Harshe C: Ayyuka da aikace -aikace a cikin shirye -shirye

Lokacin magana game da yarukan shirye -shirye, kuna iya samun iri -iri iri waɗanda zaku iya amfani da su, amma, a halin yanzu suna fice C harshe, wannan shine dalilin da yasa wannan labarin zaiyi bayanin komai game da wannan yaren don ƙarin fahimtar sa

C harshe

Harshen C yana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin harsunan shirye -shirye tun lokacin da aka tsara shi tsakanin 1969 zuwa 1972, wanda Dennis M Ritchie ya haɓaka kuma ya rubuta, don haka shine juyin halittar yaren B, tare da manufar manyan shirye -shirye ba ga abubuwa ba.

An sani cewa wannan harshe na shirye-shirye yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan amfani da shi a yau, ana amfani da shi a cikin tsarin aiki gabaɗaya ana amfani da shi don aiwatarwa da shirye-shirye iri-iri na ayyuka a cikin tsarin, ana rarrabe shi da kasancewa harshen matsakaici.

Yana da babban farin jini na nau'ikan bayanai a cikin Harshen C kuma me yasa yake ba da damar samar da software na tsarin, yana kuma ba da zaɓi na aiwatar da azuzuwan daban -daban, da kuma hanyoyi daban -daban, wasu sifofi, a cikin hanyar encapsulating har ma da polymorphism.

Ya dace da kowane haɗin C kuma kuna da zaɓi na aiwatar da shirye-shiryen abin da aka sarrafa ba tare da wata wahala ba a lokacin da kuke ƙira lambar don software.

Yana da inganci sosai yayin ƙirƙirar takamaiman lambar, kuma ana aiwatar da shi a cikin tsarin aikin Unix, ana kuma amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar aikace -aikacen halaye daban -daban. Saboda tsarinta, yana da kari wanda ke ba da damar haɗin lambobin don sauƙaƙe shigowar ƙwaƙwalwa.

Babban mahimmin tsarin Tsarin Harshen C shine cewa yana da matsakaicin matakin saboda yana da tsarin gabaɗaya da na asali na harsuna waɗanda suke da babban matsayi da ikon iya sarrafa waɗanda suke da ƙanƙanta.

Tare da wannan yaren C, yana yiwuwa a haɓaka hulɗa da wasu yarukan waɗanda ke keɓaɓɓu kuma suna da na musamman irin su YACC da LEX, suna ba da ƙarin sauƙi a lokacin shirye -shirye. Yana da ɗimbin ɗakunan ajiya iri -iri don adana tarin abubuwan da aka gabatar.

Harshen C yana ba da kayan aiki mai yuwuwa tare da ɗakunan ajiya daban -daban waɗanda masu canji ke da su, yana kuma gabatar da tsari wanda aka haɗa cpp. A wasu lokuta, yana buƙatar haɗewar wasu samfuran macro don sarrafa tsarin ta atomatik ta amfani da sigogin da ake buƙata tare da yanayin da ake buƙata.

Idan kuna son sanin menene keɓaɓɓen abin dubawa a cikin ɓangaren da ke da ma'amala da mai amfani a cikin gidan yanar gizo, to ana ba da shawarar ku je Mai Haɓaka Ƙarshen Ƙarshe, inda aka yi bayanin yadda wannan mai shirye -shiryen ke da ayyuka daban -daban don ba da bayanin ga uwar garken da za a sarrafa shi, ya kuma bayyana mahimman fannoni da yake da su

Falsafa 

Lokacin magana game da falsafa, ana yin ishara zuwa manufar Harshen C, ana neman cewa ana amfani da mafi ƙarancin harshe a cikin naúrar, ba tare da buƙatar yin fassarar kowane ɗayan abubuwan ba don a yi amfani da shi azaman salo. na tsaka -tsaki tsakanin harsuna daban -daban da aka gabatar.

Yana ba da yuwuwar cewa ana iya rubuta harafin C tare da matakin abstraction, yana guje wa kowane nau'in gazawa a cikin tsarin saboda kyawawan halaye, yana ba da zaɓi na haɓaka haɓaka haɓakawa a cikin Harshe C. Godiya ga waɗannan halayen yana dacewa da adadi mai yawa na tsarin aiki, don haka yana haɓaka shirye -shirye akan na'urori.

An sani cewa samuwar Harshen C yana da faɗi ƙwarai, har ma ya fi girma idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'ikan harsuna, ta wannan hanyar ana iya amfani da shi a cikin ɗimbin kwamfutoci ta yadda a cikin kowane tsarin Misalan Harshen C shirye -shirye.

Da farko Harshen C yana da manufar software na tsarin shirye -shirye galibi yana da alaƙa da tsarin Unix, amma a tsawon lokaci ya sami karbuwa da farin jini a wannan fanni na kwamfuta, don haka yana haɓaka aikace -aikacen sa a cikin tsarin shirye -shirye. .

Ta hanyar Harshen C, ana iya aiwatar da shirye-shirye tare da ƙananan halayen a cikin babban hanyar da za a iya aiwatar da ayyuka daban-daban don cimma tsarin da ake so a cikin aikace-aikacen halayen. Godiya ga wannan ƙirar, ana iya amfani da irin wannan harshe na shirye -shirye zuwa tsarin wayoyin hannu.

Ba ya buƙatar aikace -aikacen haɗuwa kuma yana godiya ga waɗannan halayen cewa ana iya amfani da shi tare da na'urori tare da tsarin aiki daban -daban. Yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa wannan yaren shirye -shiryen C na iya bambanta zaɓin haruffa babba da ƙarami, yana ba da damar ci gaba da ɗaukar nauyi da yake gabatarwa.

