IiMicrocomputer: Inkcazo, iMbali, kunye nokunye

IiMicrocomputer ziyinto emangalisayo kwitekhnoloji, njengoko zisenza ukuba ulwazi oluzenzekelayo lwenziwe ngendlela elula kwaye elula. Kweli nqaku uza kufunda ngayo yonke into enxulumene nabo, ukusuka ekuqaleni kwabo ukuya kwi ii-microcomputer zangoku.

IiKhompyutha ezincinci

IiMicrocomputer, zikwabizwa ngokuba zii-microcomputer okanye ii-microcomputer, ziikhompyuter ezine-microprocessor njengeyunithi yokulungisa esembindini, kwaye ezilungiselelwe ukufezekisa imisebenzi ethile. Izinto ezinje ngoku: ubunzima benkqubo, amandla, inkqubo yokusebenza, ukubekwa emgangathweni, ukuguquguquka kunye nexabiso lezixhobo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kuxhomekeke kwimicroprocessor.

Ngokusisiseko, ii-microcomputer zenza inkqubo epheleleyo yokusetyenziswa buqu, equlathe, ukongeza kwimicroprocessor, inkumbulo kunye nothotho lolwazi lokufaka kunye nezinto ezikhutshwayo.

Okokugqibela, kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuba nangona ii-microcomputer zihlala zididekile ziikhompyuter zakho, azifani. Kunokuthiwa le yokugqibela iyinxalenye yokwahlulwa ngokubanzi kwezinto zangaphambili.

Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi ngayo, ndiyakumema ukuba ufunde inqaku elikwi iintlobo zekhompyuter ezikhoyo namhlanje.

Umvelaphi

IiMicrocomputer zivela kwimfuno yokuzisa iikhompyuter ezincinci kumakhaya nakumashishini. Ezinokudityaniswa emva kokudalwa kwee-microprocessors kwi-1971.

Iprototype yokuqala eyaziwayo yemicrosoft, nangona yayingenayo i-microprocessor, kodwa iseti yee-microcircuits, yafumaneka ngo-1973. Yayilwa kwaye yakhiwa liZiko loPhando iXerox yaza yabizwa ngokuba yiAlto. Iprojekthi ayiphumelelanga ngenxa yenqanaba lobuchwephesha ebelifuneka, kodwa ibingafumaneki ngelo xesha.

Emva kwale modeli, amanye amanyathelo avela kwezinye iinkampani, kubandakanya iApple. Nangona kunjalo, kwakungo-1975 apho kuthengiswa imveliso encinci yemicrosoft kwikhompyutha. YayiyiAltair 8800, eyinkampani yeMITS. Nangona yayingenayo ikhibhodi, ukubeka iliso, imemori engapheliyo, kunye neenkqubo, yakhawuleza yabetha. Yayinee switch kunye nezibane.

Emva kwexesha, ngo-1981, i-IBM yakhupha ikhompyuter yokuqala, ebizwa ngokuba yi-IBM-PC, eyayisekwe kwi-Intel's 8080 microprocessor. Le nyani iphawule ukuqala kwexesha elitsha lekhompyuter, ukusukela apho iimodeli ezinamandla ngakumbi zeekhompyuter zaqala ukuvela, zikhuthazwa ziinkampani ezinje ngeCompaq, Olivetti, Hewlett-Packard, phakathi kwabanye.

Ukuguquka kwemvelo

Ukusukela ukubonakala kweAlto, eyayine-screen-875-scanning screen, i-2,5 MB disk kunye ne-interface ene-3 Mbits / s Ethernet network, itekhnoloji iguqukile, ihlala ithathela ingqalelo eyona nto ibalaseleyo kwimodeli nganye eyandulelayo.

Ngokwalo mbono, kunokuthiwa ukunyuka kwee-microcomputer ikakhulu kubangelwa yinto yokuba itekhnoloji yabo ihambele phambili, xa kuthelekiswa naleyo yeekhompyuter kunye neekhompyuter. Uyilo kunye nolwakhiwo, kubandakanya ii-microprocessors ezinamandla ngakumbi, imemori ekhawulezileyo kunye nenesakhono sokugcina kunye neetshipsi zokugcina, ziyafezekiswa kumaxesha amafutshane omjikelo. Ngale ndlela, bathenga ixesha lezizukulwana zezinye iintlobo zeekhompyuter.

