Izibonelo zeSystem Software nezinhlobo zazo

Esihlokweni esilandelayo, sizokunikeza izibonelo zesoftware nezinhlobo zazo, ukuze uqonde ngokuningiliziwe ngazo.

Izibonelo Zesoftware Yohlelo

Isoftware yeSystem idlala indima ebalulekile uma usebenzisa ikhompyutha, noma umakhalekhukhwini, ngoba ngaphandle kwazo ikhompyutha njengoba sazi ukuthi ngeke ibe nencazelo noma ukusebenza. Lapha singakukhombisa okunye izibonelo zesoftwareKepha okokuqala kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ziyini, zenzelwe ini, nokuthi zenziwe ngani.

Ngakho-ke, isoftware iqoqo lezinhlelo nemikhuba evumela ikhompyutha noma ifoni ukwenza imisebenzi ethile; Zisebenza ukusebenzisana nesistimu yokusebenza futhi ngaleyo ndlela zikwazi ukuyilawula kalula ngehardware yayo. Ikhompyutha engenayo isoftware ayinakuphathwa.

Isoftware yesistimu noma ebizwa nangokuthi i-Base Software, yakhiwe ngohlelo olusebenzayo, abashayeli (abalawuli) nemitapo yolwazi, esiza konke ndawonye ukusebenza kahle.

Ukufingqa, isoftware iyisisekelo sokuphathwa kwekhompyutha, okusho ukuthi noma yiluphi uhlelo lakhiwe yisoftware, ngoba ivumela uhlelo lokusebenza ukuthi lusebenze futhi lenze imisebenzi edingekayo kuyo. Manje njengoba sekucacile lokhu, singakwethula kwabanye Izibonelo zesoftware yohlelo:

I-Fedora Linux

Luhlelo olusebenzayo oluvela eLinux, elaziwa ngokuphepha nangokuzinza okukhulu. Lolu hlelo lunabathuthukisi abaningi abavumela ukuthi kukhishwe izinhlobo ezimbili ezintsha unyaka nonyaka, eziqukethe izindaba ezingakholeki emisebenzini nasezimpawu zohlelo.

IFedora yaziwa njengeyona esetshenziswa kakhulu phakathi kwezinguqulo zeLinux, noma ingadlala kancane ngokumelene nokuthi ayihambisani nezinhlelo ezithile kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza.

Ubuntu Linux

Lesi ngesinye se Izibonelo zeSystem Software okusekelwe ku-Linux. NjengoFedora, izinzile futhi ivikelekile, kepha inokuhambisana okuningi kwezinhlelo nezinhlelo zokusebenza, futhi ithola izibuyekezo ezimbili eziphawuleka ngonyaka, lokhu kwenzeka ngo-Ephreli nango-Okthoba.

Microsoft Windows

Ukuba uhlelo oluvame kakhulu futhi olusetshenzisiwe emhlabeni, olwenziwe yiMicrosoft. Iqale ukukhula ngaphandle kokuma ngama-90s, ngohlobo lwayo lokuqala, olwenziwe ngo-1985.

I-Windows inezinto eziningi eziyenza ibe ngesinye sezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihamba phambili, kodwa futhi inezinto ezithile ezithathwa njengezingezinhle kangako, njengosongo olukhulu lwe-malware. Ngokufanayo, izinkampani, abasebenzisi abazimele kanye nezikhungo abanqikazi ukuyisebenzisa.

Android

Iyaziwa ngokuthandwa kakhulu, iba yinto eyodwa Izibonelo zeSoftware System esetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni, enezigidi zabasebenzisi kumadivayisi eselula, nge-Apple ye-Apple njengomncintiswano omkhulu.

I-Android ibizwa ngokuthi uhlelo lokusebenza lwamahhala olunemisebenzi eminingi, enesitolo esikhulu kunazo zonke emakethe, esekelwa iGoogle, enye yezinkampani ezinkulu emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe.

I-Android ngesinye sezibonelo zeSystem Software, kepha ingabe ufuna ukwazi kabanzi ngokuthi iyini i-Android? Uma ufuna ukuba nolwazi oluthe xaxa, sikumema ukuthi ubuke le vidiyo elandelayo:

abashayeli

Abaziwa ngamagama abhalisiwe, bamelwa kuphela ngumnikazi wabo, isibonelo esicace bha, yi-AMD uma kukhulunywa ngamakhadi emidwebo nawo i-ASUS yamabhodi womama, noma i-HP eyaziwayo yamaphrinta nezinye izinsiza.

