Umhlaba we-elekthronikhi ube yisisekelo lapho ubuchwepheshe budinga ukuqhutshwa khona. Futhi le springboard yakhiwa izingxenye ezincane ezifana ne-condenser. Kulesi sikhala sokufuna ukwazi uzofunda ngokuningiliziwe Yini i-capacitor kagesi?, Imisebenzi ehlukene esetshenziswa nayo nokubaluleka kwayo okukhulu ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene.
I-Condenser
Ukuqala ukutadisha i-capacitor, sizoqala ngokuchaza yini i-capacitor. Yinto kagesi engenzi lutho, okusho ukuthi, ayizikhiqizeli ugesi yodwa, ekwazi ukugcina inkokhelo kagesi, bese iwukhipha kamuva. Ungamthola njengoba capacitor noma capacitor. Inkokhelo ekugcina ngaphakathi ukwahluka kwamandla noma kwamandla wevolthi.
Indaba yokubalwa kwabaxhasi ivela ngo-1745 ngenkathi u-Ewald Georg von Kleist waseJalimane ebona ukuthi kungenzeka ukugcina imali kagesi. Lokhu kuvele engozini ngesikhathi exhuma ugesi ophehla ugesi kumthamo wamanzi owawungaphakathi kojeke wengilazi noma ibhodlela kusetshenziswa ikhebula. Lapho esusa ikhebula wabeka isandla sakhe kulo.
Akukapheli unyaka lapho isazi sefilosofi saseDashi uPieter van Musschenbroek esungula i-capacitor enezici ezifanayo. Ekukhumbuleni inyuvesi ayesebenza kuyo wabiza le condenser ngokuthi "ibhodlela leLeyden."
Ngabe i-capacitor isebenza kanjani?
Manje ake ubone isebenza kanjani i-capacitor y yini i-capacitor ye-. Indlela ekwazi ngayo ukugcina imali ekhokhwayo kagesi isebenzisa amashidi amabili enziwe ngezinto ezihamba kahle, njenge-tantalum, ehlukaniswe ngezinto ezithile zedielectric, isibonelo umoya.
Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka, kubalulekile ukuthi ungadidanisi i-dielectric nezinto ezivikela ngokuphelele. Okusho ukuthi, wonke ama-dielectrikhi angama-insulators, kepha lokhu akusho ukuthi konke kwenza ama-insulators abe yi-dielectric. Izinto zokwenziwa ngogesi zisebenza kahle lapho zikhokhiswa imali enkulu kagesi futhi ziphula amandla kagesi. Ezinye zalezi zinto zingaba: i-ceramic, iphepha, i-wax, ingilazi, uwoyela, phakathi kokunye. Izinto ezivikela ngokugcwele yilezo okuthi, noma ngabe kubizwa malini kagesi, lokhu ngeke kube ngumqhubi, isibonelo iraba.
Manje, amapuleti angaphakathi kwe-capacitor, aphakelwa ngomthombo wamandla, azokhokhiswa ngogesi ezingxenyeni ezilinganayo kepha ngezimpawu ezahlukahlukene. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inkokhiso eyodwa izoba nephozithivu (+ q), kanti enye inkokhiso izoba nobukhulu obufanayo kodwa ngenkokhiso engemihle (-q), kulawa macala alinganayo kodwa izimpawu ezahlukahlukene yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi umehluko kumandla noma kugesi.
Ngokuvamile, kuma-capacitors umoya, iphepha, i-tantalum, i-aluminium kanye ne-ceramics kusetshenziswa njengempahla ye-dielectric, futhi, kwamanye ama-capacitors kusetshenziswa amaplastiki athile.