Okokugqibela, kufanele ukuba kucaciswe ukuba ngenxa yenkqubela phambili kwezobuchwephesha, igama elithi microcomputer alisasebenzi, kuba namhlanje uninzi lweenkampani ezenza imveliso zibandakanya ii-microprocessors phantse kulo naluphi na uhlobo lwekhompyuter.

Izixhobo

IiMicrocomputer ziluhlobo lwekhompyuter olunale misebenzi ilandelayo:

• Icandelo layo eliphambili yi-microprocessor, engekho ngaphezu kwesekethe edibeneyo.
• Uyilo loyilo lwakudala, lwakhiwe kukuhamba kolawulo lwemisebenzi kunye nolwimi lweenkqubo.
• Inika itekhnoloji eyakhelweyo, evumela ukunxibelelana kwezinto zayo.
• Ngenxa yoyilo lwayo olumbeneyo, kulula ukupakisha kunye nokuhamba.

Zisebenza njani ii-microcomputer?

IiMicrocomputer ziyakwazi ukwenza igalelo, ukukhupha, ukubala kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo, ngale nkqubo ilandelayo:

• Ukwamkelwa kwedatha eza kusingathwa.
• Ukuphunyezwa kwemiyalelo ecwangcisiweyo yokuqhubekeka kolwazi.
• Ukugcinwa kolwazi, ngaphambi nasemva kotshintsho lwayo.
• Ukunikezelwa kweziphumo zokuqhutywa kwedatha.

Ngamanye amagama, ii-microcomputer zisebenzisa ifomathi yemiyalelo ebavumelayo, ngokubamisela ikhowudi, ukwenza imisebenzi encinci yokuphendula kwizicelo zomsebenzisi.

Yiyo loo nto ifomathi yokufundisa ibandakanya ikhowudi yokusebenza, apho ibonisa khona ukujongana nomsebenzi ngamnye, oko kukuthi, ichaza kancinci umyalelo, wezinto ezahlukeneyo ezenzayo.

Ngokwenxalenye yabo, ukusebenza okuncinci kukusebenza kwemicroprocessor, enoxanduva lokuhlengahlengisa imiyalelo kunye nokwenza ngokulandelelana kwenkqubo.

Ngelixa lixesha, i-microcomputer ilawula ukulungelelanisa imicimbi yenethiwekhi yemigca yonxibelelwano edibanisa izinto zenkqubo.

Okokugqibela, kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuba kuthetha ntoni ukuqondwa. Ukucaciswa yinkqubo ekuthi ngayo kutolikwe imiyalelo, ukuze kuchongwe umsebenzi oza kwenziwa kunye nendlela yokufumana ii-oparesheni ekufuneka yenziwe le miyalelo.

Izixhobo zeMicrocomputer

I-Hardware imele izinto ezibonakalayo zeekhompyuter, Oko kukuthi, yinxalenye yazo ebonakalayo. Inezinto zombane kunye nezixhobo zombane, iisekethe, iintambo, kunye nezinye izinto zepheripheral ezenza ukuba ukusebenza kwezixhobo kwenzeke.

Kwimeko yee-microcomputer, inokubhekisa kwiyunithi enye okanye kwizixhobo ezininzi ezahlukileyo.

Ngokubanzi, ukuze i-Hardware izalisekise imisebenzi yayo, ifuna ubukho bala macandelo alandelayo:

Izixhobo zokufaka

Zizinto apho umsebenzisi angena khona kwi-microcomputer, nokuba ziitekisi, isandi, imifanekiso okanye iividiyo. Phakathi kwazo kukho: ikhibhodi, imouse, imakrofoni, ikhamera yevidiyo, isoftware yokwazisa ngelizwi, umfundi wokujonga, njl.