Idan kuna son sanin komai game da shirye -shiryen tsarin ci gaba na wani software, to ana gayyatar ku don karanta labarin akan Microservices, inda aka bayyana abin da ya ƙunsa, gine -ginen da yake da shi, manyan halayensa, da fa'idodi da rashin amfanin da yake da shi

Propiedades 

Harshen C ya tsufa sosai, don haka wasu mutane na iya tunanin cewa wannan yaren shirye -shirye a halin yanzu baya tsufa, har ma yana sanya wa mai shirye -shiryen wahalar haɓaka, amma wannan ba haka bane tunda godiya ga wannan yaren shirye -shiryen yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da aikace -aikace iri -iri. ayyuka waɗanda ke ba da damar dama mai yawa a cikin tsarin.

Yana da babban iri -iri a cikin shirye -shirye ta yadda za a iya aiwatar da hanyoyi daban -daban, amfani da umarni daban -daban da tsarin kayan aiki ya gabatar, kuma yana sarrafa na'urorin da ke da alaƙa, har ma yana iya ba da sabbin ayyuka yayin haɓaka shirye -shiryen.

Gabaɗaya, ba a amfani da wannan yaren shirye -shiryen a cikin sarrafa hoto tunda ƙirƙirar sa ba shi da wannan ƙarfin, duk da haka, yana da ɗimbin ɗakunan karatu waɗanda ke da ayyuka daban -daban waɗanda suka haɗa da yiwuwar sanya lambar don ta iya faɗaɗa iyawa da ayyukan ta. .

Yana ba da fa'idar tabbatar da lambar tushe na tsarin aiki, ya zama Unix, Windows, da sauransu. Wannan godiya ce ga kowane ɗayan halaye da kaddarorin da yake da su, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa aka nuna manyan kaddarorin da yaren C ke da su a ƙasa:

• Yana gabatar da ainihin harshe shirye -shirye mai sauƙi da sauƙi
• Yana da ayyukan lissafi
• Kuna iya sarrafa fayilolin da ɗakunan karatu ke bayarwa
• An sifanta shi da kasancewa harshe na shirye -shiryen da aka tsara ta yadda zai ci gaba da kula da bayanan shirin
• Hakanan yana sarrafa nau'ikan bayanan da aka tsara
• Yana ba da gyare -gyare a cikin bayanan tsarin, kazalika da hanyoyin haɗi da alamomi tare da takamaiman ayyuka
• Yana da ikon gano rashin daidaituwa na gazawa da kurakurai daban -daban da ke tasowa
• Ana iya ba da ƙima ga madaidaicin da aka bayar tare da nau'in daban
• Yi amfani da nau'in harshe da aka riga aka shirya
• Yana amfani da shirye -shiryen yaren C don yin ayyuka daban -daban
• Kuna iya ayyana macros
• Ya ƙunshi manyan fayilolin lambar tushe
• Yana da ƙaramin ƙimar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta hanyar aikace-aikacen alamomi ko kuma alamun
• Yana gabatar da iko na katsewa ta cikin ɗakin karatu mai suna sigina
• Yana ba da jerin mahimman kalmomi ko takamaiman waɗanda aka rage saiti a cikin shirin
• Yana da ikon juyar da alamomi a cikin wasu masu canji don a kira shi ta hanyar tunani
• Yana gabatar da nau'ikan ajiya iri -iri
• Yi amfani da ajiya don kafa ƙirar madaidaiciya
• Ta hanyar takamaiman mahimman kalmomi yana da ikon haɗa abubuwan canji da ayyuka, tsakanin waɗannan kalmomin akwai "madaidaiciya" wanda ke ba da damar wannan aikin
• Don ayyana tsarin, dole ne a yi shi ta hanyar wasu mahimman kalmomi, don haɗa samfurin Cartesian da ake yin rikodin, kalmar da za a yi amfani da ita ita ce "tsari"
• Yana da aikin hada bishiyoyi
• Yi amfani da mahimmin kalmar "ƙungiya" don kafa ƙungiyoyin tsarin tare da nau'ikan masu canji waɗanda aka gabatar

Rigakafi a aikace na yaren C

An fahimci cewa Harshen C yana da fa'idodi masu girma, gami da aikace -aikace a yau, don haka amfani da shi ya bambanta sosai a cikin tsarin sarrafa kayan aiki da na'urori. Tare da ƙirar sa tsarin shirye -shiryen na iya samun kyakkyawan sakamako a cikin shirye -shiryen aikace -aikacen.

Koyaya, dole ne a kula sosai lokacin amfani da wannan Harshen C, galibi ga mutanen da ke aiki a wannan yanki na shirye -shirye saboda yana da saukin kamuwa a lokacin sarrafa halayen ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ya ba da shawarar cewa lokacin amfani da wannan yaren shirye -shiryen kuna da madaidaitan hanyoyin amfani da shi.

A lokacin da yakamata a ba da ƙarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta hanyar saki shine lokacin da dole ne ku mai da hankali sosai ga kowane matakan da ake aiwatarwa. Don wannan, ana iya amfani da wasu yarukan kamar C # ko yaren Java, ta yadda zai yiwu a aiwatar da sarrafa ƙwaƙwalwa ta hanyar gaskiya.

Ta wannan hanyar zaku iya rage duk gazawar da za a iya haifar da duk wani kuskure da ke faruwa a lokacin ci gaban shirin, wani fa'idar da ke guje wa babban wahala yayin aiwatar da aikin a cikin aikace -aikacen. Kodayake yin wannan sigar sassaucin da harshe ke da shi a lokacin sarrafa kayan aikin ya ɓace.