Umthamo wesitoreji onawo i-capacitor noma i-capacitor ubalwa ku-unit ye-Farads. Ububanzi lapho kutholakala khona ama-capacitors amaningi kagesi kusuka ku-pico (pF) kuya ku-micro (uF) Farads. Isibalo sokubala umthamo we-capacitor ngu:
C = q/V
Kuphi:
q = kuyinkokhelo egcinwa ipuleti ngalinye. Iyunithi yayo iCoulomb (C)
I-V = i-voltage, i-voltage noma umehluko ongaba khona phakathi kwamashidi amabili noma ama-conductor ama-capacitors. Iyunithi yayo yiVolts (V)
Ukufaka le fomula, uma sithatha amanani womthwalo ongu-1 nowamandla 1, kuzosinika i-1 Farad. Kodwa-ke, lesi yisibonelo nje, njengoba i-capacitor yalesi sikhundla ingekho ngoba ingaba nkulu ngokumangalisayo. Ukuthola umbono, kuzohlanganisa isikhala se-1000 m2.
Manje, uma sifuna ukwazi i-voltage engagcinwa i-capacitor ngokwazi ukukhokhiswa kanye nama-Farads we-capacitor, lapho-ke singakwazi ukuxazulula i-Voltage kusuka kusiquation sangaphambilini ngokuba:
V = q / C.
Ukushaja nokukhipha i-Capacitor
Esinye sezici ze-capacitor ukuthi ukukhishwa kwayo kuyaqhubeka hhayi ngokushesha. I-capacitor inesikhathi sokukhishwa. Le mpahla ivumela i-capacitor ukuthi ibe nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana nama-timers nezihlungi kusekethe kagesi.
Lapho i-capacitor ishajiwe ngokuphelele, kulapho ivumela ukuthi kudlule i-voltage. Lapho ukunqanyulwa kwamandla kunqanyuliwe, i-capacitor iqala ukukhipha kancane kancane i-voltage ebheke kumthwalo noma entweni esebenzisa i-voltage.
Ngokuvamile, i-capacitor ihlale yandulelwa ukumelana nezizathu zokuvikela i-capacitor. Noma i-capacitor inokumelana okuncane kwangaphakathi, ayinakwa, futhi uma kungathathwa ukunakekelwa ukuvikela i-capacitor, ingalimala ize iqhume.
Ukukhokhiswa kwe-Capacitor
Ukuze umane uchaze ukusebenza kwe-capacitor lapho ushaja, sizosebenzisa isibonelo esisetshenziswe kakhulu ukukufanekisa:
Ake sicabangele isekethe lapho kunomthombo wamandla onjengebhethri, isitha esiphikisayo esigama lingu-R1 esibhekele ukulawula ukuhamba kwamanje okuzofinyelela ku-capacitor ukuyivikela. Futhi, iswishi evumela ukuthi i-capacitor ishaje noma ikhiphe, futhi ekugcineni, i-Resistor ebizwa nge-R2 ezomela idivayisi esebenzisa i-current.
Okokuqala, sibona ukuthi inkinobho ihlelwe kanjani ukuze i-capacitor ikuchungechunge nokunikezwa kwamandla kanye nokumelana, ngendlela, kufanele sigcizelele ukuthi lokhu kumelana kubizwa ngokuthi ukumelana nomthwalo.
Ngalesi sikhathi i-capacitor ikhokhiswa ngendlela elawulwayo ngenxa yesiphikisi sokushaja. Le nhlanganisela ye-resistor ne-capacitor ikuvumela ukuthi usethe izibali sikhathi esishilo ekuqaleni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukumelana kuvimbela ukudlula kwamanje ngokukhululeka, ngakho-ke okwamanje kuthatha isikhathi eside ukuhamba ngesifunda, ukuze kuthi lapho sidlula ku-capacitor, kuthatha isikhashana ukushaja.
Isikhathi esithathwa yi-capacitor ukushaja singabalwa kusetshenziswa i-equation elandelayo:
t1 = 5 x R1 x C
Kuphi:
t1: yisikhathi sokushaja. Iyunithi yayo ingama-millisecond (mina)
R1: ukumelana nomthwalo. Iyunithi yayo yi-ohms (Ω).
