Kwinqaku elilandelayo, siza kukunika isoftware yemizekelo kunye neendidi zazo, ukuze uqonde nzulu ngazo.
Isoftware yeMizekelo
Iinkqubo zesoftware zidlala indima ebalulekileyo xa usebenzisa ikhompyuter, okanye isixhobo esiphathwayo, kuba ngaphandle kwazo ikhomputha njengoko sisazi ayinakuba nantsingiselo okanye ukusebenza. Apha singakubonisa ezinye iinkqubo zesoftware imizekelo, kodwa kuqala kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ziyintoni, ziyintoni, kwaye zenziwe ngantoni.
Ke ngoko, isoftware iseti yeenkqubo kunye neendlela ezenza ukuba ikhompyuter okanye isixhobo esiphathwayo senze imisebenzi ethile; Zisetyenziselwa ukunxibelelana nenkqubo yokusebenza kwaye ke ziyakwazi ukuyilawula ngokulula ngesixhobo sayo. Ikhompyuter ngaphandle kwesoftware ayinakulawulwa.
Isoftware yenkqubo okanye ekwabizwa ngokuba yiSiseko seSoftware, yenziwe yinkqubo yokusebenza, abaqhubi (abalawuli) kunye neelayibrari, ezinceda yonke into isebenze ngokugqibeleleyo.
Ukushwankathela, isoftware isisiseko kulawulo lwekhompyuter, Oko kukuthi nayiphi na inkqubo yenziwe ngesoftware, kuba ivumela usetyenziso ukuba lusebenze kwaye lwenze imisebenzi eyimfuneko kuyo. Ngoku sinayo le nto icacileyo, sinokwazisa kwabanye Imizekelo yesoftware yenkqubo:
I-Fedora Linux
Yinkqubo yokusebenza evela kwiLinux, eyaziwa ngokuba ikhuselekile kwaye izinzile. Le nkqubo inabaphuhlisi abaninzi abavumela iinguqulelo ezimbini ezintsha ukuba zikhutshwe unyaka nonyaka, eziqulathe iindaba ezimangalisayo kwimisebenzi kunye neempawu zenkqubo.
IFedora yaziwa njengeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinguqulelo zeLinux, nangona inokudlala kancinci ngokuchasene nenyani yokuba ayihambelani nezinye iinkqubo kunye nokusetyenziswa.
Ubuntu Linux
Enye enye ye Inkqubo yeSoftware esekwe kwiLinux. NjengoFedora, izinzile kakhulu kwaye ikhuselekile, kodwa inokuhambelana ngakumbi kweenkqubo kunye nokusetyenziswa, ikwafumana uhlaziyo olubalulekileyo ngonyaka, ezi zenzeka ngo-Epreli nango-Okthobha.
Microsoft Windows
Ukuba yeyona nkqubo ixhaphakileyo nesetyenziswayo emhlabeni, ephuhliswe nguMicrosoft. Yaqala ukukhula ngaphandle kokuma kwi-90s, ngohlobo lwayo lokuqala, olwenziwa ngo-1985.
IWindows inezinto ezininzi ezenza ukuba ibe yenye yezona nkqubo zisebenzayo, kodwa ikwanazo nezinye izinto ezithathwa njengezingalunganga, njengesoyikiso esikhulu se-malware. Ngokufanayo, iinkampani, abasebenzisi babucala kunye namaziko akuthandabuzi ukuyisebenzisa.
Android
Iyaziwa ngokuthandwa kwayo, iba yinto enye Isoftware imizekelo esetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi, nezigidi zabasebenzisi kwizixhobo zefowuni, nge-Apple ye-Apple njengolona khuphiswano luphambili.
I-Android ibizwa ngokuba yinkqubo yokusebenza yasimahla enemisebenzi emininzi, ekwanayo nevenkile enkulu yesicelo kwimarike, exhaswa nguGoogle, yenye yeenkampani ezinkulu kwicandelo lobuchwepheshe.
I-Android ngomnye wemizekelo yeSoftware yeSistim, kodwa ngaba uyafuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga ne-Android? Ukuba ufuna ulwazi olungaphezulu, siyakumema ukuba ubukele le vidiyo ilandelayo:
abaqhubi
Abaziwa ngamagama abhalisiweyo, bamelwe kuphela lishishini elilelabo, umzekelo ocacileyo, yi-AMD xa isiza kumakhadi emizobo kunye ne-ASUS yamabhodi oomama, okanye iHP eyaziwayo yabashicileli kunye nezixhobo.
