icinyiwe ikhompyuter. Ngelixa kwiimemori zokugcina ezinamandla idatha kufuneka ibuyiselwe ngokuhlaziya okwenzeka amaxesha ngamaxesha okubathintela ukuba bonakaliswe.
Okokugqibela, kwimemori eyonakalisayo yokufunda iikhompyuter, ulwazi luyasuswa kwakamsinya nje ukuba kufundwe. Ngale ndlela, olu hlobo lwenkumbulo luhlala lubandakanya inkqubo yokubuyisela.
Ukusebenza
Ngokubanzi, enye indlela yokwahlulahlula iintlobo zememori yekhompyuter ezikhoyo kukusebenza kwazo. Ngale ndlela, sinokuthetha malunga noku kulandelayo: Imemori yangaphakathi, imemori ephambili kunye nememori yesibini.
Ngaphakathi: Olona phawu luphambili lolu hlobo lwenkumbulo kukukwazi kwayo ukuhambisa idatha. Kwelinye icala, iqulethe lonke ulwazi okanye iirekhodi zangaphakathi ezifumaneka kwi-Central Processing Unit (CPU).
Eyona nto iphambili: Ikwabizwa ngokuba yimemori esembindini, inoxanduva lokugcina iinkqubo kunye nedatha. Ngokubanzi, olu hlobo lweenkumbulo luyakhawuleza kwaye lubungakanani obukhulu; Ukongeza, i-CPU inokufikelela ngokuthe ngqo ngebhasi.
Sekondari: Ubungakanani bale memori buphakame kakhulu kunangaphambili; nangona kunjalo ijika kancinci. Ukongeza, inkumbulo yesibini inoxanduva lokugcina iinkqubo zenkqubo kunye neefayile ezinkulu; Ngapha koko, ukufikelela kuyo yi-CPU kungangqalanga.
Yeyiphi imisebenzi esisiseko yememori yekhompyuter?
Ngokubanzi, iinkumbulo zekhompyuter zinxulunyaniswa nemisebenzi emibini esisiseko: ukubhala kunye nokufunda idatha. Kule meko, sinokuthi eyokuqala ibhekisa ekuhlaleni kwegama kwidilesi ethile yenkumbulo.
Ngokwenxalenye yayo, ukubhala idatha yinkqubo ethi igama liphinde lifumaneke emva kokuba lifundwe kwimemori. Kule meko, kubalulekile ukuba ukhankanye ukuba igama ledilesi libonisa indawo ekuyo igama eligcinwe kwimemori.
Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ukuphunyezwa kwale misebenzi kunokwenzeka ngenxa yedilesi kunye neebhasi zedatha. Kule nto, sinokuthi ezokuqala zisetyenziselwa ukubonisa umkhombandlela wokufunda / ukubhala; Ngelixa iibhasi zedatha zisebenza ukufunda okanye ukubhala igama ngalinye.
Zeziphi iintlobo zememori yekhompyuter ekhoyo?
Njengoko besesitshilo, ukusebenza kwekhompyuter kuxhomekeke kubuncinane ezine iintlobo zememori yekhompyuter. Okulandelayo, siya kunika iinkcukacha malunga nganye nganye.
Kule vidiyo ilandelayo ungabona ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga nayo:
Imemori ye-RAM
I-RAM (iMemori yokuFikelela ngokuRhoqo), ikwabizwa ngokuba yimemori yokufikelela ngokungacwangciswanga, kwaye kuthetha ukuba nayiphi na inxenye yayo inokufikeleleka nangaliphi na ixesha. Kwakhona, yiyona nto ithandwa kakhulu kuzo zonke iintlobo zeememori zekhompyutha ngaphandle.
Ngokubanzi, imemori ye-RAM igcina idatha kunye nemiyalelo yenkqubo efunekayo kwaye isetyenziswa yi-CPU. Ukongeza, ithathwa njengememori eguqukayo kunye nokufunda / ukubhala kuba izalisekisa imisebenzi yomibini.
Kule meko, imeko eguqukayo kungenxa yokuba ulwazi olugciniweyo lulahlekile xa ikhompyuter icinyiwe okanye ukumka kombane kwenzeka, kufuna ukuba idatha igcinwe kwisixhobo esigciniweyo sokugcina. Kwelinye icala, kuvela kwi-RAM ukuba iinkqubo ziqaliswe, zilayishwe kwaye zenziwe; Ngaphezu koko, njengoko ezi nkqubo zifuna idatha ethe kratya, ziyaqhubeka nokubekwa okwethutyana kule nkumbulo.
SRAM
Ngokubanzi, yimemori ye-RAM emileyo, egcina ulwazi logama ikhompyuter ivuliwe. Ukongeza, ibonelela ngokuncitshiswa kokufikelela kunye nexesha lokujikeleza, eliguqulela kwisantya esiphezulu sokudluliswa kwedatha.