C: amandla we-capacitor. Iyunithi yayo yiFarads (F)
Lesi sibalo sisivumela ukuthi siqinisekise ukuthi uma ukumelana nomthwalo kuphakama futhi / noma kukhulu amandla we-capacitor, isikhathi sokushaja siyinde. Okungaqinisekiswa kugrafu elandelayo.
Ungase uzibuze ukuthi kuzokwenzekani uma singasethi i-resistor load. Ngokomqondo i-capacitor izokhokhisa ngokushesha. Kepha, njengoba sishilo ekuqaleni, lokhu akunconyiwe njengoba ama-capacitors angathola kuphela i-current encane. Uma sikhumbula umthetho ka-Ohm singabona ukuthi:
Mina = V / R
Kuphi:
Mina: okwamanje. Iyunithi yalo yi-Amperes (A)
V: yi-voltage. Iyunithi yayo yiVolts (V)
IMP: ukumelana. Iyunithi yayo yi-Ohm (Ω)
Uma ukumelana kujwayele noma kulingana no-0, lokhu kungasho ukuthi i-current ingaba cishe ingapheli, noma okungenani ibe nkulu kakhulu. I-capacitor ingasekela kuphela ukondla kusuka kumanje ophansi. Ngamafuphi, uma lungekho uhlobo lwe-resistor umthwalo obekiwe, i-capacitor ingahle ingakwazi ukumelana naleso samanje futhi izoshisa iphele.
Manje ake sicabange ukuthi i-capacitor isivele ikhokhisile, ngakho-ke kwenzekani? Masibuyele Emthethweni ka-Ohm, njengoba amandla ekhuphuka, futhi njengoba inani lokumelana ligcinwa, inani lamanje liba zero.
Njengoba sesivele sazi, umsebenzi we-capacitor ukugcina i-voltage noma i-voltage. Lokhu kusho ukuthi njengoba amacala we-capacitor, kunamandla amakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Njengoba ukumelana kungashintshi inani layo, okwamanje kuthambekela ekubeni ngu-zero. Ngamafuphi, lapho i-capacitor isishajiwe, iziphatha njengesifunda esivulekile noma iswishi evimbela ukudlula kwamanje, yize kuzoba namandla kagesi noma amandla ngaleso sikhathi.
Ukukhishwa kwe-Condenser
Manje ake sethule icala eliphambene. Okwamanje lapho inkinobho ishintsha indawo, bese i-capacitor ifakwa ochungechungeni nge-resistor R2, i-capacitor izoqala ukukhipha. Kungani, ngoba ukumelana no-R2 kumele ukusetshenziswa kwesekethe, futhi lokhu kumelana kuzodinga ukuthi kuhlinzekwe lapho isifunda esivaliwe kuso. Lokhu kuphakelwa kuzohlinzekwa yi-capacitor, kukhipha umehluko ongaba khona owugcinile.
Njengokushaja, ukulanda akusheshi, kepha ngokuqhubekayo. Futhi njengokushaja, isibalo sokulinganisa isikhathi sokukhishwa siyefana. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isikhathi esithathayo ukukhipha i-capacitor sincike ekumelaneni kuka-R2 kanye namandla we-capacitor. Ngokufanayo, lapha sivuselela isibalo futhi:
t1 = 5 x R1 x C
Kuphi:
t2: yisikhathi sokushaja. Iyunithi layo ngama-millisecond (ms)
R2: ukumelana nomthwalo. Iyunithi yayo yi-ohms (Ω).
C: amandla we-condenser. Iyunithi yayo yiFarads (F)
Lolu hlobo lwesifunda lungalawula, isibonelo, isikhathi okukuso idivayisi.
I-Condenser njengesihlungi
Olunye uhlelo lokusebenza okusetshenziswa ama-capacitors kufana nesihlungi. Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yesici sayo sokushaja nokukhipha kancane kancane, futhi le nto isetshenziselwa ukuhlanza ukungcola okuvela kumasiginali noma igagasi likagesi.
