Ama-Microcomputer: Incazelo, Umlando, nokuningi

Ama-microcomputer ayisimangaliso sobuchwepheshe, njengoba enza ukwenziwa okuzenzakalelayo kwemininingwane kwenzeke ngendlela entofontofo nelula. Kulesi sihloko uzofunda ngakho konke okuphathelene nabo, kusukela ekuqaleni kwabo kuze kube ku- ama-microcomputer amanje.

Ama-Microcomputer

Ama-Microcomputer, abizwa nangokuthi ama-microcomputer noma ama-microcomputer, ngamakhompyutha ane-microprocessor njenge-central processing unit, futhi enzelwe ukufeza imisebenzi ethile. Izici ezinjengalezi: ubunzima besistimu, amandla, uhlelo olusebenzayo, ukwenziwa kwamazinga, ukuguquguquka kanye nentengo yemishini, phakathi kokunye, kuncike kwi-microprocessor.

Ngokuyinhloko, ama-microcomputer akha uhlelo oluphelele lokusetshenziswa komuntu siqu, oluqukethe, ngaphezu kwe-microprocessor, inkumbulo kanye nochungechunge lwezinto zokufaka zolwazi nezokukhipha.

Ekugcineni, kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi yize ama-microcomputer evame ukudideka ngamakhompyutha wakho, awafani. Kungashiwo ukuthi lezi zokugcina ziyingxenye yokuhlukaniswa okujwayelekile kwalowo owedlule.

Uma ufuna ukwazi imininingwane eminingi ngayo, ngikumema ukuthi ufunde i-athikili eku- izinhlobo zamakhompyutha akhona namuhla.

Origen

Ama-microcomputer avela lapho kunesidingo sokuletha amakhompyutha amancane emakhaya nasemabhizinisini. Okungahlanganiswa ngemuva kokudalwa kwama-microprocessors ngo-1971.

Uhlobo lokuqala olwaziwayo lwe-microcomputer, yize lwalungenayo i-microprocessor, kodwa iqoqo lama-microcircuits, lwatholakala ngo-1973. Yakhiwa futhi yakhiwa yi-Xerox Research Center futhi yabizwa nge-Alto. Le phrojekthi ayiphumelelanga ngenxa yezinga lobuchwepheshe ebelidingeka, kodwa belingatholakali ngaleso sikhathi.

Ngemuva kwalolu hlobo, ezinye izinhlelo zavela esandleni sezinye izinkampani, kufaka phakathi i-Apple. Kodwa-ke, kwakungo-1975 lapho kuthengiswa khona i-microcomputer yokuqala yokuhweba. Kwakuyi-Altair 8800, eyinkampani yeMITS. Yize ibingenayo ikhibhodi, ukuqapha, inkumbulo unomphela, nezinhlelo, ngokushesha yaba yi-hit. Yayinama-switch namalambu.

Kamuva, ngo-1981, i-IBM yakhipha ikhompyutha yomuntu siqu yokuqala, ebizwa nge-IBM-PC, eyayisekelwe ku-Intel's 8080 microprocessor. Leli qiniso labonisa ukuqala kwenkathi entsha yokusebenzisa ikhompyutha, ngoba ukusuka lapho izinhlobo ezinamandla zamakhompiyutha ezincane zaqala ukuvela, ezikhuthazwa yizinkampani ezinjengeCompaq, i-Olivetti, iHewlett - Packard, phakathi kwabanye.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo

Kusukela kwavela i-Alto, ebinesikrini sokuskena esinemigqa engu-875, idiski engu-2,5 MB kanye ne-interface enenethiwekhi eyi-3 Mbits / s Ethernet, ubuchwepheshe buye bavela, njalo kucatshangelwa izici ezihamba phambili zohlobo ngalunye lwamamodeli angaphambilini.

Ngokwalokhu kubukwa, kungashiwo ukuthi ukukhuphuka kwama-microcomputer ikakhulu kungenxa yokuthi ubuchwepheshe babo sebuthuthuke kakhulu, uma kuqhathaniswa nobamakhompiyutha amancane kanye nabasebenza kakhulu. Idizayini nokwakhiwa kwayo, kufaka phakathi ama-microprocessor anamandla amakhulu, imemori esheshayo nenekhono lokugcina ama-chip, kutholwa ngezikhathi zomjikelezo ezimfushane. Ngale ndlela, bathenga isikhathi sezizukulwane zezinye izinhlobo zamakhompyutha.

