A cikin labarin na gaba, za mu ba ku misalan software na tsarin da ire -irensu, domin ku fahimci su dalla -dalla.
Misalan Software na System
Software na tsarin yana taka muhimmiyar rawa yayin amfani da kwamfuta, ko na hannu, tunda ba tare da yin lissafin su kamar yadda muka sani ba zai sami ma'ana ko aiki. Anan zamu iya nuna muku wasu Misalan software na tsarin, amma da farko ya zama dole a fahimci me suke, me suke yi, da abin da aka ƙera su.
Don haka, manhaja tsari ne na shirye -shirye da abubuwan yau da kullun waɗanda ke ba wa kwamfuta ko na’urar hannu damar aiwatar da wasu ayyuka; Ana amfani da su don yin mu'amala da tsarin aiki don haka suna iya sarrafa shi cikin sauƙi ta kayan aikin sa. Kwamfuta ba tare da software ba ba za a iya sarrafa ta ba.
Software software ko kuma ana kiranta Base Software, sun ƙunshi tsarin aiki, direbobi (masu sarrafawa) da ɗakunan karatu, waɗanda ke taimakawa komai tare don yin aiki daidai.
A taƙaice, manhajar na farko ce don sarrafa kwamfuta, wato duk wani shiri ya ƙunshi software, tunda yana ba da damar aikace -aikacen yin aiki da aiwatar da ayyukan da ake buƙata daga gare ta. Yanzu da muke da wannan bayyananniyar, zamu iya gabatar muku da wasu Misalan software na tsarin:
Fedora Linux
Tsarin aiki ne daga Linux, wanda aka sani yana da aminci da kwanciyar hankali. Wannan tsarin yana da masu haɓakawa da yawa waɗanda ke ba da izinin sakin sabbin sigogi biyu a kowace shekara, waɗanda ke ɗauke da labarai masu ban mamaki a cikin ayyuka da fasalulluka na tsarin.
An san Fedora shine mafi amfani a tsakanin sigogin Linux, kodayake yana iya yin wasa kaɗan akan gaskiyar cewa bai dace da wasu shirye -shirye da aikace -aikace ba.
Ubuntu Linux
Wannan kuma wani sa'in ne Misalan Software System wanda ya danganci Linux. Kamar Fedora, yana da tsayayye kuma amintacce, amma yana da ƙarin jituwa na shirye -shirye da aikace -aikace, yana kuma karɓar sabbin fitattun abubuwa guda biyu a shekara, waɗannan suna faruwa a watan Afrilu da Oktoba.
Microsoft Windows
Kasancewa tsarin da aka fi amfani da shi a duniya, wanda Microsoft ya haɓaka. Ya fara girma ba tare da tsayawa a cikin 90s ba, ta hanyar sigar sa ta farko, wanda aka yi a 1985.
Windows yana da abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ke sanya shi ɗayan mafi kyawun tsarin aiki, amma kuma yana da wasu abubuwan da ake ɗauka ba su da kyau sosai, kamar babbar barazanar malware. Hakanan, kamfanoni, masu amfani masu zaman kansu da cibiyoyi ba sa shakkar amfani da shi.
Android
An san shi da babban farin jini, ya zama ɗaya Misalan Tsarin Software wanda aka fi amfani da su a duniya, tare da miliyoyin masu amfani akan na'urorin hannu, tare da Apple's iOS a matsayin babban gasa.
Android ana kiranta tsarin aiki kyauta tare da ayyuka da yawa, wanda kuma yana da babban kantin aikace -aikace a kasuwa, yana goyan bayan Google, ɗayan manyan kamfanoni a fagen fasaha.
Android na ɗaya daga cikin misalan Software Software, amma kuna son ƙarin sani game da menene Android? Idan kuna son ƙarin sani, muna gayyatar ku don kallon bidiyon mai zuwa:
Drivers
Ba a san su da sunaye masu rijista ba, alamar da ke da su ce kawai ke wakiltarsu, babban misali, shine AMD idan ya zo ga katunan zane -zane har ila yau ASUS don motherboards, ko sanannen HP don masu bugawa da kayan haɗi.