Saboda duk waɗannan cikakkun bayanai, mutanen da ke farawa a wannan yanki na shirye -shirye dole ne su sami mafi kyawun ayyuka masu dacewa a lokacin rubutu a C gami da sarrafa ƙwaƙwalwar na'urar. Hakanan ana ba da shawarar samun ilimin gabaɗaya na sarrafa alamun.

A lokacin da ake amfani da yaren C sosai, shigar ciki dole ne ya mai da hankali da kowane matakan da dole ne a sarrafa su da waɗanda dole ne a haɓaka. Shi ya sa ake neman kowanne muhimman abubuwan da wannan harshe yake da shi domin cin moriyar kowanne fa'ida da fa'idar da yake bayarwa.

Harshen C yana gabatar da wasu gazawa ko rashin cikakkun bayanai da halaye waɗanda za su iya zama da amfani a cikin aikin tsarin da aka tsara a cikin tsarin, amma ta la'akari da waɗannan iyakokin da aka gabatar a cikin wannan harshe, ana iya amfani da wasu yuwuwar yayin tsara rubutun zuwa babban gudu akan kowane gini da aka ƙaddara don dandamali daban -daban da ake da su.

Ta wannan hanyar, ana iya kula da sarrafa abin da ake haɓakawa a cikin shirin, koyaushe tare da ƙungiya kai tsaye a cikin tsarin aikace -aikacen, yana ba da damar samun ikon bayar da amsa ta asali ga kowane dandamali na musamman. Godiya ga waɗannan mafita za ku iya samun sakamako tare da mafi inganci idan aka kwatanta da sauran yarukan shirye -shirye.

Lokacin shirye -shiryen aikace -aikacen tare da yaren C tare da kulawa sosai a cikin ƙudurin yanayin yaren taro wanda ke ba da ikon samar da lamba a cikin sauri. Godiya ga wannan rigakafin a cikin amfani da wannan yaren, yana ba da babban iko akan na'urorin da ake amfani da su.

Yayin da fasaha da ci gaban microprocessors ke ci gaba a yau, yana ƙaruwa tare da haɓaka masu tarawa na C, yana ƙaruwa da sannu a hankali tsakanin kowane ci gaba, yana nuna bambanci a cikin aikin wannan harshe saboda gaskiyar cewa mafi girman damar da za a iya amfani da ita. ta wannan harshe.

Tare da kowane kulawa da rigakafin da ake amfani da su a lokacin amfani da wannan yaren C, ana iya samun tsawaitawa ta ɗakunan karatu da macros, dangane da kowane lambobin da za a iya amfani da su, haka kuma kowane aiwatar da aka bayar kamar C ++ don ba da ikon yin madaidaicin fassarar lambar tushe musamman daga C ++ zuwa C code

Historia 

Harshen C ana ɗaukarsa ta tsufa lokacin da aka haɓaka shi, duk da haka ana amfani da shi don yanayi daban -daban a cikin shirye -shirye a yau, don haka yana samun shahararsa a cikin aikace -aikacen sa har ma da fa'idodin da har ma a yau, kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin yarukan shirye -shiryen da suka shahara. amfani.

Dangane da tarihin ƙirƙirar wannan yare ya kasance tsakanin shekarun 1969 zuwa 1973, wanda Dennis Ritchie ya ƙirƙira a cikin Dakunan gwaje -gwajen Bell na AT&T, wanda aka kafa shi akan yaren B don mahimman kwatancen da ya ba wannan. harshen programming .. An ce 1972 shine lokacin da aka sami babban ci gaba a cikin haɓaka manyan kadarorin sa.

Da farko, an ƙirƙiri wannan Harshen C don tsarin Unix kawai, amma tare da kowane ci gaba a aiwatar da shi yana yiwuwa a faɗaɗa jituwarsa da sauran tsarin aiki. Saboda yawan fa'idojin da wannan harshe ke bayarwa, masu shirye -shirye suna amfani da matakai don haɓaka ƙarfin su.

Lokacin magana game da ci gaban wannan yaren shirye -shiryen, ya kamata a yi ishara ga masu shirye -shiryen da suka yi amfani da Tafiya ta Space tare da sha'awar ba da damar wannan ci gaba a cikin wannan yaren. Tare da amfani da babban madaidaicin da suke da shi a cikin kamfanin su, sun gudanar da gwaje -gwaje da karatu don cika burin su na haɓaka ci gaba a cikin yaren shirye -shirye.

Koyaya, ba su da babban ƙarfin aiki don aiwatarwa, tunda suna da matsalar rashin samun ikon sarrafawa tare da masu amfani da 100; A wancan lokacin an gabatar da rikitarwa ga Ken Thompson da Dennis Ritchie saboda ba za su iya gujewa haduwar da aka haifar da taurarin asteroids ba.

Saboda wannan matsalar da ta taso, dole ne a yi amfani da wasan a kan PDP-7 da suke da su a ofisoshin da ba su da takamaiman aiki a lokacin. Amma ba su da kwamfutar da ke da tsarin aiki, don haka dole ne a samar da tsarin aiki don injin. Don wannan, an yi amfani da tsarin aiki mai suna PDP-11, kodayake sabuwar matsala ta taso kuma shine tsadar wannan tsarin aiki.

