Emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe kukhona izinhlelo zokulawula, okubandakanya kakhulu ukusebenza kwemishini kagesi neye-elekthronikhi nemishini, funda ngezici zazo nezinye izinto ezibalulekile kule ndatshana.
Izinhlelo zokulawula
Kunezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene zokulawula, ezingasungulwa ezinkampanini ezahlukahlukene njenge izinhlelo zokulawula, izinhlelo zokulawula ukufinyelela ezinhlanganweni nase izinhlelo zokulawula okuzenzakalelayo, Noma yiluphi lolu hlobo lwezinhlelo zokulawula lubonwa njengokulawula nokuqapha, kungashiwo ukuthi luchungechunge lwezinto ezenza izenzo zokufeza ukulawula okusebenzayo emisebenzini eminingi.
Izinhlelo zokulawula zinamandla okuphatha nokunikeza imiyalo eqondile ngokusebenza kahle kwezinye izinhlelo, okuhlose ukunciphisa amaphutha enqubweni futhi kuveze imiphumela emihle kakhulu.
Izinhlelo zokulawula ngokuvamile zenza imisebenzi efakwe esikhundleni somuntu, okuthi uma isetshenziswa ikhiqize imiphumela emihle futhi ikhulule umuntu ekwenzeni imisebenzi ethile.
Sikumema ukuba ufunde i-athikili ethokozisayo ehlobene nezinkinga zobuchwepheshe ezifana Isilawuli somqondo esingahleleka.
Kulesi simo esithile, sizokhuluma ngezinhlelo zokulawula emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe, zihlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili, olunye luhlelo oluvaliwe futhi olunye luhlelo oluvulekile.
Izinhloso zohlelo lokulawula
Izinhloso eziyinhloko ohlelweni lokulawula ukwenza umsebenzi, ikakhulukazi obuhlelelwe wona, noma kunjalo, izinhloso ziyafinyelelwa ngokuya ngesithiyo sokwenza umsebenzi, kanye namandla okulawula nawokuhlela.
Izinhloso zayo eziyinhloko zingatholakala ku:
- Isitebele, esingaboli futhi esiqinile lapho sibhekene nobunzima nokwehluleka kwemodeli.
- Iyasebenza ngokuya ngemibandela esungulwe ngaphambilini, ivimbela isenzo esingazelelwe nesingajwayelekile.
Inesitebele futhi ayinakonakala
Lokhu kusho ukuthi uhlelo kumele lususelwe ekuzinzeni, okungakuvumeli ukuthi konakaliswe noma kuvinjelwe noma ikuphi ukwehluleka kwedatha; izinhlelo zokulawula ezifakiwe zinganikela kalula nganoma yisiphi isikhathi lapho kuvela iphutha, futhi azihambisani nomsebenzi onqunyiwe.
Iyasebenza
Lapho befaka esikhundleni somsebenzi womuntu, le mishini into ebaluleke kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kwayo, kufanele ibe namandla okusebenza ngezinqubo ezihlelwe ngaphambilini, okwenza kube nzima ukwenza ukuphathwa okungazelelwe lokho kulimaza umphumela womsebenzi.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlelo zokulawula
Amasistimu wokulawula ahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko, amasistimu evulekile e-loop, kanye nezinhlelo ze-loop ezivaliwe, ezixhunywe esenzweni sokulawula okukhiphayo ohlelweni oluzolawulwa.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamasistimu wokulawula kutholakala ngezindlela ezimbili ezibalulekile: amasistimu we-open-loop systems, kanye nama-loop-loop systems, axhumene nomsebenzi othize wokulawula ukukhipha ngohlelo oludinga ukulawulwa.
Yize bobabili benomsebenzi ofanayo, uhlelo oluvulekile lweluphu luhluke ngokuphelele ekusebenziseni uhlelo oluvaliwe lweluphu.
Vula uhlelo lokulawula iluphu
Luhlobo lwesistimu yokulawula lapho okukhiphayo kungabonakalisi ubunzima kusistimu uqobo, okusho ukuthi ayidingi impendulo evela kokukhiphayo ukuze ulawulo luphathwe ukuthi lusebenze kahle.
Sizokhuluma ngezibonelo ezithile zalesi simiso sokuvula iluphu esivulekile, esimweni semishini yokuwasha ezenzakalelayo, kuyabonakala ukuthi bangakwazi ukwenza imijikelezo yokuwasha ngokucabangela isikhathi esithile ngokulawulwa kohlelo.