Nangona kunjalo, yimemori enobungakanani obusezantsi bokugcina. Kwelinye icala, imemori ye-SRAM isebenza njengebhulorho phakathi kwe-DRAM kunye ne-CPU, oko kukuthi, isebenza njengohlobo lwe-cache memory.
Ukongeza, le nkumbulo kulula ukuyiphatha, kuba ukufikelela kwidatha kunye nedilesi yeebhasi ngqo. Okokugqibela, sinokuthetha malunga neendidi ezimbini zememori ye-SRAM: asynchronous and synchronous.
Ngokwenxalenye yayo, kwimemori ye-SRAM ye-asynchronous, ulwalathiso lweebhasi zilawula igalelo kunye nedatha yokuphuma. Ngelixa kulawulwa kwememori ye-SRAM yoxanduva luxanduva lwexesha lewotshi.
DRAM
Ngokomgaqo, inkumbulo yeDRAM luhlobo olunamandla lwe-RAM, isantya esikhulu kunye nesantya esiphantsi. Ke, olu hlobo lwenkumbulo luphulukana nolwazi olugcinayo xa izixhobo ziyeka ukufumana umbane.
Kule meko, sesona sizathu siphambili sokuba olu hlobo lwenkumbulo lusoloko lufuna ukuhlaziywa okanye ukuvuselelwa kwakhona, ukuze ungalahli idatha. Ngokubanzi, imemori ye-DRAM inamandla amakhulu okugcina kunememori ye-SRAM.
Ngolwazi oluthe kratya koku, unokufunda inqaku: Iindidi zememori ze-RAM kunye neempawu zabo.
Imemori yeROM
I-ROM (Imemori yokufunda kuphela) sisakhono esiphakathi, esingagungqiyo, imemori yokufunda-kuphela. Ngamanye amagama, idatha iyafundwa kwaye isetyenziswe, kodwa ayilungiswa; Ukongeza, ulwazi lugcinwa ngokusisigxina, ngaphandle kokulahleka nokuba ikhompyuter iphelelwe ngamandla.
Ngokumalunga nokusebenza kwayo, iROM iqulethe yonke imiyalelo ekufuneka ikhompyuter isebenze, eyaziwa njengemiyalelo yokuqalisa okanye i-BIOS yekhompyuter. Ngale ndlela, xa ikhompyuter ivuliwe, ingena kule memori ukuthatha into efunekayo ukuqala, kunye nokwazi ulwazi olunxulumene nezixhobo zalo.
Kwelinye icala, ulwazi olugcinwe kolu hlobo lwenkumbulo alunakuguqulwa; Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iimeko kunokwenzeka ukuyiguqula ngobunzima obukhulu. Ngokubanzi, ukugcinwa kwedatha ngaphakathi kwale memori kwenzeka ngexesha lokuyilwa kwayo, ukuze ezi zirekhodwe ngokusisigxina, nokuba ikhompyuter ayisebenzi.
Okokugqibela, sinokuthi iROM luhlobo lwesoftware engaphakathi kwizixhobo zekhompyuter. Kule meko, le yinto eyaziwa ngokuba yiFirmware, eyona nto idume kakhulu namhlanje.
IPROM
Luhlobo lweememori zokufunda ezinokufundwa kuphela, esekwe kwii-semiconductors ezinokuthi ziqulathe uthotho lwemiyalelo kunye nedatha. Ukongeza, imixholo inokufundwa, kodwa ingaguqulwa; Ngapha koko, ezi zinto azenziwanga ngenkqubo yokuvelisa, kodwa kusetyenziswa inkqubo ekhethekileyo elandelayo.
Nangona kunjalo, nje ukuba inkqubo yenkqubo igqityiwe, i-PROM isebenza njengeROM eqhelekileyo. Kule meko, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ukuba kukho impazamo eyenziweyo xa kusenziwa le nkqubo, ayinakuguqulwa, eya kuthi ibangele ukuba inkumbulo ingasebenzi njengoko kulindelwe.
I-EPROM
Luhlobo lweememori zeROM ezisebenza ngombane, ezivumela ukugcina idatha eyimfuneko ekusebenzeni kwesicelo. Nangona kunjalo, idatha inokucinywa ngokusebenzisa ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet ukusuka kumthombo wokukhanya komphunga we-mercury.
Kule meko, sinokukhankanya ukuba olu hlobo lwenkumbulo lwaluyilelwe ukusombulula inkqubo eyayimele ukwenza impazamo yenkqubo, ngexesha lokurekhodwa komxholo kwimemori ye-PROM. Ngale ndlela, iinkumbulo ze-EPROM zihlala zikwiisistim ezisebenza njengezixhobo zokufunda kuphela, ngaphandle kokuba umxholo wazo kufuneka uguqulwe kwaye kufuneka zisuswe okwethutyana.