Muhimman al'amura

An rubuta wannan tsarin aiki na PDP-11 tare da yaren taro, wannan shine dalilin tsadar sa, wannan shine dalilin da ya sa aka zaɓi yin amfani da babban yaren da shirye-shiryen yare don tsarin aiki ya sami ikon iya da za a canza daga wannan na’ura zuwa wata, kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin kaddarorin wannan tsarin aiki saboda yana da babban matsayi.

An yi niyyar amfani da yaren B amma ba za a iya yi ba saboda bai gabatar da ayyukan da suka ba da damar amfani da waɗannan halayen da tsarin aiki na PDP-11 ya bayar ba. Saboda waɗannan halaye na ci gaba na wannan tsarin, an nemi aiwatar da yaren shirye -shirye wanda ya dace da wannan tsarin, kuma a nan ne aka fara haɓaka ƙirƙirar Harshen C.

Dalilin samun kayan aiki na asali don a samar da tsarin da ke da ikon mallakar Unix. Sabili da haka, tsarin yana sarrafa fayilolin patent ta atomatik, kuma ta amfani da yaren C, an ƙirƙiri mai shirye -shirye wanda ya ba da damar sake rubuta tsarin aikin da ake amfani da shi.

A cikin 1973 wannan harshe na shirye-shiryen ya ƙirƙira, yaren C, ya sami ƙarfi mafi girma, galibi ya ƙunshi Unix kernel, wanda a ciki za a iya cewa daga farko yana da rubutun da yaren taron PDP-11/20 wanda tare da ci gaba yana yiwuwa a samar da sabon rubutu kasancewar sanannen C.

An sani cewa yaren shirye -shiryen C yana ɗaya daga cikin ginshiƙan asali a cikin tsarin aiki waɗanda aka haɗa su ba tare da ƙidaya yaren taro ba, don haka ya zama harshe dabam a cikin tsarin kayan aikin da ake da su a wancan lokacin.

Buga na farko na littafin Harshen C

A cikin 1978 ne aka fara buga wannan sabon harshe na shirye -shirye, kasancewar bugun farko na yaren shirye -shiryen C, wanda kuma ake kira The Bible Bible, yana haifar da bugun wannan littafin na biyu. C misali.

Tare da bugu na farko na wannan littafin, an sami alamar da ba ta dace ba wacce ke ba da wannan yaren, wanda shine dalilin da yasa aka kuma san wannan littafin da The C of Kernighan and Ritchie. Saboda yawan amfani da shi, an aiwatar da wannan yare a cikin tsarin aiki, don haka shaharar wannan littafin tana ƙaruwa, har ma da samun sunan a hanya mafi sauƙi kamar K&R C, tare da sautin daidai.

Ta yadda za a iya shigar da adadi mai yawa da sabbin abubuwa cikin yaren shirye -shirye, daga cikinsu nau'in bayanai suka yi fice, wanda aka fi sani da "Strut", kuma "Long int", da "Unsigned int", waɗannan sune babban bayanai a haɗe.

Gabatar da masu aiki yana da mahimmanci a cikin wannan Harshen C, don haka ƙarfinsa ya ƙaru; Waɗannan masu aiki sun haɗa da "+ =" da "- =". Godiya ga wannan gabatarwar, yana yiwuwa a kawar da duk shakku da rashin daidaituwa a cikin kowane takamaiman maganganun da ke akwai, yana sauƙaƙa fahimtar su a cikin ci gaban sa da aikace -aikacen sa.

An sani cewa na ɗan lokaci za a iya ɗaukarsa azaman mafi ƙasƙanci na gama gari, inda mutane a lokacin shirye -shiryen ana amfani da su ne kawai lokacin da suka yi nufin ya zama mai ɗaukar hoto, tuna cewa C yana nufin jerin juzu'in harshe kasancewa mafi mahimmin sashi kuma na gaba ɗaya wanda ke goyan bayan kowane mai tarawa.

Babban bayanai

Kodayake ya haɗa da haɗa ANSI C, an sami koma baya a cikin cewa a wancan lokacin ba duk masu tarawa da ake samu a lokacin shirye -shirye ba su da ikon tallafawa ko dacewa da ANSI, wanda kuma ya haifar da matsalar lambar wannan harshe wanda Hakanan ya dogara da lambar ANSI C.

Tare da ci gaban fasaha, yaren C ya sami halaye waɗanda suka sauƙaƙe fa'idodin da ya bayar, amma a cikin sigogin farko yana da wasu ayyuka a sigar samfur wanda ke kula da nuna nau'in ko aji na dawowa gwargwadon aikin da aka yi wa kowane. mai tarawa.

Koyaya, ba za ta iya duba adadin muhawara ba, kuma ba ta nuna nau'in da ke cikin jerin ba, kasancewa babban mahimmin inda aka saba yin kurakurai yayin aiwatarwa ko aiwatar da aikin, tunda an yi shi da kurakurai a cikin muhawara, kasancewar wadannan ba daidai bane don shirye -shirye.

Buga na biyu na littafin Harshen C

Amma kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, wannan yaren yana da halin samun ikon samun sabbin abubuwan sabuntawa da ci gaba, yana ba da zaɓi na samun sabbin fasalulluka waɗanda aka sani don samun goyon bayan masu tattara AT&T, don fa'idodin amfani da wannan yaren ya ƙaru kuma ya ƙaru a matsayin amfani da shi a cikin kwamfutoci da tsarin aiki.

Sabbin fasalulluka waɗanda za a iya haskakawa tsakanin wannan sabon sabuntawa shine babban bambancin ayyuka tsakanin wanda shine aikin "wofi", da ikon komawa ga nau'ikan bayanai daban -daban da aka gabatar azaman "tsarin", "ƙungiya" da "mara amfani" . * ". Ta wannan hanyar an yi amfani da waɗannan damar maimakon amfani da alamun.