Le nqubo ifanelekile ngaphakathi kwe-loop evulekile, kungabonakala ukuthi idinga idatha yokukhipha, okuyi: ukuhlanzwa kwezingubo ekupheleni kwemijikelezo.
Ngokufanayo, esinye isibonelo singashiwo, njengama-toasters, adinga ukulinganisa inani lesinkwa okufanele sithosiwe ukuze sisebenze, kepha-ke, asidingi ukuthi ukufisa i-toast kuzofiseleka kanjani, kutholakala kuphela ngokulinganisa isikhathi .
Izici
Lolu hlelo lokuvula iluphu oluvulekile lunezici ezithile ezithile ezifana nalezi:
- Ukusetshenziswa kalula, lezi zinhlelo zibonakala ngokuba lula ukuzisebenzisa, futhi intuition encane iyasetshenziswa.
- Ayikho idatha yokukhipha edingekayo, okusho ukuthi ukuze kuqedelwe imisebenzi yabo, abacabangi umphumela womsebenzi, bazinikezela kuphela ekufezeni isenzo ngendlela enhle, lokhu kusho ukuthi bathatha kuphela idatha yokufaka ngaphandle kokuthatha ku-akhawunti kubalwa umphumela wokukhipha.
- Ubuthakathaka obukhulu bokuphazamiseka, lezi zinhlelo ezivulekile zeluphu zivame ukuba buthakathaka kakhulu kunoma ikuphi ukwehluleka, ngoba azinawo amandla okuthola amaphutha, ngoba azilinganisi idatha yokukhipha kulowo msebenzi, ukuphazamiseka kungenzeka ngokomzimba noma ezinhlelweni zabo.
- Amathuba ahlukahlukene empumelelo, lezi zinhlelo zingaba namathuba aphezulu noma alinganayo empumelelo, konke kuncike ezinhlelweni ezinhle, esimweni lapho uhlelo lunesakhiwo esiqinile, lungaba nomphumela omuhle, esimweni esiphikisayo lapho kuzoba amaphutha.
Kuvaliwe uhlelo lokulawula iluphu
Izinhlelo ezibizwa ngokuthi yi-closed-loop control systems, umsebenzi wazo omkhulu ukuqhathanisa inani elifunwayo nenani elitholakalayo, elitholwa ngokulinganisa idatha ekhishwayo, okusho ukuthi uhlobo lohlelo olunokulawulwa kwempendulo, ngakho-ke iphendula ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, kuya ngemiphumela.
Izinhlelo zokulawula iluphu ezivaliwe zinomsebenzi wazo oyinhloko wokuqhathanisa idatha ethile phakathi kwalowo oseshwayo naleyo etholakele, lokhu kutholakala ngokubala idatha ekhishwayo, ehumusha ukuthi uhlelo olunohlelo oluphendula isicelo , ngakho-ke umphumela uvela ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene.
Lezi zinhlelo zokulawula ukuvaleka zakhiwe ngenhloso yokunciphisa amaphutha, ukuze kuzuzwe imiphumela emihle kakhulu.
Kulezi zimo, ezinye izibonelo kungashiwo njengezifudumezi ezisetshenziselwa ukulawula ukushisa kwamanzi, zinamandla okwenza imisebenzi, kepha zidinga ukuthi okukhiphayo kubanikeze imininingwane ethile ngaphambi kokwenza, ukuze usondele ngokuseduze ngangokunokwenzeka emiphumeleni emihle.
Kepha, kulokhu, umsebenzisi nguyena owenza isinqumo uma kuphuma amanzi abandayo noma amanzi ashisayo, uma sekunqunyiwe ukuthi uhlelo lokulawula luzoqhubeka nomsebenzi, kucatshangelwa lokho okuthandwayo.
Lapho nje ukunyakaza kwesidumbu sekukhiqiziwe, kungakhipha ukuvinjelwa okuncane noma okungaphezulu ekuhambeni komoya noma kwegesi; Izinzwa zidinga ukubhekisisa ukunyakaza okwenziwe yi-buoy, ukuze isebenze ngezinga elikhulu noma elincane uhlelo lokulawula ku-valve yokuvala, evula kancane uma amandla amakhulu esondela ukukhipha ingcindezi.