Manajojin Boot
An ƙara shi ta duk tsarin aiki, ana sarrafa su ta tsakiya na tsakiya wanda ke ba da damar shirya dukkan tsarin aiki don farawa. Waɗannan galibi ba sa ɗaukar suna, kodayake muna da shari'ar Grub, wanda shine bootloader wanda Linux da sauran abubuwan da suka samo asali suka haɗa.
glibc
Littattafai ne da Linux ke amfani da su sosai, yana da mashahuri tunda yawancin shirye -shiryen da ke aiki a cikin tsarin aiki, don haka, a hannunsu. Wannan yana da alhakin ayyuka da yawa na asali kuma sama da duka yin kiran tsarin.
GNOME
An kira ƙirar hoto mai amfani don yawancin abubuwan da aka samo na Linux, yana da sauƙi da sauƙin amfani, kodayake ana ɗaukarsa ba daidai bane, ga sababbin masu amfani. Shafin 3.0 ya kawo jayayya da yawa, me yasa yake da cikakken tebur.
Bash
Yaren shirye -shirye ne, amma kuma sigar layin umarni ne, wanda aka fi amfani da shi a cikin Linux da Unix tare da dabarun fasaha don mai da hankali kan nau'ikan ayyuka daban -daban akan tsarin. Wannan yana aiki azaman taga inda za a iya rubuta umarni kuma zai kasance mai kula da fassara da aiwatar da su.
MacOS
Tsarin aiki ne da Apple ya ƙirƙiro, dangane da kwamfutoci, kuma ana amfani da su ne kawai ta layin samfurin Mac ɗinsa. An saki wannan a cikin 2001, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin ya zama sananne, amma a lokaci guda, ya fi tsada.
BlackBerryOS
Tsarin aiki ne na wayar hannu, wanda BlackBerry ya haɓaka, wannan tsarin yana ba da damar amfani da ayyuka da yawa kuma yana da goyan baya ga nau'ikan shigarwar daban -daban, wanda ya dace don amfani da na'urorin taɓawa. An haɓaka shi a ƙarshen 90's, ya zama sananne sosai don ba da damar isa ga imel da binciken yanar gizo.
Unix
Wannan yana daya daga cikin misalan software na tsarin wanda ba a san shi sosai ba, wanda ke da sunan Unix, an haɓaka shi a ƙarshen shekarun 60 ta ƙungiyar ma'aikatan Labour Bell, wanda tsarin aiki ne, suna ba da sabis da yawa da yawa.
Solaris
Kodayake ba a san shi sosai kamar waɗanda aka ambata a baya ba, wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin Misalan Software System Kasancewa ga dangin Unix, yana ɗaya daga cikin mashahuran a cikin kasuwancin duniya kuma an gane shi ɗaya daga cikin mafi kwanciyar hankali.
Mint na Linux
Tsarin aiki ne wanda ya danganci Ubuntu, wanda ke da niyyar baiwa mai amfani da ƙirar mai amfani da zamani. Yana da ikon tallafawa nau'ikan tsari da lambobi daban -daban, gami da samun nau'ikan aikace -aikacen tushen kyauta da buɗewa iri -iri.
HP-UX
Hewelett-Packard ne ya ƙirƙira shi, tsarin aiki ne wanda ke ci gaba da haɓakawa wanda ke ba da yanayin aiki mai ƙarfi da kwanciyar hankali wanda kuma yana goyan bayan ɗimbin aikace-aikace daga masu gyara rubutu zuwa shirye-shiryen ƙirar hoto mai rikitarwa.