Bidi'a a cikin wannan sabuntawa shine samar da madaidaicin ɗakin karatu inda ya ba da haɗin kai iri -iri ayyuka da ƙarfin da masu haɓaka masu tarawa daban -daban suka haɗa tare da ba da takamaiman ƙididdiga. Sanya nau'ikan bayanai daban-daban gami da cancantar "const" shine ɗayan fa'idodin sa inda yake ba da damar karanta takamaiman abu a lokacin shirye-shirye.

Ci gaban ANSI C da ISO C

Zuwa shekarar 1970 shine farkon ko lokacin da wannan Harshen C ya fara maye gurbin BASIC, kasancewar shine babban jigo kuma babban harshe na shirye -shirye a cikin ƙananan kwamfutoci, saboda duk kaddarori da halayen da masu shirye -shirye suka bayar, sun aiwatar da kowane ɗayan ayyukansa. ayyuka, kamar yadda ya ba da mafi kyawun sakamako kuma ta hanya mai inganci.

A cikin shekarun 80, an fara shi a cikin aikace -aikacen a cikin IBM PC wanda ke haifar da ƙaruwa a cikin shahararsa ta amfani, wanda ya haifar da cewa wannan yare shine mafi mahimmanci a cikin takamaiman kayan aikin microprocessors, yana samun karbuwa tsakanin sauran yarukan shirye -shirye ba tare da wata matsala ba.

Lokaci guda, aikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Bjarne Stroustrup da Bell Labs ya fara, ta wannan hanyar an ƙara sabbin ayyuka a cikin shirye -shiryen C wanda aka daidaita musamman da abubuwa. Wannan sabon sabuntawa cikin yaren shirye -shirye an san shi da C ++ tare da ayyuka iri -iri da kayan aiki iri -iri don haka yana ba da farawa ga harsunan shirye -shirye.

Da wannan za a iya cewa C ++ ya ƙara yawan aikace -aikacen sa ta yadda ko a yau ana amfani da shi a cikin tsarin manhajar Microsoft Windows, kasancewar ana ɗauke shi a matsayin aikace -aikacen gama gari a cikin waɗannan tsarukan, saboda fa'idarsa mai yawa a cikin shirye -shiryen. Ba kamar yaren C wanda galibi ana amfani da shi a cikin tsarin Unix ba.

Babban bambancin da zai iya kasancewa a cikin gabatar da sabbin fasali ya ba da damar ƙara ƙarfin da za a iya amfani da shi a cikin shirye -shirye. An lura cewa wani harshe ya ɓullo a wancan lokacin wanda ake kira Objective C wanda ya gabatar da haɗewar halaye waɗanda aka mai da hankali musamman ga abubuwa zuwa C, duk da haka ba shi da farin jini iri ɗaya da yaren C ++.

Manufar C tana da aikin bayar da damar haɓaka aikace -aikace daban -daban, misali shine Cocoa wanda aka yi amfani da shi don kwamfutoci tare da Mac OS akan tsarin su. Daidai ne a 1983 ANSI, wanda shine taƙaitacciyar Cibiyar Nazarin Matsayi ta Amurka, ke kula da kafa taro don a shirya wani irin kwamiti da ake kira X3j11.

Daga wannan kwamiti don samar da ma'aunin C a takamaiman hanyar da aka ƙaddara, amma don cimma wannan manufar an buƙaci tsari mai rikitarwa wanda aka yi amfani da doguwar hanya mai zurfi tare da ƙayyadaddun bayanai a cikin yanayin da ya gabatar don samun damar kafa ƙa'idar. . by C.

Ya kasance a cikin 1989 lokacin da za a iya kammala ƙimar C, ta kai ga ƙaruwa a cikin shahara, da aka sani da yaren shirye-shiryen C musamman ANSIX3.159-1989. Yana da ayyuka iri -iri da fasali iri -iri, wanda aka fi sani da suna ANSI C, har ma an san shi da C89 saboda shine yaren C na shekara ta 89.

A cikin 1990 an yi wasu canje -canje da canje -canje ga wannan daidaitaccen harshe na ANSI ta hanyar aikin ISO, wanda shine taƙaitacciyar Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya, ta samar da sabon sigar da ake kira ISO / IEC 9899: 1990, duk da haka gyare -gyaren ba mai tsattsauran ra'ayi don haka ta wata hanya ta musamman yana kula da manyan bayanai na yaren C89, wanda shine dalilin da yasa aka kira shi C90 daga riƙe ɗaya.

Manufarta ita ce ta samar da takamaiman haɓakawa zuwa C, Kernighan da Ritchie ne suka yi hakan, yana ba da haɗin gwiwa a lokacin gabatar da wasu ayyuka da ƙarfin da a wancan lokacin ba hukuma ba ne cikin yarukan shirye -shirye. Wannan kwamiti da aka kafa ya ƙara wasu sabbin ayyuka, ta yadda adadin da ake samu ya yi yawa sosai gami da samfura daban -daban don haɓaka ƙarfin kowane aikin da aka ƙara.

Cikakken bayani

Baya ga ƙara waɗannan sabbin ayyukan, an ƙara wani preprocessor wanda ke da ingantattun halaye idan aka kwatanta da na baya. Ta wannan hanyar, an canza tsarin haɗin gwiwar da ya gabatar a cikin sigogin sanarwa yayin aiwatar da shi ta hanyar da aka saba a cikin tsarin C ++, ta amfani da shi don samun sakamakon da ake so a cikin tsarin shirye -shirye.