Abaphathi beBoot

Kungezwe yizo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza, ziqhutshwa yiyunithi emaphakathi evumela ukuthi lonke uhlelo lokusebenza lulungele ukuqala. Lokhu kuvamise ukungabi negama, yize sinendaba yeGrub, eyi-bootloader efakwe yiLinux nezinye izinto ezitholakele.

I-Glibc

Umtapo wezincwadi osetshenziswa kabanzi yiLinux, ithandwa kakhulu ngoba iningi lezinhlelo ezisebenza ngaphakathi kohlelo lokusebenza, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, zisezandleni zalo. Lokhu kubhekele imisebenzi eminingi eyisisekelo futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke ukwenza ikholi yohlelo.

I-GNOME

Ibizwa ngokuthi isikhombimsebenzisi sokuqhafaza esiwusizo kwizakhi eziningi ze-Linux, iyisixhumi esibonakalayo esilula futhi esisebenziseka kalula, noma kubhekwa njengokungahambisani kakhulu, kubasebenzisi abasha. Inguqulo engu-3.0 yaletha impikiswano enkulu, kungani yayinedeskithophu ebuyekezwe ngokuphelele.

Bash

Kuwulimi oluhlelayo, kepha futhi kuyisixhumi esibonakalayo somugqa womyalo, esetshenziswa kakhulu ku-Linux naku-Unix ngendlela yezobuchwepheshe ukugxila ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zemisebenzi kuhlelo. Lokhu kusebenza njengewindi lapho ama-oda angabhalwa khona futhi kuzophatha ukuhumusha nokwenza kwabo.

IMacOS

Luhlelo olusebenzayo olwenziwe yi-Apple, maqondana namakhompiyutha, futhi asetshenziswa kuphela ngumugqa womkhiqizo wayo we-Mac.Lolu hlelo lunezici eziningi nokuhlanganiswa, kusuka kudeskithophu kuya kwi-laptop; Lokhu kukhishwe ngo-2001, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi sekuthandwa kakhulu, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, kubiza kakhulu.

IBlackBerry OS

Yisistimu yokusebenza ephathekayo, eyenziwe yiBlackBerry, lolu hlelo luvumela ukusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi eminingi futhi lunokusekelwa kwamafomu ahlukahlukene wokufaka, aguqulelwe ukusetshenziswa kwamadivayisi wokuthinta. Ithuthukiswe ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-90, yaziwa kakhulu ngokuvumela ukufinyelela kwi-imeyili nokuphequlula iwebhu.

Unix

Lokhu kungenye ye izibonelo zesoftware okungaziwa kancane, enegama le-Unix, yathuthukiswa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-60 yiqembu labasebenzi beBell Laboratory, okuyisistimu yokusebenza, banikezela ngemisebenzi eminingi nokwenza imisebenzi eminingi.

Solaris

Yize kungaziwa kahle njengalokhu okushiwo ngaphambili, lokhu kungenye ye- Izibonelo zeSystem Software Okungokomndeni wakwa-Unix, kungenye yezindawo ezidume kakhulu ebhizinisini futhi owaziwa ngokuba ngomunye ozinze kakhulu.

I-Linux mint

Luhlelo lokusebenza olususelwe ku-Ubuntu, oluhlose ukunika umsebenzisi isikhombimsebenzisi sesimanje futhi esihle somsebenzisi. Iyakwazi ukuxhasa amafomethi namakhodi ahlukahlukene, kanye nokuba nezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza zomthombo ovulekile futhi ezivulekile.

I-HP-UX

Yenziwe nguHewelett-Packard, uhlelo olusebenzayo oluqhubeka nokwakhiwa olunikeza indawo yokusebenza enamandla nezinzile yokusebenza futhi esekela inqwaba yezicelo ezisukela kubahleli bombhalo kuya ezinhlelweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zemidwebo yezithombe.