Uma sithatha isekethe lokuqala njengesibonelo, kepha kulokhu ngokunikezwa kwamandla okushintshanayo. I-capacitor izoqala ukukhokhisa ize ifinyelele umthamo wayo omkhulu wokugcina, khona-ke ukuhamba kwamanje kuzophela futhi umthwalo uzoqala ukulethwa ngamandla kagesi akhona ku-capacitor. Lapho nje i-capacitor iqala ukukhipha, amandla kagesi ayaqhubeka nokugcwalisa i-capacitor ngaphandle kokulinda ukuthi ikhiphe ngokuphelele.
Lokhu kungaba lula ukuqondakala ngokubonakalayo:
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, igagasi lokunikezwa kwamandla okushintshana liyi-sinusoidal futhi ngenxa yempahla ye-capacitor kungenzeka ukulungisa igagasi ngokunikezwa okuqondile. Lokhu kuyasiza kakhulu ekunikezelweni kwamandla okusetshenziswa, ngokwesibonelo, amakhompyutha. Amadivayisi amaningi awakwazi ukusebenza ngokushintshana kwamanje kepha nge-current yamanje futhi kulapho amandla kagesi engena njengomxhumanisi. Vele, la mandla kagesi anezinto eziningi ezengeziwe zokufeza le nhloso.
Izinhlobo zama-Capacitors
Ama-capacitors noma ama-capacitors angaba nezigaba ezahlukahlukene. Okulandelayo, sizoqala ngokuhlukanisa ama-capacitors ngohlobo lwawo lwe-dielectric:
Ngenxa yedizili yayo
Ama-capacitors ahlukaniswa ngokwe-dielectric anayo. Kukhona okuthiwa ama-electrolytic capacitors, yilawo ane-polarity, okungukuthi, ane-terminal enhle noma "umlenze" kanye ne-terminal engakhi. Uma zixhunywe ne-polarity ehlehlisiwe, i-capacitor izolimala.
Lawa ma-capacitor ama-electrolytic, ngokungafani namanye ama-capacitors ukuthi asebenzisa uketshezi lwe-ionic oluqhubayo. Lolu ketshezi luyisixazululo samakhemikhali, esivame ukwakhiwa nge-boric acid noma i-sodium borate ene-ethylene glycol ushukela. Lolu ketshezi lungena esikhundleni selinye lamapuleti ahambayo noma amashidi we-condenser.
Ngokungafani nama-capacitors e-electrolytic, ama-capacitors anomoya, i-ceramics, iphepha, noma amanye njenge-dielectric yawo, awanayo i-polarity ebekiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banamapuleti amabili ngaphakathi futhi abanalo uketshezi lwangaphakathi.
Zombili lezi zinhlobo zama-capacitors zinezinhlelo zazo zokusebenza, ngakho-ke akukwazanga ukufaka ama-capacitors komunye nomunye yize enama-dielectric ahlukile.
Ngamafuphi, kukhona ama-condensers:
- I-Electrolytic
- Izinto zobumba
- Ephepheni
- Yomoya
- I-capacitor eguquguqukayo
Kulungisiwe noma kuguquguqukayo
Njengama-resistors, kukhona ama-capacitors anamandla amisiwe futhi nama-capacitors amandla awo angahlukahluka. Lokhu kutholakala ngokulungisa igebe eliphakathi kwamapuleti abo kusetshenziswa inkinobho, njenge-potentiometer noma i-resistor eguquguqukayo.
Ngokwesimo sayo
Ama-capacitors angahluka ngokwakhiwa, nge-disk, pearl kanye nama-capacitors we-tubular, njengoba kukhonjisiwe ngezansi ngokulandelana.
Ikhodi yama-Capacitors
Kukhona ama-capacitors akhombisa inani lamandla abo ngetafula lemibala, elifana kakhulu nalelo elisetshenziswa ngama-resistors.