A halin yanzu, ana amfani da yaren ANSI C a cikin kusan duk masu tarawa saboda lambar C na yaren shirye -shiryen C wanda ya dogara da shi. An sani cewa kowane nau'in shirin an rubuta shi ne kawai a cikin daidaitattun C ba tare da samun lambar da ke da takamaiman dogaro kan kayan aikin da aka gyara ba.

Ta wannan hanyar, akwai isasshen aiki akan nau'ikan dandamali daban -daban waɗanda ke tallafawa wannan yaren C don su dace a lokacin shirye -shirye a cikin tsarin da aka bayar. Wannan aiwatar dole ne ya dace don aiwatar da kowane umarni na musamman da fasali don samun sakamakon da ake so.

Amma dole ne a yi la'akari da cewa adadi mai yawa na shirye -shirye suna da rubutun da ke buƙatar tattarawa a kan takamaiman dandamali kuma har ma ta hanyar wani mai tarawa don dalilai daban -daban cewa za a iya aiwatar da shirin ta wannan hanyar kawai.

Daga cikin dalilan wannan yanayin shine lokacin amfani da dakunan karatu waɗanda ba safai ake amfani da su ba, ana amfani da musaya mai hoto na mai amfani da aka ƙaddara. Hakanan lokacin da ake amfani da masu tarawa na yanzu, ana iya haifar da yanayin wanda ba za a iya cika yanayin ma'aunin da aka bayar ba.

Tare da amfani da nau'ikan bayanai daban -daban, ana tilasta wannan yanayin na masu tarawa, waɗannan bayanan suna da girman daidai ko daidai gwargwadon ƙungiya ta tsari na ragowa da aka mallaka a cikin dandamali da ake amfani da shi. Saboda wannan, ana iya amfani da macro na STDC, wanda ke da niyyar raba lambar zuwa ɓangarorin ANSI kuma bi da bi a cikin K&R ga kowane mai tarawa.

Kalmomin ANSI-C

Ta hanyar ANSI-C za ku iya samun ayyuka da yawa waɗanda ke ba da damar shirye-shirye tare da kowane mai tarawa da kuke da su. Amma don wannan, galibi ana amfani da kalmomin halayen waɗanda aka keɓe don yaren shirye -shiryen, waɗanda ake amfani da su a halin yanzu.

Ta hanyar waɗannan kalmomin zaku iya aiwatar da umarni iri -iri, daga cikinsu yana da mahimmanci ku san su don amfani da kowane aiki da ƙarfin da aka gabatar a cikin wannan yaren. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa kalmomin da aka adana a cikin wannan harshe na ANSI C:

• auto
• hutu
• Harka
• Char
• Farashin
• Ci gaba
• Default
• Do
• biyu
• Else
• enum
• A waje
• Yawo
• Ma
• Int
• Dogon Rajista
• Komawa
• short
• Sa hannu
• Girman
• Ƙirƙiri
• Tsarin
• switch
• typedef
• Union
• Sa hannu
• wõfintattu
• maras tabbas
• Duk da yake

Daidaitaccen C 99

Godiya ga ci gaban haɓaka daidaitattun harshe na ANSI, kasancewa musamman a cikin C inda aka sami kwanciyar hankali na ɗan lokaci, amma a cikin yanayin C ++ Harshe yana ci gaba da juyin halitta a cikin kowane sabuntawa na halaye da kaddarorin da ke ba da ayyuka mafi girma a cikin shirye -shirye.

Don haka ma'aunin ya kasance cikin bita na yau da kullun don 90s don samun haɓakawa a cikin sabuntawa. Ta wannan hanyar, ana iya samar da ma'aunin ISO 9899: 1999, wanda aka sani a hanyar gama gari kamar C99. Godiya ga wannan sabuntawa, an sami ci gaba a cikin shirye -shiryen don a iya daidaita daidaiton ANSI a cikin shekara ta 2000 na watan Maris.

Harshen C ya gabatar da ɗimbin yawa na sabuntawa da ci gaba, inda C ya zama ƙaramin sashi na C ++, wannan bayanan yana da matukar mahimmanci ga bugu na gaba na kowane sabuntawa da ake aiwatarwa. Babu matsala yayin samar da sabuntawar daidai na wani takamaiman shirin daga C zuwa C ++ tunda kaddarorin sa sun sauƙaƙa wannan aikin cikin shirye -shirye.

Ana iya adana lambar kuma a kiyaye ta ta dace da yarukan da aka gabatar waɗanda sune C da C ++ inda aka yi takamaiman tattarawa. Amma saboda gaskiyar cewa tare da ci gaban fasaha an aiwatar da sabon sabuntawa, ya bayyana cewa wasu abubuwan da aka gabatar ba su dace da C ++ ba.

Wannan saboda gaskiyar cewa ba a tallafawa waɗannan sabbin kadarorin a cikin C ++. Caseaya daga cikin yanayin wannan yanayin shine takamaiman ƙimar farko na mai canzawa wanda ke tsaye a cikin tsarin yaren, don haka yana ba da damar bayyana nau'in "bool" don ya bambanta da yadda yake gudana a C ++.

An sani cewa da yawa daga cikin masu tarawa a zamanin yau suna da goyan bayan wannan fasalin C99, daga ciki wanda zamu iya haskaka GCC mai tarawa, da sauransu. Amma akwai matsalar da ba kowa ne ke da kyakkyawar tarba irin ta Microsoft, Borland, da sauransu. Saboda wannan ya kasance yana haɓakawa koyaushe don kula da kyawawan fa'idodi da ƙara sabbin kaddarorin don shirye -shirye.