Izinhlobo Zesoftware Yesistimu

Lezi zibonelo zesistimu noma isisekelo se-software zihlukaniswa ngaphakathi kwamasethi wekhompyutha ahlukahlukene kanye neziphetho ezinjenge-boot loaders, i-command line interface, i-graphical interface ne-BIOS. Okulandelayo, sikukhombisa ukuthi ngamunye umayelana nani:

Izinhlelo zokusebenza

Zimelwe ngokuba yisethi enkulu yesoftware yedivayisi, echaza izinketho esingazenza ngayo. Yilokho okusivumela ukuthi sisebenzisane nabashayeli ne-hardware, ukusinika amandla okusebenzisa ikhompyutha noma idivayisi yeselula.

Ngokuqondene namakhompiyutha, womabili amadesktophu nama-laptops, iWindows yeMicrosoft idume kakhulu emhlabeni, kuyilapho uhlelo lweGoogle lweGoogle lusetshenziselwa omakhalekhukhwini namathebulethi. Yize kunezinye eziningi, ezifana neMacOS, iLinux, i-Unix, phakathi kwabanye.

Abashayeli noma abashayeli

Lokhu kubangela ukuthi uhlelo lukhombe kahle i-Hardware bese luyisebenzisa ngalo. Isibonelo esilula kakhulu lapho sixhuma igundane elisha, noma iphrinta, lawa afaka ngokuzenzakalela amafayela athile abizwa ngokuthi ama-driver, avumela ukuthi isesekeli sisetshenziswe, yize kwesinye isikhathi kuyadingeka ukwenza ukufakwa ngesandla nge-CD noma ngokulanda ifayela ku-Intanethi.

Izitolo zezincwadi

Ebizwa nangokuthi imitapo yolwazi, ngokuvamile iyiqoqo lemisebenzi elenza kube lula ukuthi uhlelo olusebenzayo luchaze futhi luhumushe amakhodi, ngale ndlela lusinika ithuba lokuvula amafolda futhi lusibonise amafayela esiwacelile.

Le mitapo yolwazi ngokuvamile ayidingi ukuqalwa, ngoba iqondiswa ngochungechunge lwemiyalo lapho ihlala itholakala ukuyisebenzisa inqobo nje uma ifakiwe. Zingasetshenziswa yizinhlelo ezahlukahlukene ukucacisa umphumela wokugcina ofanele wokuhunyushwa kwekhodi, ukuze kuvulwe futhi kuboniswe noma yiliphi ifayela.

Umphathi webhuthi

Yilokho okunganqamuli ukuthi yiluphi uhlelo lokusebenza esizoqala ngalo kunoma iyiphi idivayisi, ngoba isimo ukuthi kufakwe ngaphezu kweyodwa. Ibizwa ngale ndlela ngoba uma kuvulwe idivaysi, kubonakala ngathi kusinika amandla wokukhetha uhlelo esiluthandayo.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi inqobo nje uma kukhona uhlelo olulodwa kuphela lokusebenza olufakiwe, i-bootloader ngeke ivele, yize lokhu kungasho ukuthi uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza alunayo, ifuna kuphela ukuzikhethela ngokuzenzekelayo.

Isikhombimsebenzisi sokuqhafaza

Kutholakala njengohlelo oluphelele lokusebenza olungaba khona noma olungabikhona, umsebenzi walo omkhulu ukuthi kulula ukuyisebenzisa, kulula ukusebenzisana nayo, futhi ngokuvamile iyathandeka emehlweni. Kubonakala ngokugcina ukukhohlisa okuqondile nomsebenzisi, ngakho-ke abaningi bakhetha ukusebenzisa lesi sixhumi esibonakalayo kunolayini womyalo.

Isixhumanisi somugqa womyalo

Enye indlela yokuvumela umsebenzisi ukuthi ahlanganyele nedivayisi yakhe i-console lapho umsebenzisi angakha khona uchungechunge lwemiyalo ehlukene ukufeza ububanzi bezinketho eziceliwe. Lesi sixhumi esibonakalayo selokhu kwasungulwa amakhompyutha, sisiza umsebenzisi ukwenza imisebenzi.

I-BIOS

Ucezu olusemqoka ekusebenzeni kwesoftware, esiza ukuqala nokuchaza ukuthi ngabe ikhetha ngokuzenzakalela uhlelo lokusebenza noma iya ngqo kumphathi webhuthi. Ihlala ihlanganiswe kunoma iyiphi idivayisi, engeyona ingxenye yohlelo lokusebenza.