Ekugcineni, kufanele kucaciswe ukuthi njengomphumela wentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, igama elithi microcomputer alisasetshenziswa, ngoba namuhla izinkampani eziningi ezikhiqizayo zifaka ama-microprocessors cishe kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwekhompyutha.

Izici

Ama-Microcomputer awuhlobo lwekhompyutha olunezici ezilandelayo:

• Ingxenye yayo emaphakathi yi-microprocessor, okungeyona into edlula isekethe elihlanganisiwe.
• Ukwakhiwa kwayo kwakudala, kwakhiwe ekuhambeni kokulawulwa kokusebenza nolimi lwezinqubo.
• Inikela ngobuchwepheshe obakhelwe ngaphakathi, obuvumela ukuxhumana kwezingxenye zayo.
• Ngenxa yokwakheka kwayo okuhlanganisiwe, kulula ukupakisha nokuhambisa.

Ngabe ama-microcomputer asebenza kanjani?

Ama-Microcomputer ayakwazi ukwenza okufakwayo, okukhiphayo, ukubala nokusebenza kwe-logic, ngokusebenzisa inqubo elandelayo eyisisekelo:

• Ukutholwa kwedatha ezocutshungulwa.
• Ukwenza imiyalo ehleliwe yokucubungula imininingwane.
• Ukugcinwa kwemininingwane, ngaphambi nangemva kokuguqulwa kwayo.
• Ukwethulwa kwemiphumela yokucubungula idatha.

Ngamanye amagama, ama-microcomputer asebenzisa ifomethi yemiyalo ebavumelayo, ngokubanquma, ukuthi benze imisebenzi emincane edingekayo yokuphendula izicelo zomsebenzisi.

Ngakho-ke, ifomethi yemiyalo ifaka ikhodi yokusebenza, lapho ikhombisa khona ukubhekelwa kwe-opharetha ngayinye, okungukuthi, ichaza imiyalo ethile, yezakhi ezahlukahlukene eziyenzayo.

Ngokwengxenye yabo, ukusebenza okuncane kungukusebenza kokusebenza kwe-microprocessor, enesibopho sokuhlelwa kabusha kwemiyalo kanye nokwenziwa ngokulandelana kohlelo.

Ngenkathi usebenzisa isikhathi, i-microcomputer iyakwazi ukuxhumanisa izehlakalo zenethiwekhi yolayini bezokuxhumana ezixhuma izinto zohlelo.

Okokugcina, kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuqonda. Ukunquma inqubo okuhunyushelwa kuyo imiyalelo, ukuze kuhlonzwe ukusebenza okuzokwenziwa kanye nendlela yokuthola ama-opharetha okumele kwenziwe kuwo lawa ma-oda.

Izingxenyekazi zekhompyutha zeMicrocomputer

I-Hardware imele izingxenye ezibonakalayo zama-microcomputer, okungukuthi, yingxenye ebonakalayo yazo. Iqukethe amadivayisi kagesi nawakwa-electromechanical, amasekethe, amakhebuli, nezinye izinto zangaphandle ezenza ukusebenza okuhlangene kwemishini kwenzeke.

Endabeni yama-microcomputer, ingabhekisa kuyunithi eyodwa noma kumadivayisi ahlukene ahlukahlukene.

Ngamagama avamile, ukuze i-hardware ifeze imisebenzi yayo, idinga ukuba khona kwalezi zinto ezilandelayo:

Amadivayisi wokufaka

Yizingxenye umsebenzisi afaka ngazo idatha ku-microcomputer, kungaba yimibhalo, umsindo, ihluzo noma amavidiyo. Phakathi kwazo kukhona: ikhibhodi, igundane, imakrofoni, ikhamera yevidiyo, isoftware yokuqaphela izwi, isibonisi se-optical, njll.

