Las khompyutha Babizwa ngokuba ziikhompyuter ezineeyunithi zeediski ezivumela ukuba isebenze isixa esikhulu solwazi kunye nedatha, fumana ukuba basebenza njani ngokufunda eli nqaku.
Yintoni iiMacrocomputer?
Ukwazi yintoni imacrocomputer Kuya kufuneka uyazi ukuba inkqubo edityanisiweyo yedrive hard ibizwa ngale ndlela, ngenxa yesikhundla sabo esivumayo ukuba siqhubele phambili isixa esikhulu sedatha kunye nolwazi ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu. I-CPU yezi khompyuter sisiseko kunye neziko lenkqubo yesibini exhomekeke ikakhulu ekusebenzeni kwayo.
Imisebenzi yee-macrocomputer ivumela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukwenza unxibelelwano phakathi kwamawaka wabasebenzisi ngaxeshanye. Oku kungenxa yetekhnoloji ebizwa ngokuba yinkqubo yokwabelana ngexesha. Yindlela yokusebenza apho iprosesa iseka amaxesha afileyo. Ezi zabelwe umsebenzisi ngamnye ukuba enze imisebenzi yazo.
Ngenxa yesithuba esifutshane phakathi kokuphazamiseka phakathi komsebenzisi kunye nomnye, akukho luhlobo lokulibaziseka oluxatyiswayo. Umthamo kunye nokukhawuleza kwememori kuvumela ukwenza ukuba eli xesha lexesha liphantse lingabonakali. Ungalwandisa olu lwazi ngokunqakraza kwikhonkco elilandelayo Imemori yeROM
La maqela makhulu anoluhlobo lolawulo oluphezulu apho iicomputer zeekhompyuter zibeka ngaphezulu kwee-macrocomputer. Ezo zezona zikhulu emhlabeni kwaye zibiza kakhulu ukuzenza. Kunokuthiwa ehlabathini abafikeleli kuma-50.
Imvelaphi kunye nembali
Ii-microcomputer zokuqala zaziswa kwihlabathi ngee-40. Eyokuqala ukwenziwa yayibizwa ngokuba yi-ENIAC (i-Electronic Numerical Integrator kunye neKhompyuter), kwiKhompyuter yaseSpanish nakwi-Intanethi yeNumerical Integrator. Yayiyimodeli yenjongo ngokubanzi.
Amaqela okuqala
Yayiliqela elalichaphazeleka kakhulu ukuba liyinkqubo kwaye yayinokusombulula inani elikhulu leengxaki zamanani. Ukudalwa kwayo yayiyinjongo yokubala i-artillery shots kwiitafile kwaye yabelwa i-United States Army Ballistics Research Laborator.
Abakhi bayo yayiziinjineli uJohn Presper Eckert noJohn William Mauchly. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yayijongene nabafazi abathandathu ababizwa ngokuba nguBetty Snyder Holberton, uJean Jennings Bartik, uKathleen McNulty Mauchly Antonelli, uMarlyn Wescoff Meltzer, uRuth Lichterman Teitelbaum noFrances Bilas Spence.
50's
Ngonyaka we-1951 iMacrocomputer ebizwa ngokuba yi-UNIVAC ndaziswa, nayo yenziwa yileya yenziwa yi-ENIAC. Kodwa ngeenjongo zorhwebo, inkampani yentengiso yayiqhutywa yinkampani yeRemington Rand.
Yayiyindlalifa yekhompyuter yokuqala yokuqala ebizwa ngokuba yiUNIVAC. Imisebenzi yakhe yayimfutshane kakhulu kwaye kamva wanikezelwa kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard. Ezi modeli yayiluphuhliso lwekhompyuter yohlobo lokuqala olungeyoyasemkhosini olubizwa ngokuba yi-Z3 eyadalwa ngo-1941. Esi sixhobo sasingekho kudidi lweekhompyutha ezinkulu.
Izixhobo ezininzi zifuna ukusiwa kwiindawo ekungasetyenziswanga mbane kuzo. Ukufumana umbono wobungakanani bala maqela sinokuthi ukufakelwa kwawo kufuna indawo enye. Apho inokuba phakathi kwe-1000 ukuya kwi-300 yeemitha zesikwere.