Abaphathi beebhutsi
Yongezwa zizo zonke iinkqubo ezisebenzayo, ziqhutywa yiyunithi esembindini evumela ukuba yonke inkqubo yokusebenza ikulungele ukuqalisa. Ezi zihlala zingenalo igama, nangona sinetyala likaGrub, eliyi-bootloader efakwe yiLinux kunye nezinye izinto ezivela kuyo.
I-Glibc
Lithala leencwadi elisetyenziswa ngokubanzi yiLinux, ithandwa kakhulu kuba uninzi lweenkqubo ezisebenza ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yokusebenza, oko kukuthi, ezandleni zayo. Olu luxanduva lwemisebenzi emininzi esisiseko kwaye ngaphezulu kwayo yonke into yokwenza inkqubo yokufowuna.
GNOME
Ebizwa ujongano olusebenzayo lomzobo kwizinto ezininzi zeLinux, yinto elula kwaye ekulula ukuyisebenzisa, nangona ithathwa njengengahambelani, kubasebenzisi abatsha. Inguqulelo 3.0 izise impikiswano eninzi, kutheni ine-desktop ehlaziywe ngokupheleleyo.
Bash
Lulwimi olusetyenziswayo, kodwa lukwalayini yomyalelo, odla ngokusetyenziswa kwiLinux nakwiUnix ngendlela yobugcisa yokujonga iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemisebenzi kwinkqubo. Oku kusebenza njengefestile apho iiodolo zinokubhalwa khona kwaye iya kuba ngaphezulu kokutolika kunye nokwenza.
IMacOS
Yinkqubo yokusebenza eyenziwe yiApple, xa isiza kwiikhompyuter, kwaye isetyenziswa kuphela yimveliso yayo yeMac.Inkqubo inemisebenzi emininzi nokudityaniswa, ukusukela kwidesktop ukuya kwiLaptop; Oku kwakhululwa ngo-2001, kwaye ukususela ngoko kuye kwaduma kakhulu, kodwa kwangaxeshanye, kuyabiza kakhulu.
IBlackBerry OS
Yinkqubo yokusebenza ephathekayo, ephuhliswe yiBlackBerry, le nkqubo ivumela ukusetyenziswa kwemisebenzi emininzi kwaye inenkxaso yeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokufaka, ezilungiselelwe ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuchukumisa. Kuphuhliswe emva kweminyaka engama-90, yaba yinto eyaziwayo kakhulu ngokuvumela ukufikelela kwi-imeyile kunye nokukhangela kwiwebhu.
Unix
Le ngenye ye isoftware yemizekelo engaziwa kangako, enegama le-Unix, yaphuhliswa ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-60 liqela labasebenzi beLebhu yeLebhu, apho iyinkqubo yokusebenza, banikezela ngenkonzo yemisebenzi emininzi kunye nemisebenzi emininzi.
Solaris
Nangona ingaziwa njengaleyo ibikhankanyiwe ngaphambili, yenye yeefayile ze- Inkqubo yeSoftware Eyinxalenye yosapho lwe-Unix, yenye yezona zidumileyo kwilizwe leshishini kwaye yamkelwe njengeyona izinzileyo.
I-Linux mint
Yinkqubo yokusebenza esekwe ku-Ubuntu, ejolise ekunikezeleni kumsebenzisi ujongano lwangoku kunye nenhle yomsebenzisi. Iyakwazi ukuxhasa iifomathi ezahlukeneyo kunye neekhowudi, kunye nokuba neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezicelo zasimahla nezisimahla.
I-HP-UX
Yenziwe nguHewelett-Packard, yinkqubo yokusebenza eqhubeka nokuphuhliswa ebonelela ngendawo ezinamandla nezizinzileyo zomsebenzi ezixhasa imeko enkulu exhasa inani elikhulu lezicelo ezisusela kubahleli bokubhaliweyo ukuya kwiinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zoyilo.