Nayi eminye imininingwane mayelana namadivayisi wokufaka ayinhloko we-microcomputer:

• Ikhibhodi: Yidivayisi yokufaka yolwazi ngokusebenza kahle. Ivumela ukuxhumana phakathi komsebenzisi ne-microcomputer, ngokufakwa kwedatha ezoguqulwa ibe amamodeli abonakalayo.
• Igundane: Ukwabelana kusebenza ngekhibhodi, kepha kungenza imisebenzi ehlobene ngokuchofoza okukodwa noma kabili. Shintsha ukunyakaza komzimba kube ukunyakaza kwesikrini.
• Imakrofoni: Ngokuvamile, kuyidivayisi ehlanganiswe kuma-microcomputer amaningi, umsebenzi wawo kuphela ukuvumela ukufakwa kwezwi.
• Ikhamera yevidiyo: Isebenziseka ngokufaka imininingwane ngesimo sezithombe namavidiyo, kepha ayisebenziseki ezinhlelweni eziningi ezenziwa ngama-microcomputer.
• Isoftware yokuqaphela izwi: Inesibopho sokuguqula igama elikhulunywayo libe amasiginali edijithali angahunyushwa futhi ahunyushwe ngama-microcomputer.
• Ipeni elibonakalayo: Lakha isikhombisi se-elektroniki lapho umsebenzisi eguqula khona imininingwane esesibukweni. Isetshenziswa ngesandla futhi isebenza ngezinzwa ezithumela amasiginali kukhompiyutha encane isikhathi ngasinye lapho kubhaliswa ukukhanya.
• Isifundi se-Optical: Sifana nosiba, kepha umsebenzi waso omkhulu ukufunda ama-barcode ukuthola imikhiqizo.
• I-CD-ROM: Iyidivayisi yokufaka ejwayelekile, egcina amafayela ekhompyutha afundwa kuphela. Ayitholakali kuwo wonke ama-microcomputer, kepha ikhona kumakhompyutha wedeskithophu.
• Iskena: Kuyithuluzi elingaxhuma kumakhompyutha wedeskithophu ikakhulukazi. Faka amadijithi kwinto ephrintiwe ezogcinwa kumakhompyutha amancane.

Amadivayisi wokukhipha

Lawa ngamayunithi lapho ama-microcomputer axhumana khona ngemiphumela etholakele, ngemuva kokucubungula nokuguqula imininingwane. Kuma-microcomputer okuvame kakhulu izikrini nezipikha.

• Ukuqapha: Iyunithi yokukhipha imininingwane ejwayelekile kakhulu. Iqukethe isikrini lapho idatha nemiyalo efakwe kwi-microcomputer kukhonjiswa khona. Ngayo kungenzeka futhi ukugcina izinhlamvu nemidwebo etholakala ngemuva kokuguqulwa kwedatha.
• Iphrinta: Ayikwazi ukuxhunywa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zama-microcomputer, kepha ingelinye lamadivayisi wokukhipha imininingwane asetshenziswa kakhulu. Ikakhulu ikhiqiza kabusha, ngesimo sekhophi, noma yiluphi uhlobo lolwazi olugcinwe kumakhompyutha amancane.
• I-Modem: Isetshenziselwa ukuxhuma amakhompyutha amabili, ngendlela yokuthi bakwazi ukushintshanisa idatha phakathi kwabo. Ngokufanayo, ivumela idatha ukuthi idluliswe ngocingo.
• Isistimu yomsindo: Ngokuvamile, imelela amakhadi womsindo ahlanganisiwe akhulisa umsindo oqukethwe kokuqukethwe kwe-multimedia.
• Isipikha: Ikuvumela ukuthi uphendule ngokukhishwa komsindo.

Mayelana nalokhu, kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi esimweni sezikrini zokuthinta ezikhona kuma-microcomputer amaningi amanje, sisebenza njengedivayisi yokufaka kanye neyokukhipha ngasikhathi sinye. Ngokufanayo, amadivayisi wokuxhumana, axhumanisa ikhompyutha eyodwa nenye, anomsebenzi ombaxambili.

Iyunithi yokucubungula emaphakathi

Kushiwo i-microprocessor noma ubuchopho be-microcomputer, lapho kwenziwa khona ukusebenza okunengqondo kanye nezibalo ze-arithmetic, imikhiqizo yokuhumusha nokwenza imiyalo etholakele.

I-microprocessor yakhiwa i-math coprocessor, i-cache kanye nephakeji, futhi itholakala ngaphakathi kwebhodi lomama lama-microcomputer. Ukwazi imininingwane eminingi ngendawo ekuyo, ungabheka i-athikili ku- izakhi ze-motherboard kusuka kukhompyutha.