Nazi ezinye iinkcukacha malunga nezixhobo eziphambili zokufaka kwimicrocomputer:

• Ikhibhodi: Sisisixhobo segalelo lolwazi ngokugqwesa. Ivumela unxibelelwano phakathi komsebenzisi kunye nemicrosoft, ngokungena kwedatha eya kuguqulwa kwiimodeli ezibonakalayo.
• Imouse: Umsebenzi owabelwana ngebhodi yezitshixo, kodwa unokwenza imisebenzi ehambelana nonqakrazo olunye okanye kabini. Guqula intshukumo yomzimba yintshukumo yescreen.
• Imakrofoni: Ngokubanzi, sisixhobo esidityaniswe kwiikhompyuter ezininzi, ekuphela komsebenzi wazo kukuvumela ukufakwa kwelizwi.
• Ikhamera yevidiyo: Iluncedo lokufaka ulwazi ngohlobo lweefoto kunye neevidiyo, kodwa aluncedo kwiinkqubo ezininzi ezenziwa zii-microcomputer.
• Isoftware yokwazisa ngelizwi: linoxanduva lokuguqula igama elithethiweyo libe ziimpawu zedijithali ezinokuguqulelwa kwaye zitolikwe zii-microcomputer.
• Ipeni yokubonisa: Yisikhombisi se-elektroniki esisebenzisa umsebenzisi ukuguqula ulwazi kwiscreen. Isetyenziswa ngesandla kwaye isebenza kusetyenziswa iisenzi zokuthumela imiyalezo kwi-microcomputer ngalo lonke ixesha ukukhanya kubhalisiwe.
• Umfundi wokubonisa: Iyafana nosiba, kodwa owona msebenzi uphambili kukufunda iibhakhowudi ukukhangela iimveliso.
• I-CD-ROM: sisixhobo esinegalelo esiqhelekileyo, esigcina iifayile zekhompyuter zokufunda kuphela. Ayikho kuzo zonke ii-microcomputer, kodwa ikhoyo kwiikhompyuter zekhompyuter.
• Iskena: Sisixhobo esinokunxibelelana neekhompyuter zekhompyuter ikakhulu. Gcina izinto ezishicilelweyo ukuze zigcinwe kwimicrosoft.

Izixhobo zemveliso

Ezi ziyunithi apho ii-microcomputer zinxibelelana neziphumo ezifunyenweyo, emva kokuqhubekeka kunye nokuguqula idatha. Kwii-microcomputer ezona ziqhelekileyo zizikrini kunye nezithethi.

• Ukubeka iliso: Yeyona yunithi yokufumana ulwazi ixhaphakileyo. Inesikrini apho idatha kunye nemiyalelo efakwe kwi-microcomputer iboniswa. Ngayo kunokwenzeka ukuba uqaphele oonobumba kunye nemizobo efumaneka emva kokuguqulwa kwedatha.
• Umshicileli: Ayinakho ukudityaniswa kuzo zonke iintlobo zeekhompyuter, kodwa sesinye sezixhobo ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi zokukhupha ulwazi. Iphinda ivelise kwakhona, ikwimo yekopi, naluphi na uhlobo lolwazi olugcinwe kwimicrosoft.
• Imodem: Isetyenziselwa ukuqhagamshela iikhompyuter ezimbini, ngendlela yokuba zinokutshintshiselana ngedatha phakathi kwazo. Ngokufanayo, ivumela idatha ukuba idluliselwe ngomnxeba.
• Inkqubo yesandi: Ngokubanzi, ibonisa amakhadi esandi adityanisiweyo enza ukuba iaudio iqulethwe kwimithombo yemultimedia.
• Somlomo: Ikuvumela ukuba uphendule ngokukhupha isandi.

Kule meko, kubalulekile ukuqaqambisa ukuba kwimeko yezikrini zokuchukumisa ezikhoyo uninzi lweekhompyuter, zisebenza njengegalelo kunye nesixhobo sokukhupha ngaxeshanye. Ngokufanayo, izixhobo zonxibelelwano, ezinxibelelana nekhompyuter enye nenye, zinemisebenzi emibini.

Icandelo eliphambili lokulungisa

Ibhekisa kwimicroprocessor okanye kwingqondo yemakrofoni, ekwenziwa kuyo imisebenzi esengqiqweni kunye nezibalo zeemveliso, ukutolikwa kunye nokwenziwa kwemiyalelo efunyenweyo.

I-microprocessor yenziwe nge-mathrocrocessor ye-math, imemori ye-cache kunye nephakheji, kwaye ibekwe ngaphakathi kwibhodi yomama yee-microcomputer. Ukwazi ezinye iinkcukacha ngendawo ekuyo, unokujonga inqaku kwi izinto zebhodi yomama ukusuka kwikhompyuter.