C99 Standard fasali

Wannan sabuntawa yana da wasu halaye da kaddarorin da yake ba wa mai amfani don a sauƙaƙe su a cikin aikace -aikacen su da kuma cikin shirye -shirye. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa aka nuna manyan halayen da suka bambanta daga wannan sigar daidaitaccen harshe na ANSI:

• Yana gabatar da aikin kan layi
• Yana da jerin masu canji waɗanda za a iya kashe su kuma a ayyana su duk inda kuke.
• Yana da wasu fasalulluka irin wannan tare da Harshen C ++
• Ba kwa buƙatar ayyana mai canzawa bayan wani canji, ana iya gudanar da shi ko'ina
• Har ila yau, baya buƙatar canzawar bayanin da aka haɗa
• Ya ƙunshi nau'ikan bayanai iri -iri
• Daga cikin janar duk abin da za a iya haskaka cewa wannan harshe yana da: "dogon tsayi int" da kuma "rikitarwa"
• Zai iya rage matsalar juyawa daga 32-bit zuwa 64-bit
• Yana da nau'in bayanan boolean
• Yana da masu canji waɗanda ke ba da wakilcin lambobi masu rikitarwa, suna ba da damar aiwatar da shi a cikin shirye -shirye
• A yanayin tsayin m shine Arrays
• Yana ba da ayyuka iri -iri masu fa'ida daga cikinsu waɗanda ke fice "snprintf ()"
• Yana gabatar da jerin sautukan kai waɗanda sababbi ne don wannan sabuntawa tsakanin waɗancan shine "stdint.h"
• Kamar yadda yake a cikin C ++, yana yiwuwa a sami tallafi mai zaman kansa
• Daga cikin manyan fasallan sa shine goyan bayan maganganun da aka yi ta hanyar yanar gizo wanda dole ne ya fara da //
• Ci gaba ta hanyar kwaikwaiyo a cikin gwajin jiki da sinadarai

Daidaitaccen C 11

C11 shine sunan kowa na ɗaya daga cikin sabuntawar Harshen C da aka samar a cikin shekara ta 2011 a cikin watan Afrilu, wanda ke gabatar da sunan ISO / IEC 9899: 2011. Wannan sabon ma'aunin dole ne ya bi matakai da yawa don buga shi. Don haka don samun wannan daidaiton ana buƙatar wucewa ta kowane mataki don tabbatar da daidaiton tare da yanayi mafi kyau.

Tun daga farko an san shi da sunan C1X, wannan ma wani suna ne na yau da kullun kafin samun sunan C11. An nuna daftarin ƙarshe a watan Afrilu, bita na ƙarshe ya kasance a watan Oktoba daidai da 10th, kuma An buga shi a ranar 8 ga Disamba bayan an tabbatar da shi ta hanyar ISO.

Ta hanyar wannan sabon sabuntawa, an sami sabbin kaddarori waɗanda za a iya amfani da su a cikin tsarin aiki daban -daban kuma yana ba da damar canza masu tarawa da tsarin su a lokacin shirya shirin ta hanyar wannan daidaitaccen a cikin harshen C na tsarin aiki wanda shine amfani. shirya.

Yana ba da babbar goyan baya ga kirtani na Unicode, kasancewar yayi kama da daidaiton C ++, yana gabatar da ɗimbin bayanai waɗanda aka ƙera don kafa babban matakin sarrafawa da sarrafa bayanan da aka gabatar a cikin shirin. Hakanan yana ƙirƙirar nau'ikan bayanai guda biyu waɗanda ke da manufar ba da wakilcin jerin haruffa waɗanda sune UTF-16 da UTF-32.

Hakanan ana ƙara sabbin ayyuka zuwa ɗakunan karatu na yau da kullun don a iya aiwatar da jerin juzu'i zuwa nau'ikan tsarin da aka gabatar. Ana adana madaidaicin ɗakin karatu a uchar.h. Tare da wanda, tare da kowane sigar, za a iya aiwatar da tabbaci daidai na iyakokin da aka gabatar a cikin ɗakunan karatu na yau da kullun.

Ayyukan

Hakanan, ana samun yuwuwar yin alamar sarkar haruffan da aka gabatar tare da takamaiman prefixes waɗanda suke u8, u, U. Kasancewa daidai ga kowane wakilci, wato UTF-16 da UTF-32; don haka UTF-8 za ta ci gaba da amfani da cajin da take da shi.

Tare da kowane aiki da aka gabatar, ana samun ikon sarrafawa da tsara kirtanin haruffa, yana ba da matsakaicin lamba da za a kafa a lokacin aiwatar da rajistan don gujewa wuce iyaka da aka sanya a farkon buffon da aka sanya bayan jerin. na umarni don aikace -aikacen ku.

Hakazalika, an ƙara yiwuwar samun tallafi ga tsarin da ba a bayyana sunansa ba da kuma ƙungiyoyin da ba a bayyana sunan mai amfani ba. Wanda ba shi da suna wanda za a gane shi don a ƙirƙiri da kafa lambobin da ake buƙata waɗanda ba na magana ba ko aƙalla waɗanda ke da ƙarami yayin ƙara ƙayyadaddun tsari.