60s kunye 70s
Eli xesha liphawule ukuvela kweekhompyuter yinkampani ye-IBM, kwaye ikwabonisa nexesha lotshintsho kwikhompyuter. Isebenzele ukubona ukuzalwa kweMicrosoft kunye nenkqubo yayo ye-MS DOS. Ikwasivumele ukuba sibone ukubonakala kwekhompyuter yokuqala ye-IBM.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2JQ1KJgTVHI
Ngokunjalo, kunokwenzeka ukwenza unxibelelwano lokuqala phakathi kweeseva, ukuqala amanyathelo okuqala okwenziwa kwe-intanethi. Ngamafutshane, ixesha eliphawulwe ngotshintsho kwezentlalo kwaye eliya kuthi kamva libeke ikamva lomntu.
Inkampani ye-IBM ilawula intengiso yeekhompyuter ezisandula ukwenziwa, kwaye ke bekucwangciswa ukwazisa iimodeli ze-macrocomputer. Ngesi sizathu, yayisungule macro 700/7000 uthotho lwezixhobo.
Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva iyakusungula uthotho lwe-360, ebelisebenza ukumisela ukumiliselwa kunye nophuhliso lweekhompyuter zedesktop. Uchungechunge lwe-360 lwalukhulelwe ikakhulu njengeMacrocomputer. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-60 iCDC (iCandelo loLawulo lweDatha) yayisongamela intengiso yezixhobo ezinkulu zekhompyuter.
Nangona kunjalo, ikhefu kubanini benkampani lavumela elinye lamaqabane alo ukuba lahlukane kwaye liphuhlise ngo-1969 inkampani ebizwa ngokuba yiCray Research. Le nkampani iqhube le projekthi ukubonisa ii-macrocomputer zoyilo ezahlukeneyo ngee-70s nakwii-80s zakuqala.
Ukusetyenziswa kweetransistors kunye neesekethe ezidityanisiweyo kamva zincedile kuphuhliso lwezixhobo zomthamo ophezulu. Kwelinye icala, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-80, abavelisi abahlukeneyo abanjengo-IBM, iBurroughs, i-UNIVAC, i-NCR, uLawulo lweDatha, iHoneywell, iGenerali yoMbane kunye neRCA baphuma.
Babenemarike yemveliso yemacrocomputer eyayikhuphisana nezinye iimveliso zaseYurophu nezaseAsia ezinje ngeNokia, Telefunken, Olivetti, Fujitsu, Hitachi kunye ne-NEC. Kule minyaka imibutho ibidibanisa kwaye isenza iinkampani ngokudibanisa nezinye iindawo.
80s kunye 90s
Njengoko iminyaka idlulile, ukukhula kunye nokudaleka kwekhompyuter kwakuthatha ukuxhuma kunye nemida kwinkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji. Ngendlela efanayo, ii-macrocomputer bezihlala kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo kwihlabathi lekhompyuter.
Izixhobo zasuka ekubeni ziiprosesa zohlobo lwe-vector ukuya kwiiprosesa zohlobo olufanayo. Oku kubandakanya amawaka ee-CPUs ezazicwangcisiwe kwaye zalungiselelwa ukwenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye. Yayilixesha apho abavelisi bephuhlisa iPowerPC, iOpteron okanye iXeon.
Ke kwaye ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-90s, iiprosesa ezinobungakanani obuphezulu zavela ngokusekwe kubuchwephesha bohlobo lwetekhnoloji. La maqela adibanisa ii-CPU eziqhelekileyo kunye nonxibelelwano olukhethekileyo. Ke, imibutho yezomkhosi kunye neenkampani ezinkulu zamanye amazwe zazisetyenziswa ngoorhulumente.
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-90, amanye amaqumrhu ayexhomekeke ikakhulu kwiikhompyutha ezinkulu. Iinkonzo zaye zajoliswa ekwenzeni iintshukumo zohlobo oluthile. ngokudibeneyo nokunxibelelana kwenethiwekhi ye-intanethi. Ngamanye amagama, ulwazi kunye nokulungiswa kwedatha kwakuhamba ngokukhawuleza okukhulu.
Unyaka ka-2000 ukubheka phambili
Eli xesha livumela ukuphuhlisa izixhobo ezinokuphatha iipakethi zedatha kwiibhetshi; Ngamanye amagama, iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo nezichanekileyo zinokwenziwa ngaxeshanye kwixabiso elifanayo kunye nexesha. Obu buchwephesha buye endaweni yoko kubizwa ngokuba lurhwebo nge-elektroniki kunye nokubhankisha.