I-coprocessor yingxenye enengqondo ye-microprocessor. Inesibopho sezibalo, ukwenziwa kwemidwebo, ukwenziwa kwamafonti ezinhlamvu nokuhlanganiswa kwemibhalo nezithombe, kanye namarejista, iyunithi yokulawula, inkumbulo nebhasi ledatha.

Imemori ye-Cache imemori esheshayo efushanisa isikhathi sokuphendula, esihlobene nokuthola imininingwane esetshenziswa njalo, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-RAM.

I-encapsulation yingxenye yangaphandle evikela i-microprocessor, ngasikhathi sinye evumela ukuxhumana nezixhumi zangaphandle.

Ama-Microprocessors ahlobene namarejista, okuyizindawo zokugcina zesikhashana eziqukethe idatha. Futhi baphethe ukulandela imiyalo nomphumela wokwenza imiyalo eshiwo.

Ekugcineni, ama-microcomputer afaka ibhasi langaphakathi noma inethiwekhi yolayini bezokuxhumana, ekwazi ukuxhuma izinto zohlelo ngaphakathi nangaphandle.

Amadivayisi wememori nokugcina

Iyunithi yememori inesibopho sokugcina okwesikhashana imiyalo nedatha etholakele ukuze, kamuva, zithathwe lapho yiprosesa. Imininingwane kufanele ibe yikhodi kanambambili. Imemori ihlukaniswa nememori yokufinyelela engahleliwe (RAM) nenkumbulo yokufunda kuphela (i-ROM).

I-RAM imele inkumbulo yangaphakathi, ihlukaniswe ngememori yokusebenza kanye nememori yesitoreji. Kuyo, kungenzeka ukuthola igama noma i-byte ngokushesha nangokuqondile, ngaphandle kokubheka isethi yamabhithi agcinwe ngaphambi noma ngemuva komlingiswa oshiwo.

Ngokwengxenye yayo, i-ROM iqukethe uhlelo oluyisisekelo noma olusebenzayo lwe-microcomputer. Kuyo, ama-microprograms aqukethe imiyalo eyinkimbinkimbi ayagcinwa, kanye ne-bitmap ehambelana nenhlamvu ngayinye ethintekayo.

Mayelana nalokhu, kuyadingeka ukuthi wazi ukuthi, ngokubuka okusebenzayo, inkumbulo nokugcinwa kuyimiqondo emibili ehluke ngokuphelele. Lapho i-microcomputer icishiwe, izinhlelo nedatha egcinwe kwimemori ilahleka, ngenkathi okuqukethwe okukhona kusitoreji kugcinwa.

Amashayela wesitoreji afaka ama-hard drive, ama-CD-ROM, ama-DVD, ama-optical drive, nama-hard drive asuswayo, phakathi kwabanye.

• I-Hard disk: Yidiski eqinile kazibuthe, okungukuthi, iqukethe ngaphakathi kweyunithi. Itholakala kuma-microcomputer amaningi futhi inamandla amakhulu okugcina imininingwane.
• I-Optical drive: Imane ibizwa ngokuthi i-CD, iyithuluzi lokugcina nokusabalalisa lomsindo, isoftware kanye nolunye uhlobo lwedatha. Imininingwane igcinwa ngezimbumbulu ezenziwe nge-laser kwi-master disc, ekhishwa ekwakhiweni kwamakhophi amaningi. Yenziwa ezimbonini.
• I-CD-ROM: Yidiski efundwayo kuphela, okusho ukuthi imininingwane egcinwe kuyo ayinakuguqulwa, futhi ayinakusulwa uma seyigcinwe. Ngokungafani nama-CD, idatha iqoshwa njengemboni yasendulo.
• I-DVD: Bagcina ifilosofi efanayo neyama-CD, kepha imininingwane ingaqoshwa ezinhlangothini zombili ze-DVD. Ngokuvamile, udinga isidlali esikhethekile ukuze usifunde. Kodwa-ke, amamodeli wesidlali akamuva emakethe afunda ama-CD nama-DVD ngokufanayo.