I-coprocessor yinxalenye ye-microprocessor efanelekileyo. Luxanduva lwayo ukubala kwezibalo, ukuyilwa kwemizobo, ukwenziwa koonobumba kunye nokudityaniswa kwemibhalo kunye nemifanekiso, kunye neerejista, iyunithi yolawulo, imemori kunye nebhasi yedatha.

Imemori ye-Cache yimemori ekhawulezayo enciphisa ixesha lokuphendula, elinxulumene nokufumana ulwazi olusetyenziswa rhoqo, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-RAM.

Ukufakwa encapsulation yinxalenye yangaphandle ekhusela i-microprocessor, kwangaxeshanye ivumela unxibelelwano kunye nezihlanganisi zangaphandle.

IiMicroprocessors zihambelana neerejista, eziyindawo yokugcina okwethutyana enedatha. Banoxanduva lokulandela imiyalelo kunye nesiphumo sokwenziwa kwale miyalelo.

Okokugqibela, ii-microcomputer zibandakanya ibhasi yangaphakathi okanye uthungelwano lweendlela zonxibelelwano, ezinakho ukudibanisa izinto zenkqubo ngaphakathi nangaphandle.

Imemori kunye nezixhobo zokugcina

Icandelo lememori liphethe ukugcina okwethutyana imiyalelo kunye nedatha efunyenweyo ukuze, kamva, zithathwe apho yiprosesa. Idatha mayibe kwikhowudi yokubini. Imemori ihlelwe kwimemori yokufikelela ngokungahleliwe (RAM) kunye nememori yokufunda kuphela (i-ROM).

I-RAM imele imemori yangaphakathi, eyahlule kwimemori yokusebenza kunye nememori yokugcina. Kuyo, kunokwenzeka ukuba ufumane igama okanye i-byte ngokukhawuleza nangokuthe ngqo, ngaphandle kokujonga iseti yeebits ezigcinwe ngaphambi okanye emva komlinganiswa othethiweyo.

Ngokwenxalenye yayo, iROM iqulethe inkqubo esisiseko okanye esebenzayo ye-microcomputer. Kuyo, ii-microprograms eziqulathe imiyalelo entsonkothileyo zigcinwa, kunye ne-bitmap ehambelana nabalinganiswa ababandakanyekayo.

Kule meko, kufuneka uqaphele ukuba, ngokwembono ebonakalayo, imemori kunye nokugcinwa zizigama ezibini ezahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Xa i-microcomputer icinyiwe, iinkqubo kunye nedatha egcinwe kwimemori ilahlekile, ngelixa iziqulatho ezikhoyo kugcino zigcinwa.

Ukugcina ukuqhuba kubandakanya ii-hard drive, ii-CD-ROM, iiDVD, ii-optical drive, kunye nokususa iidrive hard, phakathi kwezinye.

• Idiski enzima: Yidiski engqinileyo engashukumiyo, oko kukuthi, iqulethwe ngaphakathi kweyunithi. Ikho kwii-microcomputer ezininzi kwaye inesakhono esikhulu sokugcina ulwazi.
• I-Optical drive: ebizwa nje ngokuba yiCD, sisixhobo sokugcina kunye nokuhambisa isandi, isoftware kunye nolunye uhlobo lwedatha. Ulwazi lugcinwa kusetyenziswa izinto ezenziwe nge-laser kwi-master disc, eveliswa kwakhona kukucaciswa kweekopi ezininzi. Yenziwe kwimizi-mveliso.
• I-CD-ROM: Yidiski efundwayo kuphela, oko kuthetha ukuba ulwazi olugcinwe kuyo alunakutshintshwa okanye lucinywe nje ukuba lugcinwe. Ngokungafaniyo neeCD, idatha irekhodwa kwimveliso yangaphandle.
• I-DVD: Bagcina ifilosofi efanayo neeCD, kodwa ulwazi lunokurekhodwa kumacala omabini e-DVD. Ngokubanzi, umdlali okhethekileyo uyafuneka ukuze ayifunde. Nangona kunjalo, iimodeli zomdlali zamva nje kwintengiso zifunda iiCD kunye neeDVD ngokufanayo.