Iinkqubo zenziwa ngamaqela apho amaJapan ayephambili kuphuhliso lweekhompyuter. Phakathi kweemveliso ezibonisiweyo zazifunwa kakhulu emva kweMDGrape-3. Ezi zixhobo zazithengiselwa abantu babucala kuphela kwaye zazingenayo ireferensi yorhwebo.
Ngo-2009, izixhobo ezinje ngeRoad Runner, ezinesakhono sokulungisa i-petaflops ezi-3 yi-IBM, zamiliselwa emarikeni kwaye zithatha isalathiso njenge-MDGrape-1 yase-China, e-China "Milky Way One" ene-1,2 petaflops ziphuhlisiwe.
Emva koko yaqala imfazwe yee-macrocomputer eyathi yakhokelela amazwe athuthukileyo ukuba akhe iikhomputha ezinkulu, ungafunda okuninzi ngezi khompyuter ngokuchofoza inqaku elilandelayo Iindidi zekhompyuter.
Emva koko i-United States yavelisa iCray Research kunye neJaguar, zombini i-1,7 petaflops. Ukuphela kuka-2009 ithathwa njengeyona Macrocomputer inkulu emhlabeni. Njengesalathiso, singabonisa ukuba iipetaflops ziwuphinda kahlanu umlinganiso wekhompyuter ozimiseleyo ukubala "indawo ezihamba ngokudada ngomzuzwana" (Indawo yokudada ngeSibini)
Le milinganiselo imisela isantya apho iMacrocomputer okanye ikhompyuter enkulu inokuqhuba khona ngexesha elinikiweyo. Okwangoku, inkampani ye-IBM iphuhlisa izixhobo ze-microcomputer kunye nenkampani ye-Unisys.
Iimodeli ze-z10, ezihlangwini ze-z9, ezivela kwi-IBM zizise ubugcisa obubizwa ngokuba yi-mainframe technology, yiyo le nto igqiba zonke izixhobo zeekhompyuter namhlanje.
Iimpawu eziphambili zeMacrocomputer
Ezi supercomputer ziluhlobo lwekhompyuter eqhelekileyo enkulu. Ineenkcukacha ezinzima kakhulu ezenza iinkqubo zayo; uthotho lwezenzo ezinokwenziwa kwimizuzwana embalwa. Xa iqela eliqhelekileyo lithatha imizuzu embalwa kunye neeyure.
Umthamo omkhulu
Inesakhono sokuqhubekeka ulwazi ngokukhawuleza nangokuchanekileyo. Baphatha iinkqubo ngesantya esimangalisayo kunye nokusebenza ngokukuko. Phakathi kwabo sinokuthiya ukugcina idatha kunye nolawulo lwemisebenzi emikhulu. Yeyiphi iseva eqhelekileyo eya kuthatha ukusetyenziswa kunye nenkcitho yemali enkulu yezixhobo.
Iinkqubo zimiselwe ngokweemfuno zabasebenzisi. Ezi zibonwa ukuba ziphathwa ngezinga elikhulu. Ke umthamo wolwazi ugcwele ngaphezulu kweeseva ezincinci. Iinkqubo ezilawulwayo zihlala zahluka ngokwemfuno zabasebenzisi.
Ngokunjalo, bavumela ukwenza imisebenzi ngezicelo ezahlukeneyo, oomatshini ababonakalayo ngaxeshanye. Singatsho ukuba amandla ayo okwenza imisebenzi ngaxeshanye; yenye yezona mpawu zayo zibalulekileyo.
Ubungakanani kunye nomthamo
Nangona baphatha isixa esikhulu solwazi kunye nedatha, ezi khompyuter zifuna imemori enkulu kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, kule mihla baxhomekeke ekusebenziseni ngokwasemzimbeni kungekho ndawo zinkulu kakhulu. Xa kuthelekiswa nezixhobo ezivela kwiminyaka engama-50 eyadlulayo, apho kwakufuneka babekwe kwizithuba ezingaphezulu kwehektare enye.
Ezi macrocomputer namhlanje zinokufakwa kwizithuba ezingagqithiyo kwi-75 M2. Oku kuye kwaba ngumbulelo kwimini miniurization yeesekethe zekhompyuter kunye neenkqubo. Namhlanje kukho ii-macrocomputer ezilingana nefriji yeenyawo ezili-16.
Abavelisi
Ngokungafaniyo neekhompyuter, iilaptops, iitafile, iiselfowuni kunye nezinye izixhobo zeteknoloji. Ihlabathi labenzi beemacrocomputer limiselwe ngu; akukho ngaphezulu kweenkampani ezili-10 kwihlabathi liphela.