Ikhodi yombala
Umbala wokuqala ukhombisa inani lowokuqala, owesibili owesibalo sesibili, owesithathu owehlisayo okhuphukela ku-10, okungukuthi, u-10 uzophakanyiselwa enombolweni emelelwe umbala wesithathu. Umbala wesine ukhombisa iphesenti lokwehluka, okungukuthi, kungaba, isibonelo, u-10% ngaphezulu noma u-10% kunani elikhombisa umthamo. Okokugcina, umbala wesihlanu ukhombisa i-voltage yokushaja noma i-voltage. Wonke lawa ma-capacitors anama-picofarads ngeyunithi ngayinye.
Inani lemibala liza etafuleni lokuhweba okulandelayo:
Ikhodi yaseJapane
Kunolunye uhlobo lwekhodi ukukhomba amandla we-capacitor uhlobo lwekhodi olubizwa ngekhodi laseJapan noma ikhodi engu-101. Le khodi inezinombolo ezintathu ezibonakala ku-capacitor.
Izinombolo ezimbili zokuqala zenza inombolo okufanele iphindaphindwe ngo-10 iphakanyiselwe kunombolo yesithathu, igcina i-picofarad njengeyunithi. Ngokwesibonelo:
Le capacitor inekhodi enezinombolo eziyi-104. Ngakho indlela yokubala umthamo wale capacitor yile:
10 X 104 = 100000 pF = 0,1 uF
Ikhodi ye-Alphanumeric
Kukhona enye ikhodi yokukhomba impahla namandla we-capacitor, esebenzisa inhlanganisela yezinhlamvu nezinombolo. Kunezindlela eziningi zokwethula le khodi ehlanganisa izinombolo nezinhlamvu, futhi ziyahlukahluka kakhulu kangangokuba akukufanele neze ukuzifunda, ngakho-ke kunconywa esikhundleni sokuthinta iDatasheet lomkhiqizi.
Ama-capacitors ochungechungeni nangokufana
Njengama-resistors, isikhundla sama-capacitors ochungechungeni noma ngokufana senza ukusebenza ku-capacitance ephelele. Ake siqale ukubheka into eyenzekayo lapho ama-capacitors esechungechungeni.
Ama-Capacitors ku-Series
Lapho ama-capacitors esechungechungeni, amandla we-capacitor ngayinye enza ngokulandelayo:
Isibalo sivela:
I-Vt = V1 + V2
Kuphi:
Vt: inani lamandla kagesi
I-V1: amandla we-capacitor wokuqala
I-V2: amandla we-capacitor yesibili
Masibuyele emuva ku-equation ukubala umthamo we-capacitor:
C = q/V
Kuphi:
q = kuyinkokhelo egcinwa ipuleti ngalinye. Iyunithi yayo iCoulomb (C)
I-V = i-voltage, i-voltage noma umehluko ongaba khona phakathi kwamashidi amabili noma ama-conductor ama-capacitors. Iyunithi yayo yiVolts (V)
Futhi ukuthi kungenzeka ukusula i-V ngale ndlela elandelayo:
V = q / C.
Manje, uma sithatha i-V ngayinye ye-capacitor ngayinye esekisini ngenkulumo yangaphambilini, sikuthola lokho;
1 / C = 1 / C1 + 1 / C2 + 1 / C3… 1 / Cn
Ama-Capacitors afanayo
Kulokhu, njengoba ama-capacitors ehambisanayo, i-voltage etholwa yi-capacitor ngayinye iyafana neyokunikezwa kwamandla, ngakho-ke kufanele:
Vt = V1 = V2 = V3… Vn
Kuphi
I-Vt: yi-voltage ephelele noma yomthombo
I-V1: I-Voltage ye-capacitor yokuqala
V2. Okwesibili capacitor voltage
I-V3: I-Voltage ye-capacitor yesithathu
Futhi, uma sibuyela enkulumweni esivumela ukuthi silinganise inani lamandla ngokusho komthwalo nenani lomthamo:
V = q / C.