Iindidi zeNkqubo yeSoftware
Le mizekelo yenkqubo okanye isiseko sesoftware yahlulwe ngaphakathi kwiiseti ezahlukeneyo zekhompyuter kunye neziphelo ezinje nge-boot loaders, indawo yomgca wokuyalela, ujongano lwegraphical kunye neBIOS. Emva koko, sikubonisa into nganye nganye:
Iinkqubo zokusebenza
Zimelwe siseti ephambili yesoftware yesixhobo, eneenkcukacha zokhetho esinokuzenza ngayo. Yiyo esivumela ukuba sinxibelelane nabaqhubi kunye nezixhobo zehardware, ukusinika amandla okusebenzisa ikhompyuter okanye isixhobo esiphathwayo.
Ngokubhekisele kwiikhompyuter, zombini i-desktop kunye neelaptop, iiWindows zikaMicrosoft zezona zidumileyo emhlabeni, ngelixa inkqubo yeGoogle yokusebenza kweGoogle isetyenziselwa iifowuni eziphathwayo kunye neetafile. Nangona zininzi ezinye, ezinje ngeMacOS, iLinux, iUnix, phakathi kwabanye.
Abaqhubi okanye abaqhubi
Oku kubangela ukuba inkqubo ichonge ngokuchanekileyo izixhobo kwaye isebenzise yona. Umzekelo olula kakhulu kuxa sixhuma imouse entsha, okanye umshicileli, ezi zifakela ngokuzenzekelayo iifayile ezithile ezibizwa ngokuba ziidrives, ezivumela ukuba isincedisi sisetyenziswe, nangona ngamanye amaxesha kunyanzelekile ukuba kwenziwe ufakelo ngesandla ngeCD okanye ngokukhuphela ifayile. kwi-Intanethi.
Ivenkile yeencwadi
Zikwabizwa ngokuba ziilayibrari, ngokubanzi ziyimisebenzi eyenza ukuba kube lula kwinkqubo yokusebenza ukuguqulela nokutolika iikhowudi, ngale ndlela kusinika ithuba lokuvula iifolda kwaye usibonise iifayile esizicelileyo.
La mathala eencwadi ngokubanzi akudingeki ukuba aqaliswe, kuba akhokelwa kuthotho lwemiyalelo apho ihlala ifumaneka ukuba isebenzise ukuba nje ifakiwe. Zingasetyenziswa ziinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ukukhankanya isiphumo sokugqibela sokuchazwa kwekhowudi, ukuze kuvulwe kwaye kuboniswe nayiphi na ifayile.
Umphathi webhuthi
Yiyo engachazi ukuba yeyiphi inkqubo yokusebenza esiza kuqala kuyo nasiphi na isixhobo, kuba imeko kukuba ngaphezulu kwesinye sifakiwe. Ibizwa ngale ndlela kuba xa isixhobo sivuliwe, kubonakala ngathi sinika amandla okukhetha inkqubo esiyithandayo.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ukuba inye kuphela inkqubo yokusebenza efakiweyo, i-bootloader ayizukuvela, nangona oku akuthethi ukuba inkqubo yakho yokusebenza ayinayo, ifuna kuphela ukuba ikhethwe ngokuzenzekelayo.
Umzobo womzobo
Itholakala njengenkqubo yokusebenza epheleleyo enokuthi ibekho okanye ingabikho, owona msebenzi wayo iphambili kukuba kulula ukuyisebenzisa, kulula ukusebenzisana nayo, kwaye iyathandeka kakhulu emehlweni. Iphawuleka ngokugcina ubuqhetseba ngokuthe ngqo kunye nomsebenzisi, abaninzi bakhetha ukusebenzisa lojongano kunelayini yomyalelo.
Umgca womgca womyalelo
Enye indlela yokuvumela umsebenzisi ukuba asebenzisane nezixhobo zakhe yikhonkco apho umsebenzisi angenza uthotho lwemiyalelo ukufezekisa uluhlu olubanzi lokukhetha. Olu nxibelelaniso lubekhona okoko kwenziwa iikhompyuter, ukunceda umsebenzisi ukuba enze imisebenzi.
BIOS
Sisiqwenga esisisiseko sokusebenza kwesoftware, esinceda ukuqala kwaye ichaze ukuba ngaba ikhetha ngokuzenzekelayo inkqubo yokusebenza okanye iya ngqo kumphathi wesiqalo. Ihlala ihlanganiswe kuso nasiphi na isixhobo, esingeyonxalenye yenkqubo yokusebenza.