Amathuluzi okuxilonga

Ukuqapha ukusebenza kwehadiwe, kusetshenziswa uchungechunge lwesoftware noma izinhlelo ezitholakala kwimemori ye-RAM, iprosesa, amakhadi enethiwekhi, phakathi kokunye; Banomsebenzi wokuqinisekisa ukudluliswa kwedatha okushelelayo.

Amathuluzi wokulungisa nokwenza kahle

Banesibopho sokushintsha isoftware ukukhulisa ukusebenza kwayo noma ukusebenzisa izinsiza ezimbalwa. Ngokuvamile ezinhlelweni zamakhompiyutha, zivame ukwenzelwa ukusebenza kahle okukhulu, isivinini nokuthi zingasebenza ngememori encane kanye / noma nokusetshenziswa kwamandla.

Amaseva

Basebenzisa isoftware engahlangabezana nezidingo nezicelo zomsebenzisi futhi iphendule ngokufanele. Lokhu kungatholakala kuwo wonke amadivayisi nakumakhompyutha azinikele abizwa nge- "The Server" noma "Servers".

Bayakwazi ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezahlukahlukene neziziningi kukhompyutha eyodwa, ngaphezu kokuba nezinsizakalo eziningi ezisebenzayo. Kuyinzuzo enkulu maqondana nokuphepha, ngoba zizinzile ngokweqile.

Izindlela zokuthuthukisa isoftware

Izindlela zeSoftware yisakhiwo sokuhlela uchungechunge lwemicimbi noma izinqubo ekwakheni uhlelo lolwazi; Lezi zindlela ziguquke ngokuhamba kweminyaka futhi manje sezitholakala ngokujwayelekile emhlabeni wekhompyutha. Singasho okulandelayo:

Impophoma noma i- "Cascada"

Enye yezindlela zokuqala zokuthuthukisa ama-software kwakuyi-Waterfall, ebizwa nangokuthi “impophoma”, iqukethe uchungechunge lwemiyalo eya esigabeni ngasinye, igcwaliseka ngokuhleleka okuphelele, ngaphandle kokweqa noma iyiphi yazo.

Umsebenzisi unquma izidingo bese eya ekwakhiweni komklamo, ukuze abone indlela ezosetshenziswa, bese iyaqinisekiswa bese kuthi ekugcineni kwenziwe imisebenzi yokulungisa.

Kubonakala ngokuba nendlela yokubikezela. Yadalwa ngeminyaka yama-70s futhi isasetshenziswa kwezinye izingqikithi namuhla, ithathwa njengendlela ephephile kepha edingayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ingakwazi ukudiliva ngokushesha.

Kepha le ndlela ibe nezingxabano eziningana, njengenqubo yokwenza isoftware ihambe kancane, uhlelo luqukethe iphutha noma alikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zenqubo, futhi luthanda ukuqala phansi, okwenza ukubambezeleka okuningi.

Imodeli ephindaphindayo noma ekhuphukayo

Ngama-80s imodeli ephindaphindwayo noma ekhuphukayo yaqalwa, njenge-Spiral, RAD ne-RUP, zonke lezi zindlela zinezindlela ezifanayo ezifana nephethini echaza ukwanda kwemisebenzi, ezinikele ekuhambeni igxathu negxathu, kepha ngamunye wale misebenzi wenziwa isikhathi esinikeziwe futhi ungabona ukuxhumana okuncane phakathi kwabo.

Le modeli isuselwa kwimodeli ye-Waterfall, kepha ngefilosofi yokuphindaphinda, ngakho-ke, inamaphuzu amaningi afana nale modeli, kepha lawa asetshenziswa kaninginingi. Singakukhombisa izibonelo ezithile:

Amamodeli Womoya

Ngokuphikisana nemodeli ye- "Cascada", enikeza ukuhleleka okuqinile, inikeza (ngokususelwa ekuweni kwamanzi okugelezayo) ukusebenza okungcono, ngoba kukhombisa ukuhlangana kwemisebenzi kuma-prototypes asheshayo, ukufana okukhulu nokuvela ezimweni zokwakhiwa nokuhlangana yamaphrojekthi.