Izinhlobo

Ngamagama avamile futhi njengephuzu elibalulekile kwezobuchwepheshe, singakhuluma ngezinhlobo ezimbili zama-microcomputer: amakhompyutha wedeskithophu nama-laptops. Kokubili ukusetshenziswa okuvamile, ngobukhulu obulinganayo, phakathi kwabantu nezinkampani.

• Amakhompiyutha wedeskithophu: Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo, angabekwa etafuleni ledeski, kepha leso sici esifanayo sibavimbela ukuthi baphatheke. Zakhiwe ngamayunithi wokucubungula nokugcina, amayunithi wokukhipha, kanye nekhibhodi.
• Ama-laptops: Ngenxa yokwakheka kwawo okukhanyayo nokuhlangene, angahanjiswa kalula esuka endaweni eyodwa eya kwenye. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ama-laptops, izincwadi zokubhalela, ama-personal assistants digital (PDAs), izingcingo ezidijithali nezinye. Isici salo esiyinhloko ijubane ekusetshenzisweni kwedatha.

Ama-microcomputer amanje

Njengoba sesishilo, kunezinhlobo eziningana zama-microcomputer, ngayinye enezimpawu ezichazwe kahle ngokuya ngokusetshenziswa kwayo. Ukuqhubeka; imininingwane:

• Amakhompiyutha wedeskithophu: Luhlobo olusetshenziswa kakhulu kakhulu lwe-microcomputer. Bayakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ejwayelekile ekhompyutheni, njengokuphequlula i-Intanethi, ukubhala umbhalo kanye nemisebenzi yokuhlela, phakathi kweminye imisebenzi eminingi ewusizo kakhulu. Zisekela izinto zohlobo lokufinyelela ezifana nezimpondo nama-webcam.
• Amalaptop: Kusukela yasungulwa ngo-1981, bakha inguquko yamakhompyutha abo. Phakathi kwezinto zayo, isikrini, ikhibhodi, iprosesa, i-hard disk, iprosesa, njll. Bayakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi efanayo namakhompyutha wedeskithophu, kepha usayizi wabo omncane nezindleko kusho ukuthi banezinzuzo ngaphezulu kwabo.
• Amalaptop: Banesikrini esicaba futhi banikwe amandla ibhethri. Usayizi wayo uchaza ukuthwala kwayo.
• Izincwadi zokubhalela: Ukusetshenziswa kwayo okuyinhloko ukufeza imisebenzi elula yokukhiqiza. Abanawo ama-CD noma ama-DVD player. Zibiza kancane kunamakhompyutha, okudala ukuthi zibe namazinga aphezulu okuthengisa. Zilula ukwedlula ama-laptops.
• Amathebulethi: Afaka ama-laptops nezincwadi zokubhala ezisebenza esikhundleni sokusebenza. Isikrini sayo sokuthinta sivumela umsebenzisi ukuthi ahlanganyele nokuqukethwe. Azinawo amakhibhodi noma amagundane.
• Abasizi Bedijithali Bomuntu (ama-PDA): Ngokuyisisekelo basebenza njengabahleli bephakethe. Banemisebenzi ye-ajenda, incwajana yokubhalela, amaspredishithi, phakathi kwabanye. Bavumela ukufakwa kwedatha ngamadivayisi okokufaka akhethekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banamathuluzi wokuxhumana kabusha.
• Ama-Smartphones: Angamakhompiyutha amancane anekhono lokuthumela nokwamukela izingcingo nemiyalezo, ngaphezu kokuxhuma kwi-inthanethi nge-WiFi noma ukuxhumana ngeselula. Babelana ngemisebenzi eminingi ekhona kumakhompyutha wakho, njengokulawula ama-imeyili nokusingatha okuqukethwe kwe-multimedia.

Ama-Microcomputer wesikhathi esizayo

Ngaphandle kokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwekhompyutha nobuchwepheshe, izisekelo ze-hardware ne-software zivame ukuhlala zingaguquguquki ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kodwa-ke, ama-microcomputer athembisa ukuhlala phambili, enza lula ukuphathwa kwezezimali, ama-ajenda, oxhumana nabo, amakhalenda, neminye imisebenzi yempilo yansuku zonke. Ngendlela efanayo, bazoqhubeka nokuba khona emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe obusha, njengobuhlakani bokufakelwa, amarobhothi, nakho konke okuphathelene nokuqukethwe kwe-multimedia.