Izixhobo zokuchonga
Ukujonga ukusebenza kwehardware, uthotho lwesoftware okanye iinkqubo ezifumaneka kwimemori ye-RAM, iprosesa, amakhadi enethiwekhi, phakathi kwabanye, ayasetyenziswa; Banikwe uxanduva lokuqinisekisa ukuhambisa idatha ngokugudileyo.
Ukulungiswa kunye nokwenza izixhobo
Banoxanduva lokuguqula isoftware ukuze bandise ukusebenza kwayo okanye basebenzise izixhobo ezimbalwa. Ngokubanzi kwiinkqubo zekhompyuter, zihlala zilungiselelwe ukusebenza ngokukuko, isantya kwaye zinokusebenza ngememori encinci kunye / okanye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla.
Iiseva
Basebenzisa isoftware enokuhlangabezana neemfuno kunye nezicelo zomsebenzisi kwaye baphendule ngokufanelekileyo. Ezi zingafumaneka kuzo zonke izixhobo nakwiikhompyuter ezinikezelweyo ezibizwa ngokuba "yiSeva" okanye "iiseva".
Bayakwazi ukubonelela ngeenkonzo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezihlukeneyo kwikhompyuter enye, ukongeza ekubeni neeseva ezininzi ezisebenzayo. Kuyinzuzo enkulu ngokubhekiselele kukhuseleko, kuba zizinzile kakhulu.
Iindlela zophuhliso lwesoftware
Iindlela zesoftware sisakhiwo sokucwangcisa uthotho lweziganeko okanye iinkqubo ekudalweni kwenkqubo yolwazi; Ezi ndlela ziye zavela ngokuhamba kweminyaka kwaye ngoku zinokufumaneka ngokuxhaphakileyo kwihlabathi lekhompyuter. Singakhankanya oku kulandelayo:
Ingxangxasi okanye "iCascada"
Enye yeendlela zokuqala zophuhliso lwesoftware yayiyiNgxangxasi, ekwabizwa ngokuba "yingxangxasi", inoluhlu lwemiyalelo eya kwinqanaba, lizalisekiswa ngolungelelwano olugqibeleleyo, ngaphandle kokutsiba nayiphi na kuzo.
Umsebenzisi umisela iimfuno kwaye emva koko uye kuyilo loyilo, ukuze abone indlela eza kusetyenziswa, emva koko iyaqinisekiswa kwaye ekugqibeleni imisebenzi yolondolozo iyenziwa.
Iphawulwa ngokuba neendlela zokuqikelela. Yenziwe nge-70's kwaye ngoku isasetyenziswa kwezinye iimeko, ithathwa njengeyona ndlela ikhuselekileyo kodwa ifuna ixesha elingaphezulu, ekubeni ingabinakho ukuhambisa ngokukhawuleza.
Kodwa le ndlela yavela ineengxabano ezininzi, njengenkqubo yokuphucula isoftware icotha kakhulu, inkqubo iqulethe impazamo okanye ayinakho ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zenkqubo, ukongeza ithande ukuqala ngaphezulu, ethi ibangele ukulibaziseka okuninzi.
Ukuphindaphindwa okanye ukunyusa imodeli
Kwi-80's imodeli yokuphindaphinda okanye eyonyukayo evela, enje nge-Spiral, RAD kunye ne-RUP, zonke ezi ndlela zinendlela efanayo yokuchaza ukwanda kwemisebenzi, ukuzinikezela ukuya kwinyathelo ngenyathelo, kodwa ngamnye wale misebenzi wenziwa ixesha elinikiweyo kwaye ubona unxibelelwano oluncinci phakathi kwabo.
Le modeli isekwe kwimodeli yempophoma, kodwa ngefilosofi yokuphindaphinda, ke, inamanqaku amaninzi ngokufanayo nale modeli, kodwa ezi zisetyenziswa kaninzi. Singakubonisa eminye imizekelo:
Iimodeli zokomoya
Ngokuchasene nemodeli "yeCascada", ebonelela ngendlela emiselweyo, inikezela (ngokusekwe kukuwa kwamanzi okuwa) ukusebenza okungcono, kuba kubonisa ulungelelwaniso lwemisebenzi kwiiprototypes ezikhawulezayo, ukufana okukhulu kunye nokuvela kwimeko yoyilo kunye nokuhambelana lweeprojekthi.