Futhi siqhubeka nokufaka i-V ngayinye ye-capacitor ngayinye yesifunda ngenkulumo yangaphambilini, sithola ukuthi:
C = C1 + C2 + C3… + Cn
I-Condenser isebenzisa
I-capacitor ingenye yezinto eziyisisekelo kakhulu ze-elekthronikhi. Cishe akunakwenzeka ukusho idivaysi namuhla engadingi ama-capacitors ekwakhiweni kwayo. Ngokulandelayo sizokhuluma ngezinye zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezivame kakhulu lapho kutholakala khona i-capacitor.
- Amabhethri nezinkumbulo: Ngenxa yomthamo wesitoreji sayo, kungenzeka ukubeka ama-capacitors amaningi ngokufana ukukhulisa umthamo wokushaja.
- Izihlungi: Zisetshenziswa kakhulu kumanethiwekhi kagesi ngoba angakwazi ukuqeda ukuqhuma nomsindo kunethiwekhi, noma esimweni esibuyela emuva, ukuze ama-harmoniki akhiqizwe amanethiwekhi kagesi angaphakathi ahlungiwe ngaphambi kokubuyela kwinethiwekhi. Kwezokuxhumana ngocingo, amandla ayo okuhlunga asetshenziswa kakhulu ukusungula amabhendi amaza futhi ukunciphisa noma ukuqeda ukuphazamiseka.
- Imithombo yamandla: Ukushaja kwayo kancane kancane nokuziphatha kwayo okukhiphayo kuvumela ukulungiswa kwamagagasi, okubalulekile ekunikezelweni kwamandla okuguqula imisinga eshintshanayo ibe yimisinga eqondile, ngoba iningi lamadivayisi kagesi asebenza ngaphakathi nge-current current, kepha insiza kagesi isebenza ngeyamanje eshintshanayo. Kungakho imithombo yamandla idingeka ekusebenzeni kwemishini, futhi phakathi kwezinto eziyenzayo, i-capacitor idlala indima engenakubuyiselwa.
- Ama-adaptha we-impedance: Ama-capacitors angakhipha futhi ashaje amandla ngezikhathi ezingezinhle, futhi lokhu kuvumela ukuthi i-resistivity ihlangane nezinye izinto, ukuze amasekethe amabili anezithiyo ezingafani ahlanganiswe noma asebenze ndawonye.
Kodwa-ke, lokhu kungukusetshenziswa okumbalwa kokusetshenziswa kwayo esingakusho. Ama-capacitors anezicelo ku-elekthronikhi, amanethiwekhi amakhulu kagesi, ezokuxhumana ngocingo nokunye. Kusuka kumakhompiyutha ethu, omakhalekhukhwini, amafriji, amawashi edijithali, amathelevishini nokunye okuningi okusunguliwe, anama-capacitor ngaphakathi kwawo njengengxenye ebalulekile yesethi eyakhekayo futhi enikeza impilo kumadivayisi noma okokusebenza.
Iziphetho
Izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-elektroniki ezinazo namuhla zibaluleke kakhulu ezimpilweni zethu zansuku zonke kangangoba akunakwenzeka ukuthi siphile ezweni lapho kungasekho khona. Futhi lo mhlaba omkhulu wobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe uqala ezisekelweni zawo ezithobeke kakhulu njengoba kunjalo ngengxenye ngayinye eyingxenye ye-elekthronikhi.
Lokhu kuyisimo se-capacitor, ingxenye eyenziwe ngezinto ezilula kakhulu, okuyenza ibe ngenye yezinto ezisisekelo ze-elekthronikhi, kepha kungenxa yokuziphatha kwayo ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuthi ayitholakali kuwo wonke amadivayisi kagesi akhona .
Ngaphandle kokungabaza, ukuthuthuka kwe-elekthronikhi kube ngumshayeli obalulekile oshiye indlela yokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe emikhakheni eyahlukahlukene. Futhi noma ngabe i-condenser iyodwa ayisebenzi kakhulu uma ihlanganiswa nezinye izinto, imishini eyinkimbinkimbi efana ne- Amakhadi wememori we-RAM, amakhompyutha, amarobhothi, amadroni, omakhalekhukhwini, amaseva nokunye okuningi