Nau'in Software Software
Waɗannan misalai na tsarin ko software na asali an rarrabe su a cikin saiti daban -daban na kwamfuta da ƙarewa kamar masu lodin taya, musanya layin umarni, musaya mai hoto da BIOS. Na gaba, za mu nuna muku abin da kowannensu yake game da:
Kayan aiki
An wakilce su ta hanyar kasancewa babban saitin software don na'ura, wanda ke ba da cikakken bayani kan zaɓin da za mu iya yi da shi. Shi ne abin da ke ba mu damar mu'amala ta hanyar direbobi da kayan masarufi, don ba mu ikon amfani da kwamfuta ko na hannu.
Dangane da abin da ya shafi kwamfuta, duka kwamfutoci da kwamfyutoci, Windows na Microsoft shine mafi shahara a duniya, yayin da tsarin Android na Google ke amfani da wayoyin hannu da Allunan. Kodayake akwai wasu da yawa, kamar MacOS, Linux, Unix, da sauransu.
Direbobi ko direbobi
Wannan yana haifar da tsarin daidai yana gano kayan masarufi kuma don haka yana amfani da shi ta hanyar sa. Misali mai sauƙi shine lokacin da muka haɗa sabon linzamin kwamfuta, ko firintar, waɗannan suna shigar da wasu fayilolin ta atomatik waɗanda ake kira direbobi, waɗanda ke ba da damar amfani da kayan haɗi, kodayake wani lokacin yana da mahimmanci don yin shigarwa da hannu ta CD ko ta sauke fayil. cikin Intanet.
Kantunan littattafai
Hakanan ana kiranta dakunan karatu, gabaɗaya sune ayyukan ayyuka waɗanda ke sauƙaƙe tsarin aiki don cirewa da fassara lambobin, ta wannan hanyar yana ba mu damar buɗe manyan fayiloli da nuna mana fayilolin da muke buƙata.
Waɗannan ɗakunan karatu gabaɗaya basa buƙatar farawa, tunda ana jagorantar su ta jerin umarni inda koyaushe yana samuwa don amfani muddin an saka shi. Ana iya amfani da su ta shirye -shirye daban -daban don tantance ainihin sakamakon ƙarshe na fassarar lamba, don buɗewa da nuna kowane fayil.
Boot manajan
Shi ne abin da bai ayyana wane tsarin aiki za mu fara a kan kowace na’ura ba, tunda halin da ake ciki shi ne an shigar da fiye da ɗaya. An kira wannan hanyar saboda lokacin da aka kunna na’ura, yana bayyana yana ba mu ikon zaɓar tsarin da muka fi so.
Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa muddin aka shigar da tsarin aiki guda ɗaya kawai, bootloader ba zai bayyana ba, kodayake wannan ba yana nufin cewa tsarin aikin ku ba shi da shi, kawai yana neman a zaɓe shi ta atomatik.
Zane zane
An samo shi azaman cikakken tsarin aiki wanda zai iya kasancewa ko ba zai kasance ba, babban aikinsa shine cewa yana da sauƙin amfani, mai sauƙin mu'amala da su kuma galibi suna farantawa ido rai. An bayyana shi ta hanyar riƙe magudi kai tsaye tare da mai amfani, don haka da yawa sun fi son amfani da wannan keɓewar fiye da layin umarni.
Layin layin umarni
Wata hanyar ba wa mai amfani damar yin mu'amala da na'urar su ita ce na'urar wasan bidiyo inda mai amfani zai iya ƙirƙirar jerin umarni daban -daban don cimma fa'idodin zaɓuɓɓukan da aka nema. Wannan masarrafa ta wanzu tun lokacin ƙirƙirar kwamfutoci, tana taimaka wa mai amfani don yin ayyuka.
BIOS
Yana da wani yanki mai mahimmanci don aikin software, wanda ke taimakawa farawa da ƙayyade ko yana zaɓar tsarin aiki ta atomatik ko ya tafi kai tsaye zuwa mai sarrafa taya. Ana haɗa shi koyaushe cikin kowane na'ura, wanda baya cikin tsarin aiki.