Iindidi

Ngokubanzi kwaye njengendawo ebalulekileyo kubuchwephesha, sinokuthetha malunga neendidi ezimbini zeekhompyuter: iikhompyuter zedesktop kunye neelaptops. Zombini zisetyenziswa ngokufanayo, ngobukhulu obulinganayo, phakathi kwabantu neenkampani.

• Iikhompyuter zedesktop: Ngenxa yobungakanani bazo, zinokubekwa phezu kwetafile yedesika, kodwa olo phawu lunye luyabathintela ukuba bangaphatheki. Zenziwe ngokuqhubekeka kunye neeyunithi zokugcina, iiyunithi zemveliso, kunye nekhibhodi.
• IiLaptops: Ngenxa yokukhanya kunye nokudityaniswa kokuyilwa, banokuhanjiswa ngokulula ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye. Oku kubandakanya iilaptops, iincwadana zokubhalela, abancedisi bedijithali yobuqu (PDAs), iifowuni zedijithali nezinye. Eyona nto iphambili kuyo sisantya sokulungiswa kwedatha.

Ii-microcomputer zangoku

Njengoko besesitshilo, kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeekhompyuter, nganye ineempawu ezichazwe kakuhle ngokuxhomekeka kuluncedo lwayo. Ukuqhubeka; iinkcukacha:

• Iikhompyuter zedesktop: Zezona ziluhlobo olusetyenziswa kakhulu kwimicrosoft. Bayakwazi ukwenza eyona misebenzi ixhaphakileyo kwikhompyuter, enjengokukhangela kwi-Intanethi, ukukhuphela uxwebhu kunye nemisebenzi yokuhlela, phakathi kweminye imisebenzi eluncedo kakhulu. Baxhasa izinto zohlobo lokufikelela, ezinjengeempondo kunye newebhu.
• IiLaptops: Ukusukela oko yaqalwa ngo-1981, bakha inguqu kwiikhompyuter zakho. Phakathi kwezinto zayo, isikrini, ikhibhodi, iprosesa, idiski enzima, iprosesa, njl. Bayakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi efanayo njengeekhompyuter zekhompyuter, kodwa ubungakanani babo obuncinci kunye neendleko zithetha ukuba banezibonelelo ngaphezulu kwabo.
• IiLaptops: Banescreen seflethi kwaye banikwe amandla yibhetri. Ubungakanani bayo buchaza ukuphatheka kwayo.
• Iincwadana zokubhalela: Umsebenzi wayo ophambili kukufezekiswa kwemisebenzi elula yemveliso. Baswele iiCD okanye iiDVD player. Zisezantsi kwiindleko kuneekhompyuter zakho, ezibangela ukuba babe namanqanaba aphezulu entengiso. Zikhaphukhaphu kuneelaptops.
• Amacwecwe: Bathatha indawo yeelaptops kunye neencwadana zokubhala ngokusebenza. Iscreen sayo sokuchukumisa sivumela umsebenzisi ukuba anxibelelane nemixholo. Abanazibhodi okanye iimpuku.
• AbaNcedisi beDijithali yobuqu (ii-PDAs): Zisebenza njengabaququzeleli beepokotho. Banemisebenzi ye-ajenda, incwadana yokubhalela, iipredishithi, phakathi kwabanye. Bavumela ukufakwa kwedatha kwizixhobo ezizodwa zokufaka. Ukongeza, banezixhobo zonxibelelwano.
• Ii-Smartphones: Ziikhompyuter ezincinci ezinesakhono sokuthumela kunye nokufumana iifowuni kunye nemiyalezo, kunye nokunxibelelana kwi-intanethi ngeWiFi okanye uqhagamshelo lweselfowuni. Babelana ngemisebenzi emininzi ekhoyo kwiikhompyuter zakho, njengokulawula ii-imeyile kunye nokuphatha umxholo wemultimedia.

Microcomputer zekamva

Ngaphandle kokuqhubela phambili okukhawulezileyo kwekhompyuter kunye netekhnoloji, iziseko zehardware kunye nesoftware zihlala zihlala zihlala ixesha elide. Nangona kunjalo, ii-microcomputer zithembisa ukuhlala phambili, zenze lula ulawulo lwezezimali, ii-ajenda, abafowunelwa, iikhalenda, kunye neminye imisebenzi yobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ngendlela efanayo, baya kuqhubeka ukubakho kumacandelo ezobuchwepheshe, ezinje ngobukrelekrele bokuzenzela, iirobhothi, nayo yonke into enxulumene nomxholo wemultimedia.