Izici
Kulesi sigaba, kufanelekile ukusho izici zohlelo lokuvala iluphu oluvaliwe, okungukuthi:
Ukuxakaniseka, imvamisa ukwakheka nezinhlelo kuyinkimbinkimbi, kugcizelelwa i-hardware, kanye nesoftware, okusho ukuthi amasistimu anekhono kakhulu, kepha-ke, kusabhekwa njengokunzima ukusetshenziswa ngabantu abangenalwazi.noma abazi basebenza kanjani.
Inani elikhulu lamapharamitha, ngaphambi kokukwazi ukusebenza, kubalulekile ukuthi bahlangabezane nezimo ezithile, njengoba zincike esikhathini kanye nemingcele ehlangatshezwayo, impendulo efike ngesikhathi futhi eyamukelekayo iyatholakala.
Idatha yokukhipha iyadingeka, idatha ekhishwayo iyadingeka ngempela ukuze ikwazi ukuyiqhathanisa nolwazi ofuna ukuluthola kokufakwayo, esimweni lapho idatha yokukhipha ingatholakali, uhlelo oluvaliwe lwe-loop luhlala lungenzi lutho kuze kube impendulo elindelwe okutholakele.
Ukuqina, yizinhlelo eziqinile futhi ezizinzile, isihloko sokuqhathanisa idatha ngaphambi kokwenza, ivumela ukuthi zivumelane kahle nezithiyo, futhi ziphendule ngokuhlukahluka okuhlukile kunqubo yokwenza umsebenzi.
Izinhlobo zezinhlelo zokulawula
Ngokwesici sekhompyutha, kunezinombolo zezinhlelo zokulawula, okulandelayo kushiwo ngezansi:
Umuntu wenziwe
Kakhulu kunezinhlelo zikagesi eziqukethe izinto zikagesi, ngokuvamile zigcinwa zisesimweni esiqhubekayo sokubanjwa, zinikezelwe ekubhekeni amasiginali avela ohlelweni olungaphansi kohlelo lokulawula.
I-stema eyenziwe ngumuntu, ubukhulu becala, yizinhlelo zikagesi ukuthi ukudalwa kwazo kusekelwe ezintweni ze-elekthronikhi, cishe zihlala zisesimweni sokubanjwa, umsebenzi wazo omkhulu ukucinga amasiginali avela kumasistimu angaphansi kohlelo lokulawula..
Inqobo nje uma bekwazi ukwamukela amasiginali, ukusebenza kwabo kuyaqhubeka nenqubo ngaphandle kobunzima, uma kwenzeka kutholakala ukuphambuka okuthile esenzweni esijwayelekile, izinzwa ziyenziwa zisebenze ukuzama ukuqhubeka nomzila ababenawo phambilini.
Isibonelo salolu hlobo lwezinhlelo zokulawula kungashiwo, ngama-thermostats, anomsebenzi wawo omkhulu ukuthatha amasiginali wokushisa, uma nje bekwazi ukuthola ukushisa, kuyanda kakhulu noma kungahle kube ngaphansi kobubanzi obuvunyelwe, bese kuthi ukushisa noma ukupholisa inqubo iqalwa ukuthola kabusha ibhalansi efanele.
Kunezinhlelo ezenziwe ngumuntu, njenge:
- Ngenxa yobunzima babo, bangachazwa ngokuthi: abayitoho nabangajwayelekile; ohlelweni olungakahleleki kukhona ukuxhumana okuyimbangela phakathi kokukhishwayo nokufakwa kohlelo, ikakhulukazi phakathi kokukhiphayo namanani asondele kokufakwayo.
- Ngokuya ngenani lokungenayo kanye nemiphumela yohlelo, zichazwa ngokuziphatha kwazo.
- Okokufaka nokukhiphayo noma i-SISO, okusho ukuthi: okokufaka okukodwa, okukhiphayo okukodwa.
- Futhi ngokufaka okukodwa kanye nemiphumela eminingi noma i-SIMO, okusho ukuthi: okokufaka okuningi, okukhipha okukodwa.
- Okokufaka okuningi nemiphumela eminingi noma i-MIMO: okokufaka okuningi, okukhiphayo okuningi.
Ngokuya nge-equation echaza uhlelo, zibekwa njenge:
- Linear: Uma i-equation umehluko eyichazayo ilayini; futhi okungekho emgqeni uma ngabe umehluko wokulinganisa owuchazayo awulayini.