Kayan aikin bincike
Don sa ido kan yadda hardware ke aiki, ana amfani da jerin software ko shirye -shiryen da aka samu a ƙwaƙwalwar RAM, processor, katunan sadarwa, da sauransu; An dora musu alhakin tabbatar da canja wurin bayanai masu santsi.
Gyarawa da inganta kayan aikin
Suna da alhakin gyara software don haɓaka ayyukan sa ko kuma yana iya amfani da ƙarancin albarkatu. Gabaɗaya zuwa shirye -shiryen kwamfuta, galibi ana inganta su don ingantaccen aiki, saurin da cewa zasu iya aiki tare da ƙarancin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da / ko amfani da makamashi.
Bauta
Suna gudanar da software wanda zai iya biyan buƙatun da buƙatun mai amfani da amsa daidai. Ana iya samun waɗannan akan dukkan na'urori har ma a kan kwazo -kwafutoci da ake kira "The Server" ko "Servers".
Suna da ikon samar da ayyuka daban -daban da yawa akan kwamfuta ɗaya, ban da samun sabobin da yawa suna gudana. Wannan babbar fa'ida ce dangane da aminci, saboda suna da karko sosai.
Hanyoyin haɓaka software
Hanyoyin software tsari ne don tsara jerin abubuwan da suka faru ko matakai a cikin ƙirƙirar tsarin bayanai; Waɗannan hanyoyin sun ɓullo cikin shekaru kuma ana iya samun su yanzu a duniyar kwamfuta. Muna iya ambaton waɗannan:
Waterfall ko "Cascada"
Ofaya daga cikin hanyoyin haɓaka software na farko shine Ruwa, wanda kuma ake kira "waterfall", ya ƙunshi jerin umarni waɗanda ke tafiya mataki -mataki, ana cika su cikin cikakkiyar tsari, ba tare da tsallake ɗayan su ba.
Mai amfani yana ƙayyade abubuwan buƙatun sannan ya tafi izgilan ƙira, don ganin hanyar da za a aiwatar, sannan an tabbatar kuma a ƙarshe ana aiwatar da ayyukan kulawa.
An sifanta shi da samun hanyar tsinkaya. An ƙirƙira shi a cikin 70's kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi a cikin wasu abubuwan yau, ana ɗaukarsa amintacciya amma hanyar da ake buƙata akan lokaci, ta kasa samun damar isar da sauri.
Amma wannan hanyar ta kasance tana da rikice -rikice da yawa, kamar tsari don haɓaka software yana da jinkiri sosai, shirin yana ƙunshe da kuskure ko ba zai iya cika buƙatun tsarin ba, kuma yana kan fara farawa, wanda ke haifar da jinkiri da yawa.
Iterative ko ƙari model
A cikin shekarun 80 ƙirar haɓaka ko ƙira ta samo asali, kamar Karkace, RAD da RUP, duk waɗannan hanyoyin suna da tsari iri ɗaya wanda ke ba da ƙarin haɓaka ayyuka, keɓe kansu don tafiya mataki -mataki, amma kowane ɗayan waɗannan ayyukan ana yin su a cikin an ba su lokaci kuma kuna iya ganin ɗan ma'amala tsakanin su.
Wannan ƙirar ta dogara ne akan samfurin Waterfall, amma tare da falsafar juzu'i, sabili da haka, yana da maki da yawa iri ɗaya da wannan ƙirar, amma ana amfani da waɗannan akai -akai. Za mu iya nuna muku wasu misalai:
Samfuran Karkace
Sabanin samfurin “Cascade”, wanda ke ba da cikakken tsari, yana ba da (dangane da faɗuwar ruwa mai jujjuyawa) mafi kyawun aiki, tunda yana nuna daidaiton ayyuka a cikin samfura masu sauri, mafi daidaituwa da abin da ke faruwa a cikin ƙira da daidaitawa. na ayyukan.