Iikhompyuter ezincinci ezilindeleke ukuba zibe nefuthe elihle kubomi bethu bexesha elizayo ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo ziya kuba namandla amakhulu namandla, kwaye zibonelele ngokusebenza okungcono nangcono. Phakathi kwazo kunokukhankanywa oku kulandelayo:

• Iilaptops zeHybridi: Ikwabizwa ngokuba ziipilisi zeHybrid, zisebenza njengamacwecwe kunye neekhompyuter ngaxeshanye, kuba zinebhodi yezitshixo kunye nekhusi. Njengebhonasi eyongeziweyo, isikrini sikhulu kwaye siquka ipeni yedijithali.
• Iifowuni ezinxibelelana noomabonakude: Ukusukela ukuvela kwee-smartphones, ukusebenza kwazo kuyanda. Ngesi siphakamiso sinethemba lokuguqula isikrini sikamabonakude sibe yikhompyuter, konke ngonxibelelwano olulula lwentambo. Ngaphandle kweenzame ezenziweyo malunga noku, isindululo asikagqitywa ukubonakala. Nangona kunjalo, kulindeleke ukuba kwixa elizayo intengiso yeefowuni eziphezulu zikhule kwaye zamkele le ndlela intsha yokwenza iteknoloji, ngokwenza usetyenziso lwendalo iphela.
• Iikhompyuter ezipokothweni: Nangona umxholo sele ukhona, ezi khompyuter kulindeleke ukuba zinciphise uyilo lwazo ukuze zifane nependrive. Uluvo oluphambili lwesi sicelo kukuba ngokudibanisa isixhobo esincinci kwiscreen, sinokusebenza njengekhompyuter.
• Iikhompyuter zeHolographic: Ngokuqinisekileyo yiprojekthi enamabhongo. Nangona kunjalo, okwangoku ezinye iinkampani kunye neeyunivesithi zisaphuhlisa iiprojekthi eziya kuthi zivumele ukuba ziguqule iminqwazi yentloko esele ikho ukuyiguqula ibe zizixhobo zeholographic, ibeka itekhnoloji ezandleni zabasebenzisi.
• Iikhompyuter ze-Quantum: Iprojekthi yexesha elizayo ibandakanya ukulungiswa kwale teknoloji, evumela ukwenziwa kwedatha enkulu ngexesha elincinci. Namhlanje, inxenye yokucinga isetyenziswa kubukrelekrele bokufakelwa, apho idatha iqhutywa ngokwezibalo ezinzima kakhulu.
• Iikhompyuter ezininzi ezingundoqo: Kule minyaka idlulileyo, izithintelo ezahlula zonke iintlobo zeekhompyuter esele zikho ziya kwaphulwa, ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba lokungqongwa zizinto ezinengqiqo ezisebenza njengeekhompyuter, ezijolise ekwandiseni imveliso kwaye ezikwaziyo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zomzuzu.

Iifomathi zedatha

Ezona fomathi zedatha ziphambili ezisetyenziswa zii-microcomputer zii-bits, byte, kunye nabalinganiswa.

Inxalenye encinci yeyunithi encinci yolwazi enayo imicrosoft, ekuvela kuyo ulwazi olukhulu. Ukuhlelwa kweebhloko ezininzi kuvumela ukumelwa kolwazi.

Ngelixa ii-byte ziyunithi ebonakalayo, ekuthe ngayo kulinganiswa imemori engagungqiyo kunye nomthamo wokugcina isigxina weekhompyuter. I-byte iqulethe iibits ezisi-8, kwaye isetyenziselwa ukumela zonke iintlobo zolwazi, kubandakanya u-0 ukuya ku-9 kunye noonobumba be-alfabhethi.

Ngokubanzi, uyilo lwee-microcomputer zibenza baqonde ulwimi lwee-byte. Ngale ndlela, unokulinganisa inani elikhulu lolwazi kwii-kilobytes, megabytes, nakwiigigabytes.

Kwinxalenye yayo, umlinganiswa yileta, inombolo, iziphumlisi, uphawu okanye ikhowudi yolawulo, engasoloko ibonakala kwiscreen okanye ephepheni, ekugcinwa kulo ulwazi kunye nokudluliselwa ngombane.