Ke, emva kokuba umxholo ucinyiwe, inkumbulo ye-EPROM iphinde icwangciswe ngokusebenzisa amandla ombane, kwaye iphinde ibekwe ngaphakathi kwinkqubo enye okanye kwenye apho ifuneka khona. Kule meko, inyani ekufuneka siyibonisile kukuba ukucinywa kwedatha kufuneka kwenziwe ngendlela iyonke, kwaye kungabikho nangayiphi na indlela ekukhetheni kwinxalenye yomxholo wememori.
EEPROM
I-EEPROM, okanye njengoko ihlala ibizwa ngokuba yimemori ye-E2I-PROM, icwangciswe ngombane njengememori esiyikhankanyileyo kwicandelo elidlulileyo. Nangona kunjalo, idatha egcinwe kwi-EEPROM icinyiwe ngombane.
Kule meko, oku kuthetha ukuba umxholo uyacinywa ngaphandle kwesidingo sokususa imemori kwibhodi yesekethe. Nangona kunjalo, ayisiyonto iqhelekileyo, kuba ngokubanzi amaxesha okubhala aphezulu kunamaxesha okufunda.
Iinkumbulo ze-RAM
Imemori ye-SRAM yaziwa kakhulu njengememori ye-cache, inoxanduva lokukhawulezisa ukufikelela kulwazi yi-CPU. Kule meko, umsebenzi we-cache kukugcina ikopi yedatha esetyenziswa rhoqo ebekwe kwimemori ephambili.
Ngamanye amagama, olu hlobo lweenkumbulo luqulethe idatha ephindiweyo yokufikelela ngokulula nangokukhawuleza. Ngendlela yokuba i-CPU ikhangele i-cache kuqala ngaphambi kokuya kwimemori ephambili; Ukuba iyayifumana into ekhangelwe apho, ifunda okanye ibhale kwimemori esele iqhubeka kunye neminye imisebenzi esalindelweyo.
Kwinqaku lethu: Indawo efihlakeleyo: Intsingiselo, umsebenzi, ukubaluleka, kunye nokunye, ungazi zonke iinkcukacha malunga nale nto ibalulekileyo yememori yekhompyuter.
Shintsha inkumbulo
Ukutshintsha inkumbulo kukwabizwa ngokuba yimemori ebonakalayo okanye indawo yokutshintsha. Isetyenziswa xa iimfuno zenkqubo yokusebenza kunye nabasebenzisi zigqitha kwimemori ekhoyo yezixhobo.
Kwelinye icala, olu hlobo lweenkumbulo lunokwandiswa xa iimfuno zabasebenzisi zifuna oko. Ngale ndlela, ukutshintsha inkumbulo lulwandiso lweenkumbulo eziphambili, ezifuna ulwahlulo lwediski ekusebenzeni kwayo.
Ukongeza, inkumbulo eguqulweyo iyakwazi ukubonelela ngenkqubo yokusebenza ngememori engaphezulu ye-RAM kunokuba inokubakho ngokwasemzimbeni. Oko kukuthi, indawo yokutshintsha ibonelela ngokugcina indawo yediski kula maphepha angenawo umfanekiso kuwo.
Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kolu hlobo lweememori ezibonakalayo akukhuthazwa ngokupheleleyo, kuba ngokubanzi indawo yokutshintsha inkulu kunokufikelela kwiphepha le-RAM ukuya kwinqanaba lokudlula kwimida yalo. Nangona kunjalo, kunokuba luncedo xa sifuna ukususa ezinye iinkqubo zokusetyenziswa ezisezantsi kwi-RAM ukuzitshintsha kunye nezinye ezifuna indawo ngaphakathi kuyo.
Ukongeza kwiindidi zememori yekhompyuter esele siyikhankanyile, sinememori yeFlash. Olu luhlobo olukhethekileyo lweenkumbulo ezikhoyo kwezinye izixhobo zokugcina ezidijithali eziphathwayo, ezinje nge: yeefoto okanye zeekhamera zevidiyo.
Imemori yeFlash
Ngokubanzi, imemori yefowuni idibanisa izibonelelo ze-RAM kunye neROM. Ngale ndlela, umsebenzisi unokufikelela kwidatha ngokungacwangciswanga, kunye nokubhala ngaphezulu umxholo wayo ngalo naliphi na ixesha.
Iinyani zokuziyolisa
Phakathi kwazo zonke iintlobo zememori yekhompyuter ezikhoyo, i-RAM yeyona ithandwayo. Ngenxa yoko, igama elithi inkumbulo lihlala lisetyenziselwa ukubhekisa kulo ngokubanzi.
Kuqhelekile ukuba abanye abantu baphazamise ukugcinwa kwegama kunye ne-RAM; Nangona kunjalo, kukho umahluko ophawulweyo phakathi kwezi zimbini. Okokuqala, ukugcinwa kukhulu kunememori; Ukongeza, ulwazi olukuyo alulahlekanga nokuba ikhompyutha icinyiwe, ngelixa ulwazi olugcinwe kwimemori lolwexeshana.