Rad
Manufarta ita ce samar da daidaitattun sakamako mai sauri, an yi niyyar ba da cikakken tsarin ci gaba, kuma an kuma tsara shi don haɓaka ƙwarewar duk tsarin haɓaka software. Daga cikin fa'idodinsa, mafi mashahuri shine:
- Kammala komai daga ci gaban tsari babu kokari.
- Ku bauta wa abokin ciniki da sauri.
- Ƙarfafa ra'ayi daga abokan cinikin ku don inganta aikinku.
Tsarin Ci gaban Agile
A cikin 90's, Tsarin Ci gaban Agile ya samo asali ne saboda martani akan hanyoyin da suka gabata da waɗanda aka samo. Wannan ƙirar tana ba da sassauci da inganci yayin aiwatar da aiki, galibi kamfanoni suna zaɓar wannan hanyar tunda yana da sauƙi a gare su don cimma burin da aka tsara. Anan mun nuna muku mafi mashahuri samfura:
Scrum
Shahararriyar hanyar da aka samo a cikin wannan ƙirar ita ce Scrum, yawanci ana ganin ita ce aka fi amfani da ita a kasuwa saboda babban inganci da saurin ta a sakamakon ƙarshe. Mutane masu zuwa suna aiki a wannan hanyar:
- Mai Samfurin: Ƙayyade ayyukan da za a yi kuma sanar da wannan ga ƙungiyar.
- Developmentungiyar ci gaba: Masu shirye -shirye, Gwaji, Database, da sauransu.
- Scrum Master: Shi ne wanda ke kula da ayyanawa, gwargwadon gwajin ƙungiyar, ɗayansu da cimma burin da aka kafa.
Matsanancin tsarin shirye -shirye (xp)
Ana ɗaukarsa azaman tsarin injiniyan software na agile. A halin yanzu da aka sani da tsarin XP (eXtreme Programming), ana amfani da shi musamman don gujewa ayyukan haɓakawa waɗanda ba lallai ba ne, ya yi fice don kulawa da inganci a cikin ayyuka masu rikitarwa, kodayake yana yiwuwa a fayyace irin waɗannan ayyukan cewa yana ɗaukar ƙarin lokaci.
Software mai cutarwa
Ba duk software ba ne ke taimakawa inganci da saurin kwamfutar. Wasu na iya kamuwa da kwamfuta da virus ba tare da sanin mai amfani ba; Waɗannan softwares da ake kira ƙwayoyin cuta na kwamfuta, ko software masu ƙeta (malware), kawai suna da burin lalata tsarin aiki.
Akwai nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta na kwamfuta waɗanda aka rarrabasu gwargwadon inda aka same su, asali, ko lalacewar tsarin aiki. Wasu daga cikinsu sune:
- Ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke kai hari ga ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta kuma ana kunna su lokacin da tsarin aiki ya fara.
- Kwayoyin cutar kai tsaye, waɗanda ke kwafin kansu yayin aiwatar da su, suna cutar da fayiloli a cikin jagorar.
- Overwrite virus; Waɗannan suna goge duk bayanan da aka adana ta hanyar rubutu a saman fayilolin.
- Boot virus, wanda ke shafar boot ɗin rumbun kwamfutarka.
- Macroviruses, waɗannan suna shafar fayilolin da ke ɗauke da kari kamar DOC, XLS, MDB, da PPS.
- Kwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na polymorphic, waɗanda aka ɓoye a cikin tsarin, yana sa ya zama mai wahala ga riga -kafi gano su.
- FAT ƙwayoyin cuta, hana samun dama ga wasu sassan rumbun kwamfutarka saboda haka ba ya ƙyale ku buɗe fayilolin.
- Jerin ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda aka samo a cikin hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo da shafukan yanar gizo, an yi niyyar su cutar da tsarin gaba ɗaya.
Idan kuna son sani game da ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda zasu iya shafar kwamfutarka, muna gayyatar ku don karanta labarin mai zuwa: Kwayoyin cuta 5 mafi haɗari a cikin tarihi.