RAD

Inhloso yawo ukuhlinzeka ngemiphumela engaguquguquki futhi esheshayo, kuhloswe ngayo ukunika izinqubo ezinhle zentuthuko, futhi yakhelwe nokukhulisa ukufaneleka kwayo yonke inqubo yokuthuthuka kwesoftware. Phakathi kwezinzuzo zayo, okuvelele kakhulu yilezi:

• Phetha yonke into kusuka ekuthuthukisweni kwenqubo ngamandla.
• Khonza ikhasimende ngokushesha.
• Khuthaza impendulo evela kumakhasimende akho ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwakho.

I-Agile Development Model

Ngama-90's, i-Agile Development Model yavela ngenxa yokusabela okuphambene nezindlela zangaphambilini nezisuselwe. Le modeli inikeza ukuguquguquka nokusebenza kahle lapho kwenziwa umsebenzi, imvamisa izinkampani zikhetha le ndlela ngoba kulula ngazo ukufeza izinhloso ezibekiwe. Lapha sikukhombisa amamodeli athandwa kakhulu:

 Isikram

Indlela edume kakhulu etholakala kule modeli yiScrum, evame ukubonwa njengeyona esetshenziswe kakhulu emakethe ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuhle nejubane emiphumeleni yokugcina. Abantu abalandelayo benza ngale ndlela:

• Umnikazi womkhiqizo: Chaza imisebenzi okufanele yenziwe bese udlulisela lokhu eqenjini.
• Ithimba Lentuthuko: Ama-Programmers, abahloli, i-Database, phakathi kwabanye.
• I-Scrum Master: Nguye ophethe ukuchaza, ngokususelwa ekuhlolweni kweqembu, omunye wabo nokufeza inhloso esunguliwe.

Indlela yokusebenza ngokwedlulele (xp)

Ithathwa njenge-agile software engineering methodology. Okwamanje yaziwa ngokuthi yi-XP (eXtreme Programming) methodology, isetshenziswa kakhulu ukuvikela ukwenza imisebenzi engadingeki, ivelela ukunakwa kwayo nokusebenza kwayo kumaphrojekthi ayinkimbinkimbi, yize kungenzeka ukwenaba ngamaphrojekthi anjalo athatha isikhathi esithe xaxa.

Isoftware Ethelelanayo

Akuyona yonke isoftware esiza ukusebenza kahle nokushesha kwekhompyutha. Abanye bangathelela ikhompyutha ngegciwane ngaphandle komsebenzisi; Lezi zithambile ezibizwa ngama-computer virus, noma isoftware enonya (malware), zinomgomo wokulimaza uhlelo olusebenzayo kuphela.

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamagciwane ekhompyutha ahlukaniswa ngokuya ngokuthi atholakala kuphi, avelaphi, noma alimaza uhlelo lokusebenza. Ezinye zazo yilezi:

• Amagciwane ahlasela imemori yekhompyutha futhi aqaliswa lapho uhlelo lokusebenza luqala.
• Ama-virus wesenzo esiqondile, aziphinda kabili lapho ebulawa, athelela amafayela enkombeni.
• Bhala ngaphezulu igciwane; Lokhu kusula yonke imininingwane egciniwe ngokubhala ngaphezulu kwamafayela.
• Igciwane le-boot, elithinta i-boot yediski enzima.
• Ama-Macroviruses, lokhu kuthinta amafayela aqukethe izandiso ezifana ne-DOC, XLS, MDB, ne-PPS.
• Ama-virus e-Polymorphic, abhalwe ngekhodi ohlelweni, okwenza kube nzima ukuthi i-antivirus ithole.
• Ama-virus e-FAT, avimbela ukufinyelela ezingxenyeni ezithile ze-hard disk ngakho-ke akuvumeli ukuthi uvule amafayela.
• Ukulandelana kwamagciwane, atholakala kuma-link nakumakhasi e-web, lokhu kuhlose ukulimaza lonke uhlelo.

Uma ufuna ukwazi ngamagciwane angathinta ikhompyutha yakho, sikumema ukuba ufunde isihloko esilandelayo: Amagciwane ama-5 ayingozi kakhulu emlandweni.