RAD
Injongo yayo kukubonelela ngeziphumo ezingaguquguqukiyo nezikhawulezayo, ijolise ekunikezeleni ngeenkqubo zophuhliso ezigqibeleleyo, kwaye ikwayilelwe ukukhulisa ukufaneleka kwayo yonke inkqubo yophuhliso lwesoftware. Phakathi kwezibonelelo zayo, ezona zibalaseleyo zezi:
- Ukuqukumbela yonke into ukusuka kwinkqubo yophuhliso ngaphandle kwamandla.
- Khonza umthengi ngokukhawuleza.
- Khuthaza ingxelo evela kubathengi bakho ukuphucula ukusebenza kwakho.
Imodeli yoPhuculo lwe-Agile
Kwii-90's, i-Agile Development Model yavela ngenxa yempendulo ngokuchasene neendlela zangaphambili kunye nezisuselweyo. Le modeli inikezela ubhetyebhetye kunye nokusebenza ngokukuko xa kusenziwa umsebenzi, zihlala iinkampani zikhetha le ndlela kuba kulula kubo ukufezekisa iinjongo ezichaziweyo. Apha sikubonisa iimodeli ezaziwa kakhulu:
Isikram
Eyona ndlela ithandwayo efumaneka kule modeli yiScrum, ihlala ibonwa njengeyona isetyenzisiweyo kwintengiso ngenxa yokusebenza kakuhle kwayo kunye nesantya kwiziphumo zokugqibela. Aba bantu balandelayo benza ngale ndlela:
- Umnini weMveliso: Chaza imisebenzi ekufuneka yenziwe kwaye unxibelelane neqela.
- Iqela lophuhliso: Inkqubo, abavavanyi, ugcino lwedatha, phakathi kwabanye.
- ISkram MasterNguye ophethe ngokuchaza, ngokusekwe kwiimvavanyo zeqela, enye yazo kunye nokufezekisa injongo emiselweyo.
Inkqubo yeNkqubo eQhelekileyo (xp)
Iqwalaselwa njenge-agile software yeendlela zobunjineli. Okwangoku yaziwa njenge XP (eXtreme Programming) indlela, isetyenziselwa ikakhulu ukunqanda ukuphuhlisa imisebenzi engafunekiyo, ibonakala ngokuqwalaselwa kwayo kunye nokusebenza kwayo kwiiprojekthi ezinzima, nangona kunokwenzeka ukucacisa ezo projekthi zithatha ixesha elininzi.
Isoftware esosulelayo
Ayizizo zonke iisoftware ezinceda ukusebenza kunye nesantya sekhompyuter. Abanye banokusulela ikhompyuter ngentsholongwane ngaphandle kolwazi lomsebenzisi; Ezi softwares zibizwa ngokuba ziintsholongwane zekhompyuter, okanye isoftware enobungozi (malware), zijolise ekonakaliseni inkqubo yokusebenza.
Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zentsholongwane zekhompyuter ezihlelwa ngokokufumaneka kwazo, imvelaphi, okanye ukonakala kwenkqubo yokusebenza. Ezinye zazo zezi:
- Iintsholongwane ezihlasela imemori yekhompyuter kwaye zenziwe zisebenze xa inkqubo yokusebenza iqala.
- Iintsholongwane zentshukumo ethe ngqo, eziziphindayo xa zisenziwa, zisulela iifayile kulawulo.
- Bhala ngaphezulu intsholongwane; Ezi zicima lonke ulwazi olugciniweyo ngokubhala ngaphezulu kweefayile.
- I-virus ye-Boot, echaphazela i-boot yediski enzima.
- IiMacroviruses, ezi zichaphazela iifayile eziqukethe izandiso ezinje nge-DOC, XLS, MDB, kunye nePPS.
- Iintsholongwane ze-Polymorphic, ezifakwe kwi-encrypted kwinkqubo, ezenza kube nzima ukuba i-antivirus ibone.
- Iintsholongwane ze-FAT, zithintela ukufikelela kwiindawo ezithile zediski enzima ngenxa yoko ayikuvumeli ukuba uvule iifayile.
- Ukulandelelana kweentsholongwane, ezifumaneka kwikhonkco kunye namaphepha ewebhu, ezi zijolise ukonakalisa yonke inkqubo.
Ukuba ufuna ukwazi malunga neentsholongwane ezinokuchaphazela ikhompyuter yakho, siyakumema ukuba ufunde inqaku elilandelayo: Iintsholongwane ezi-5 eziyingozi kakhulu kwimbali.