Okokugqibela, ukuze uyiqonde ngcono imixholo yeebits kunye nee-byte, kubalulekile ukuba ukhankanye ukuba isuntswana leyunithi esisiseko yenkqubo yokubini, equlathe amaxabiso amabini kuphela (0 no-1). Ngelixa inkqubo yedesimali inamanani alishumi (ukusuka ku-0 ukuya ku-9) kunye ne-hexadecimal, oonobumba abali-16 abasuka ku-0 baye ku-9 nakwileta engu-A ukuya ku-F.

Izigqibo

Ukuqwalaselwa kweenkcukacha nganye malunga nenkcazo, imvelaphi, uguquko, iimpawu kunye neminye imiba yee-microcomputer, kufikelelwe kwezi zigqibo zilandelayo:

• Icandelo eliphambili lokulungisa nayiphi na i-microcomputer yile microprocessor.
• IiMicrocomputer zenziwe ngemicroprocessor, inkumbulo kunye nothotho lolwazi lokufaka kunye nezinto zokuphuma.
• Imvelaphi yabo bayityala kwisidingo sokwenza iikhompyuter ezincinci.
• Ukuvela kweekhompyuter ezincinci sisiphumo ngqo kwinkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji.
• Uyilo lwayo luyinto yakudala kwaye uyilo lwayo luhambelana.
• IiMicrocomputer ziyakwazi ukwenza ukubala kwezibalo kunye nokusebenza okunengqiqo, ngokulandela kunye nokwenza imiyalelo.
• Ifomathi yokufundisa ibonisa idilesi yendawo nganye ekhoyo kumyalelo.
• Amashishini amancinci anoxanduva lokuhlengahlengisa imiyalelo kunye nokwenza ngokulandelelana kwenkqubo.
• Ngexesha, i-microcomputer iyakwazi ukulungelelanisa imicimbi yebhasi yangaphakathi.
• Ukucaciswa yinkqubo ekucaciswa ngayo imiyalelo.
• Isixhobo senziwe ngezixhobo zokufaka kunye nezokuphuma, iyunithi yenkqubo esembindini, imemori kunye nezixhobo zokugcina.
• Ezona zixhobo ziphambili zokufaka ulwazi zezi: ikhibhodi, imouse, ikhamera yevidiyo, umfundi wokujonga, imakrofoni, phakathi kwabanye.
• Phakathi kweeyunithi eziphambili zokuphuma zezi: umshicileli, inkqubo yesandi, imodem.
• Icandelo eliphambili lokulungisa linoxanduva lokwenza imisebenzi elandelwayo kunye nemathematika, njengesiphumo sokutolikwa nokwenza imiyalelo.
• I-coprocessor yinxalenye ye-microprocessor efanelekileyo.
• Imemori ye-Cache yimemori ekhawulezayo efinyeza ixesha lokuphendula le-microcomputer.
• Iirejista ziindawo zokugcina zethutyana ezinedatha.
• Ibhasi yangaphakathi idibanisa izinto zenkqubo ngaphakathi nangaphandle.
• Imemori igcina idatha kunye neenkqubo okwethutyana, ngaphambi kokuba zenziwe yi-microprocessor.
• I-RAM yimemori yangaphakathi yee-microcomputer. Inememori yokusebenza kunye nememori yokugcina.
• Imemori yeROM iqulethe inkqubo yokusebenza yee-microcomputer, apho kugcinwa khona ii-microprograms ezinemiyalelo entsonkothileyo.
• Ezona zixhobo ziphambili zokugcina zezi: i-hard disk, i-optical drive, i-CD-ROM, iDVD, nezinye.
• IiMicrocomputer zahlulwe ngeekhompyuter zekhompyuter kunye neekhompyuter zelaptop.
• Ii-microcomputer zanamhlanje zibandakanya iidesktops, iilaptops, iitafile, iilaptops, abancedisi bedijithali, kunye nee-smartphones, phakathi kwabanye.
• Ii-microcomputer zekamva zezi: iipilisi ze-hybrid, iifowuni ezinxibelelana neethelevishini, iikhompyuter ezipokothweni, iikhompyuter ze-quantum, iikhompyuter zeholographic, njl.
• IiMicrocomputer zisebenzisa iibits, i-byte kunye noonobumba ukugcina ulwazi.