Abavelisi abakhulu abanjenge-IBM babezinikele ngokukodwa ekwenzeni iikhompyuter kunye neekhompyuter. Iinkampani ezinje ngeHewlett-Packard, i-Unisys, iFijitsu, iHitachi kunye ne-NEC; ukuba kwiminyaka eyadlulayo yeza ukwenza iikhompyuter zedesktop.
Utyalo-mali lwezi nkampani lokwenza iikhompyuter zinkulu kakhulu, kungoko isizathu sokunikezela ngokukodwa kuphuhliso lwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo kwaye ziphezulu ngokomthamo.
Iintlobo zeetheminali
IiMacrocomputer ziqulathe izinto ezahlukeneyo kakhulu kwizixhobo eziqhelekileyo zekhompyuter. Kungenxa yoko le nto unxibelelwano lwenziwa kwiitheminali ezikhethekileyo ekufuneka zibe neempawu ezithile. Ukuzinza, ukusebenza kunye nomgangatho.
Iindawo zokusebenzela ziyafana nezo zekhompyutha eqhelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ayinayo i-CPU yayo; Baxhomekeke kwisiphelo esisembindini esikwi-microcomputer ethi yona isebenze njengendawo yokufikelela kubasebenzisi.
Isoftware
IiMacrocomputer zineenkqubo zokusebenza ezahlukileyo ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo loqwalaselo olwenziwe ngumenzi. Ezi nkqubo zokusebenza zingaphakathi kwento ebizwa ngokuba yinkqubo ephambili yokusebenza ephuhliswayo ngoku ziinkampani ezinjengeUnix kunye neLinux. Iinguqulelo ezintsha ze-IBM zOs ezindala.
Iinkqubo zokusebenza zigcina ujongano lwezakhono apho iimfuno zomsebenzisi zithathwa khona. Ukucwangciswa akufani kakhulu ngokubhekisele kumaqela amancinci kodwa kuvumela ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo ezikhawulezayo nezisebenzayo.
Usebenziso
Ezi zixhobo zisetyenziselwa imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, ngakumbi ukuba zijolise ekuqhubeni isixa esikhulu semisebenzi yokuhamba. Uphuhliso lwayo lwenze ukuba kube nakho ukubonelela ngeenkonzo kwimibutho yamanye amazwe ebikhula ngevolumu nangokwanda.
Ngeenjongo zorhwebo
Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, enye yeendawo ezixhamle kwezona macrocomputer ibikukubhankisha kunye nezorhwebo. Ukukhula kweenkampani ezithile kwiminyaka yokuqala yama-90s kwakulinganiselwe, njengoko babengenakho ukubonelela ngokubanzi kubathengi babo.
Abanye babenomda kwinani elithile labasebenzisi kunye nemisebenzi. Ngophuhliso lwee-macrocomputer, imisebenzi yeebhanki yaba yinto yonke, urhwebo lukhule ngendlela yokuba ngoku idibanisa itekhnoloji yentengiso yedijithali nentengiso kunye nentengiso kwi-Intanethi.
Umkhosi
Nangona babengabanduleli bemacrocomputer, iinkonzo zomkhosi kwihlabathi liphela zifuna ngaphandle kwesizathu, zingenise iinkqubo zomkhosi kunye nolawulo kwiikhompyuter. Iinkqubo zokubhabha ngenqwelomoya, iiradars, ulawulo lweengalo, ulawulo lolwazi emkhosini, phakathi kweminye imisebenzi, kufuneka zongamele iiprosesa ezinkulu.
Inani leesathelayithi zomkhosi ezijikeleza iplanethi kufuneka zilawulwe zii-macrocomputer. Amawaka eenkqubo abazenzayo yonke imihla kufuneka zilawulwe ziikhompyuter ezinkulu. Sinokuchaza ezininzi imizekelo yeekhompyuter eziphendula kwiimfuno zomkhosi kodwa kuya kuthatha ixesha elide ukuzichaza zonke.
Unyango kunye nempilo
Namhlanje kuyafuneka ukuba kube nolawulo lwesifo kunye nenkqubo yokujonga. Okuvumela ukulawula nokujonga iintlobo zezifo ezenziwa kwilizwe ngalinye. Ekuhlaleni uninzi lweenkampani zigcina iirekhodi kwaye zilawula iinkonzo zenkxaso yokuqonda isifo ngamaqela amakhulu.