Ama-microcomputer okulindeleke ukuthi abe nomthelela omuhle ezimpilweni zethu zesikhathi esizayo ngokungangabazeki azoba namandla amakhulu namandla, futhi futhi anikele ngokusebenza okuhle nangcono. Phakathi kwabo kungashiwo okulandelayo:

• Ama-laptops we-Hybrid: Abizwa nangokuthi ama-hybrid tablets, asebenza njengama-tablet namakhompyutha ngasikhathi sinye, ngoba anekhibhodi kanye ne-touch screen. Njengebhonasi engeziwe, isikrini sikhulu futhi sifaka ipeni ledijithali.
• Izingcingo ezixhumeke kumathelevishini: Kusukela kwavela ama-smartphones, ukusebenza kwawo kuyanda. Ngalesi siphakamiso kunethemba lokuguqula isikrini sethelevishini sibe yikhompyutha, konke ngokusebenzisa ukuxhumana okulula kwekhebula. Ngaphandle kwemizamo eyenziwe mayelana nalokhu, isiphakamiso asikaqedi ukwakhiwa. Kodwa-ke, kulindeleke ukuthi ngokuzayo imakethe yezingcingo ezisezingeni eliphezulu ikhule futhi yamukele le ndlela entsha yokwenza ubuchwepheshe, ngokwenza izinhlelo zokusebenza zomhlaba wonke.
• Ama-Pocket computer: Yize umqondo usuvele ukhona, lawa makhompyutha kulindeleke ukuthi anciphise ukwakheka kwawo ukuze afane ne-pendrive. Umqondo oyinhloko walesi siphakamiso ukuthi ngokuxhuma idivayisi encane esikrinini, ingasebenza njengekhompyutha.
• Amakhompyutha we-Holographic: Impela kungumsebenzi wokuvelela. Kodwa-ke, njengamanje ezinye izinkampani namanyuvesi athuthukisa amaphrojekthi azovumela ukuguqula izigqoko zokuvikela ezingokoqobo esezikhona ukuze zizenze amadivayisi e-holographic, empeleni zibeke ubuchwepheshe ezandleni zabasebenzisi.
• Amakhompiyutha we-Quantum: Iphrojekthi yesikhathi esizayo ibandakanya ukukhuliswa kwalobu buchwepheshe, okuvumela ukucutshungulwa kwedatha enkulu ngesikhathi esincane. Namuhla, ingxenye yalokhu kucabanga isetshenziswa ekuhlakanipheni okufakelwayo, lapho idatha icutshungulwa ngezibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
• Ama-multi-core computer: Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, izithiyo ezihlukanisa zonke izinhlobo zamakhompyutha akhona zizophulwa, kuze kube sezingeni lokuzungezwa izinto ezihlakaniphile ezisebenza njengamakhompyutha, eziqondiswe ekwandiseni umkhiqizo futhi ezikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zesikhashana.

Amafomethi wedatha

Amafomethi wedatha amakhulu asetshenziswa ngama-microcomputer ngama-bits, byte, nezinhlamvu.

Okuncane yiyunithi yolwazi oluncane kunayo yonke enayo i-microcomputer, lapho kudalwa khona imininingwane emikhulu. Ukuqoqwa kwamabhithi amaningi kuvumela ukumelwa kolwazi.

Ngenkathi ama-byte eyunithi esebenzayo, lapho kulinganiswa inkumbulo engahleliwe namandla okugcina unomphela wama-microcomputer. I-byte iqukethe izingcezu eziyi-8, futhi isetshenziselwa ukumela zonke izinhlobo zolwazi, kufaka phakathi izinombolo u-0 kuye ku-9 nezinhlamvu zamagama.

Ngokuvamile, ukwakheka kwama-microcomputer kubenza baqonde ulimi lwama-byte. Ngale ndlela, ungalinganisa inani elikhulu lemininingwane kusuka kuma-kilobyte, ama-megabytes, nama-gigabytes.

Ngokwengxenye yayo, umlingiswa uhlamvu, inombolo, izimpawu zokubhala, uphawu noma ikhodi yokulawula, engabonakali ngaso sonke isikhathi esikrinini noma ephepheni, lapho kugcinwa khona ulwazi futhi kudluliswe ngogesi.