Ta hanyar wannan aikin yana yiwuwa a shigar da takamaiman filayen da ba a buƙatar amfani da sunan tun farkon tunda yana haifar da cikas da babban wahala wajen karanta lambar da aka yi amfani da ita. Ya ƙunshi fayilolin da suke da wasu sabbin nau'ikan bayanai a ciki don aiwatar da shirye -shiryen da ake aiwatarwa ba tare da wata matsala ba.

Ana iya lura da irin waɗannan halayen tare da C ++ a cikin manyan macros waɗanda ke samuwa a lokacin ƙirƙirar macros kuna da zaɓi da ikon bin hanyar fassarar aikin da za a yi amfani da shi bisa ga tushe na sigogi da yanayin da aka kafa a farkon shirye -shiryen.

Standard C an saka

Lokacin magana game da Harshen C, ba za mu iya guje wa haskaka ƙimar C ɗin da aka saka ba, saboda manyan halaye da kaddarorin da yake gabatarwa, sauƙaƙe amfani da shi a lokacin shirye -shirye, gami da fa'idodin da za a iya amfani da su tare da wannan sabuntawa. na mizanin da aka kafa ta hanyoyi daban-daban da ba na yau da kullun na yaren C ba.

Ta wannan hanyar, yana yiwuwa gabatar da wasu muhimman kaddarorin waɗanda ba na hukuma ba ne, kamar lissafin lissafi da aka yi amfani da shi a madaidaicin wuri, ko kuma ayyuka daban -daban na asali waɗanda ake amfani da su a cikin fitarwa da shigarwa cikin shirye -shiryen da ake aiwatarwa.

A cikin 2008, ƙungiyar ta ƙirƙira kuma ta ba da izini don daidaita daidaiton C ta ƙara wasu jagororin da ba na hukuma ba wanda aka ruwaito ta hanyar rahoton fasaha inda aka yi bayanin yadda aka aiwatar da faɗaɗa Harshen C, yana ba da daidaiton da aka ɗauka na kowa ne ga kowane ɗayan fasalolin da kuke da ikon ƙarawa.

Yana da wasu maƙasudai waɗanda suka bambanta da ainihin Harshen C wanda ake amfani da shi tare da ƙaramin maƙasudi don tsarin aiki na na'urori. Yana da damar riƙe wani kulawa na na'urorin waje tare da samun ikon sarrafawa akai -akai.

Hakanan yana amfani da gine -ginen da ake samu a cikin ɓangaren processor don babban gudanarwa da tsara abubuwan katsewa, kamar masu ƙidayar lokaci, sadarwar da aka gabatar cikin jerin tare da babban inganci a cikin shirye -shiryen, saboda haka waɗanda suka ƙware a cikin shirye -shirye wannan gajere ne

Yana da saurin gudu sosai inda ake aiwatar da shirye -shiryen cikin sauri, yana sauƙaƙa duk wani aiwatarwa da kuke so ko kuna buƙatar aiwatarwa, yayin riƙe karatun lambar kamar kiyayewarsa da ke faruwa yayin aiwatar da shirin da ake yi. amfani akan na'urar.

Daidaitaccen C18

A cikin yaren C an yi sabuntawa ta ƙarshe ta hanyar sabunta daidaiton wanda ake kira ISO / IEC 9899: 2018, wanda aka haɓaka a cikin 2018 kasancewa ma'auni na ƙarshe wanda aka buga don C, kuma tare da wannan sabuntawar sabbin fasali, sabbin kaddarori. kuma ana aiwatar da sabbin ayyuka don babban matakin inganci a cikin takamaiman shirin.

Microchip ne ya ƙirƙira shi musamman don masu sarrafa abubuwan da ke akwai. Yana da fa'idar da za a iya siyan ta kyauta tare da littafin da aka bayyana kowane ayyukansa da yadda za a iya aiwatar da shi ta hanyar da ta dace don rage gazawar da kurakuran da ka iya tasowa a lokacin aiwatar da waɗannan halayen. a cikin tattarawa.

Shine maye gurbin ma'aunin C11, don haka duk lahani da ke cikin C11 an kawar da shi kuma an ƙara sabbin fasali don ƙarin tallafi, galibi don CCG 8 da LLVM Clang 6.0. Aiwatarwa kamar yadda wasu kaddarorin sifofin C ++ galibi a cikin sigogi da ƙa'idodin da aka kafa.

Aplicaciones 

Manufar yaren C shine don tsarin Unix a farkon, amma tare da kowane daidaituwa an sami ikon fadada ayyukan sa zuwa wasu tsarin aiki, daga ciki ana amfani dashi don haɓaka Windows, Linux, da sauransu. Don haka yana ba da fa'idar samun damar yin amfani da shi a cikin aikace -aikacen tebur, daga cikinsu ana iya haskaka GIMP.

Amma aikace -aikacen wannan yaren shirye -shiryen bai takaita ga yankin kimiyyar kwamfuta kawai ba amma yana faɗaɗa zuwa wasu fannoni kamar yankin kimiyya tunda ana amfani da shi don nau'ikan gwaje -gwaje iri -iri don yin kwaikwayon yankin sinadarai, yankin zahiri, da yankin lissafi.

Ko a yankin masana’antu, ana iya amfani da wannan yare tunda yana ba da damar yin samfura waɗanda ke sauƙaƙe waɗannan gwaje -gwajen ta hanyar haɓaka masana'antar mai kamar petrochemicals. An sani cewa ana amfani da shi don kwaikwayon jirgin sama don haka yana da mahimmanci a aiwatar da wannan yaren daidai saboda babban mahimmancin sa a aikace na waɗannan ayyukan. Duk waɗannan kayan aikin suna ba da ilimin ci gaba don shirye -shirye a cikin tsarin aiki