Uphando kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezifundo
Enkosi kwii-macrocomputer, uphando olunzulu lwesayensi lunokwenziwa ngokufana naphina emhlabeni. Namhlanje iiprojekthi zigadwe zaza zahlalutywa ziingcali ezikumgangatho ophezulu.
Iiyunivesithi zinethuba elihle lokuhambisa iiprojekthi zophando ezijolise kwizigidi zabafundi. Iirekhodi, idatha, ulwazi kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zezixhobo zinokutshintshiselana kwaye ziphuhliswe ngaphandle kwemida yexesha kunye nomgama.
Tshintshisa iinethiwekhi
IiMacrocomputer zenze ukuba kube lula ukulungisa iinkqubo ezinokulibaziseka ukuba bezenziwe ziiseva eziqhelekileyo. Oovimba beenkcukacha kwiiwebhusayithi ezininzi eziqokelela izixa ezikhulu zolwazi, zisebenzisa izixhobo zokugcina njengeemacrocomputer.
Iprojekthi yenkqubo ephambili ivumela ukuhlengahlengisa ezi nkqubo, ziyilelwe ngokukodwa ukuqhubekeka kwemithamo emikhulu yolwazi evela kwizigidi zabasebenzisi ngokusetyenziswa okwahlukeneyo. Kule khonkco ilandelayo ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nesihloko esihambelana Iindidi zeetopiki zenethiwekhi
Iindidi zeekhompyuter
Ehlabathini kukho uyilo oluninzi lweekhompyuter ezisasazeke kwiinkampani ezahlukeneyo nakwiinkampani, phakathi kwezona zisetyenzisiweyo zezi zilandelayo:
- Ezi zakhiwe yi-IBM kwii-IBM zSeries, iiNkqubo z9 kunye neemodeli z10. Ezi khompyuter zaseDominican ngoku zithengisa ii-macrocomputer.
- IHewlett-Packard iphuhlisa kwaye ithengisa izixhobo zeNonStop. Iqela leBull lenza i-DPS.
- Inkampani yaseJapan iFujitsu ithengisa i-BS2000 yayo kunye neeprojekthi eziphambili zeFujitsu-ICL VME, ezithengiswa kuphela eYurophu.
- I-Unisys inentengiso yophuhliso lweemodeli ze-ClearPath Libra kunye ne-ClearPath, ebonisa imibala emitsha, iimilo kunye nemigca.
- I-Hitachi iphuhlisa iinkqubo zokusebenza ezibizwa ngokuba yi-MSP kunye ne-VOS 3, ethi amabango e-IBM kukukopa kweemodeli zayo zesoftware ye-MVS ezenziwe ngeminyaka yoo-80.
Imizekelo yee-macrocomputer
Ezinye zibandakanyiwe kwiiseva ezahlukeneyo esele sithethile ngazo ngaphambili, phakathi kwazo sifumana:
- IBM
- Inkqubo z9
- z10 kunye ne-zSeries
Ewe kungumsebenzi wethu ukukukhumbuza ukuba i-IBM iseyona nkokeli yentengiso kwi-mainframe, nge-90% yayo engakholelekiyo.
Ngubani ofumana umgca obalaseleyo wee-macrocomputer ezaziwa kwihlabathi liphela njenge:
- 360
- 370
- 390
Kufuneka ibandakanywe ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo ukuhlafuna njenge-ClearPath Libra kunye nezinye izinto eziphambili ezifana neFijitsu-ICL VME namhlanje ezikhoyo kwilizwekazi laseYurophu. Kananjalo kukho ezinye ezindala kakhulu, ukusukela kwiminyaka elishumi yama-80 esekho.
Iimpawu ezinje ngeHitachi kunye neFujitsu zinemigca yeekhompyuter okanye iikhompyuter ezinkulu ezisebenzisa iinkqubo zokusebenza abazibiza ngokuba yi-MSP kunye ne-VOS3, kwaye ngaxa lithile bababhala ngenkqubo ye-IBM ebizwa ngokuba yi-MVS, oku kuma-1980.
Kukho abathile ubuchwepheshe babo buhlaziyeke ngakumbi kwaye benziwa ngobuqhophololo ngeCDS ezinokuthenjwa okuphezulu kakhulu, kunye nobuchule obugqwesileyo kwinkonzo kunye nokufumaneka kunye nokukhuseleka okuqinisekileyo, okubaluleke kakhulu. Umzekelo we icomputer Ngulowo uboniswe kumfanekiso olandelayo.