Ekugcineni, ukuze uqonde kangcono umqondo wama-bits nama-byte, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi kancane iyunithi eyisisekelo yohlelo lwe-kanambambili, oluqukethe amanani amabili kuphela (0 no-1). Ngenkathi uhlelo lwamadesimali luqukethe amadijithi ayishumi (kusuka ku-0 kuye ku-9) kanye ne-hexadecimal, izinhlamvu eziyi-16 ezisuka ku-0 ziye ku-9 nezisuka kuhlamvu A ziye ku-F.

Iziphetho

Uma kubhekwa imininingwane ngayinye maqondana nencazelo, imvelaphi, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, izici, nezinye izici zama-microcomputer, kufinyelelwa kuziphetho ezilandelayo:

• I-central processing unit yanoma iyiphi i-microcomputer yi-microprocessor.
• Ama-Microcomputer akhiwe nge-microprocessor, inkumbulo kanye nochungechunge lwezinto zokufaka zolwazi kanye nezinto eziphumayo.
• Imvelaphi yabo bakuthola isidingo sokwakha amakhompyutha amancane.
• Ukuvela kwama-microcomputer kungumphumela oqondile wentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe.
• Ukwakhiwa kwayo kwakudala futhi ukwakheka kwayo kuhlangene.
• Ama-Microcomputer ayakwazi ukwenza izibalo zezibalo nokusebenza okunengqondo, ngokulandela nokwenza imiyalelo.
• Ifomethi yokufundela ikhombisa ukukhulunywa kwe-opharetha ngayinye ekhona emfundweni.
• Ama-Microoperations abhekene nokuhlelwa kabusha kwemiyalo nokwenza uhlelo ngokulandelana.
• Ngokusebenzisa isikhathi, i-microcomputer iyakwazi ukuxhumanisa imicimbi yebhasi langaphakathi.
• Ukunquma inqubo inqubo ehunyushwa ngayo.
• Ihardware yakhiwe ngamadivayisi wokufaka nawokukhipha, inqubo yenqubo emaphakathi, imemori namadivayisi wokugcina.
• Amadivayisi amakhulu wokufaka imininingwane yile: ikhibhodi, igundane, ikhamera yevidiyo, isifundi sokukhanya, imakrofoni, phakathi kwabanye.
• Phakathi kwamayunithi wokukhipha amakhulu kukhona: iphrinta, uhlelo lomsindo, imodemu.
• I-central processing unit inesibopho sokwenza imisebenzi enengqondo neyezibalo, njengomphumela wokuhumusha nokwenza imiyalelo.
• I-coprocessor yingxenye enengqondo ye-microprocessor.
• Imemori ye-cache yimemori esheshayo efushanisa isikhathi sokuphendula se-microcomputer.
• Amarejista yizindawo zokugcina zesikhashana eziqukethe idatha.
• Ibhasi langaphakathi lixhuma izinto zohlelo ngaphakathi nangaphandle.
• Imemori igcina idatha nezinhlelo okwesikhashana, ngaphambi kokuthi zenziwe yi-microprocessor.
• I-RAM yinkumbulo yangaphakathi yama-microcomputer. Iqukethe imemori yokusebenza kanye nememori yokugcina.
• Imemori ye-ROM iqukethe uhlelo lokusebenza lwama-microcomputer, lapho kugcinwa khona ama-microprograms aqukethe imiyalo eyinkimbinkimbi.
• Izinto zokugcina eziyinhloko yilezi: i-hard disk, i-optical drive, i-CD-ROM, i-DVD, nezinye.
• Ama-microcomputer ahlukaniswe ngamakhompyutha wedeskithophu namakhompyutha aphathekayo.
• Ama-microcomputer anamuhla afaka ama-desktops, ama-laptops, amathebulethi, ama-laptops, abasizi be-digital, nama-smartphone, phakathi kwabanye.
• Ama-microcomputer esikhathi esizayo yilawa: amaphilisi e-hybrid, izingcingo ezixhumene namathelevishini, ama-pocket computer, ama-quantum computer, ama-holographic computer, njll.
• Ama-microcomputer asebenzisa ama-bits, ama-byte nezinhlamvu ukugcina imininingwane.