Izimpawu noma okuguquguqukayo kwezinhlelo ezinamandla umsebenzi wazo obalulekile ungowesikhathi, futhi ngokuya ngalezi zinhlelo:
- Isikhathi esiqhubekayo, esimweni lapho imodeli iyi-equation umehluko, ngakho-ke kubhekwa njengokuhlukaniseka, ukuguquguquka kwesikhathi okuqhubekayo kuchazwa njenge-analog.
- Futhi yesikhathi esihlukile, esimweni lapho uhlelo lufakwa ipharamitha nge-equation yomehluko, isikhathi sihlukaniswe saba yizikhathi zenani elingaguquguquki; amanani okuguquguqukayo edijithali: amasistimu kanambambili, i-hexadecimal nokunye, inani lawo laziwa kuphela esikhathini ngasinye.
- Kwemicimbi ehlukanisiwe, kulapho uhlelo luvela ngokuya ngokuhlukahluka, futhi inani liyaziwa lapho kwenziwa umcimbi othile.
Ngokuya ngesixhumanisi phakathi kokuhlukahluka kwezinhlelo, kungashiwo:
- Izinhlelo ezimbili zixhunywe kahle, uma okuguqukayo kwesinye sazo kuxhunywe kolunye uhlelo.
- Ngokufanayo, amasistimu amabili awaxhunyiwe noma ahlukaniswe, lapho okuguqukayo kwalezi zinhlelo ezimbili kungenakho ukuxhumana kokunye.
Mayelana nomsebenzi wokuhlola okuguquguqukayo kohlelo ngesikhathi nendawo, kungashiwo ukuthi yilezi:
- Okumile, lapho okuguqukayo kuhlala njalo unomphela ngesikhathi nasendaweni.
- Okungami, lapho okuguqukayo kungahlali unomphela ngesikhathi noma esikhaleni.
Ngokusho kwempendulo etholwe ohlelweni ngenani lokukhiphayo, maqondana nokwehluka kokufakwa kohlelo, kungashiwo ukuthi:
- Uhlelo luzinzile lapho, uma kwenzeka kukhona noma yisiphi isignali yokufaka enqunyelwe, kwenziwa impendulo yomkhawulo ekhethiwe.
- Futhi uhlelo lungahle lungazinzi lapho kukhona okungenani okokufaka okukodwa okukhiqiza impendulo eboshiwe kusuka kokukhiphayo.
Uma kwenzeka ukuthi ukufakwa kanye nokukhishwa kohlelo kuqhathaniswa noma cha, okuvumela ukulawula okwakamuva, uhlelo lubizwa ngokuthi:
- Vula uhlelo lweluphu, lapho okukhiphayo kufanele kulawulwe, akunakufaniswa nenani lesiginali ekhiqizwe isignali yokufaka noma yesethenjwa.
- Ngendlela efanayo, uhlelo lwe-loop oluvaliwe kulapho umphumela uzolawulwa, ungaqhathaniswa nesiginali yesethenjwa; isignali yokukhipha ithathwa ngokubambisana nesiginali yokufaka, ichazwa njengesiginali yempendulo.
- Isistimu ye-loop evulekile, lapho okukhiphayo kulawulwa, ayikwazi ukuqhathaniswa nedatha yesiginali ekhiqizwa okokufaka.
- Okufanayo kwenzeka ngohlelo lwe-loop oluvaliwe, lapho okukhiphayo sekulawulwa, unenketho yokuqhathanisa isignali yedatha; bese isignali yokukhipha ihambisana nesiginali yokufaka, okusho ukuthi ikhipha impendulo.
Ngokwamandla okubikezela ukusebenza kohlelo, okusho ukuphendula kwalo, bahlukaniswa baba:
- Uhlelo lokunquma, lapho ukusebenza kwalo kwesikhathi esizayo kubikezela ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo yokubekezelelana.
- Futhi uhlelo lwe-stochastic, esimweni lapho kungenakwenzeka ukubikezela ukusebenza ngokuzayo, okuguquguqukayo kohlelo kwaziwa njengokungahleliwe.
Ngokwemvelo
Okwemvelo, kufaka phakathi izinhlelo zebhayoloji, kungabizwa njengesibonelo ukunyakaza komzimba womuntu, okubandakanya izingxenye zohlelo lokulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo njengamehlo, isandla, umunwe, ingalo nobuchopho bomuntu, kungabonakala ukuthi ukungena futhi ukunyakaza kokuphuma kuyacutshungulwa.