Chii chinonzi ARP? Kero yekugadzirisa protocol!

Wakambonzwa nezve ARP kana kero yekugadzirisa protocol uye iwe hauzive zvavari kutaura nezvazvo, mune inotevera chinyorwa, Chii chinonzi ARP? Kero yekugadzirisa protocol! Tinokuzivisa iwe zvese nezvenyaya iyi.

Chii chinonzi ARP?: Network Protocol uye ine chii chinosanganisira

Zvirongwa zveNetwork zvakateedzana zvemitemo zvinodzora kutaurirana pakati pezvinhu zvakabatana kune imwechete network.

Iyi mitemo inovakwa neseti yemirairidzo inoita kuti zvive nyore kumidziyo kuziva uye kubatana pamwe chete, pamusoro pezvo, mitemo yekuomesa inoshandiswa, nechinangwa chekuti mameseji afambe zvakanaka kubva pakutanga kusvika pakupedzisira.

Zvinoitwa nemitemo yekumisikidza ndeyekubvunza kana ruzivo rwakagovaniswa nenzira yakakwana, rwakarambwa kana kana pave paine matambudziko mukuchinjiswa kwedata.

Mukutaurirana pakati pemakomputa akabatana kune imwechete network, iyo data yakakamurwa kuita zvidiki dhata mapakeji. Ivo kazhinji vane huwandu hwemazana gumi nemashanu emabheti, izvi nekuti ndeve MTU (Maximum Transfer Unit) mhando, ayo anonyanya kuwanikwa mumasaiti.

Asi, nyanzvi dzemunharaunda network dzinoshandisa maJumbo Frames (MTU 9000 byte), ichigadzira kusimudzira kwekutsinhana kweruzivo, ichichinjisa diki diki yemusoro, kuchengetedza nzvimbo.

Mushure mekushandura iwo ruzivo kuita diki dhata, kana ichinge yasvika kwayiri kuenda kunofanirwa kudzosa ayo epakutanga maitiro kuti aunzwe mune yekushandisa dura.

Kune akatiwandei protocols pane network

• TCP / IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) ndiwo akateedzana eprotocol ane chikuru basa kubatana pakati pemakomputa pane network.
• ftp (File Transfer Protocol) ndeimwe yemaprotocol anozivikanwa, akagadzirwa muna 1971, basa rayo guru kugovana mafaera.
• SSH (Yakachengeteka Shell) inobvumidza kupinda kune iri kure server, kuburikidza neiyo encryption chengetedzo system.
• DNS (Domain Name System) ivhavha ine basa rine kushandurwa kwenhamba dzinozivisa IP.
• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), nzira yekufambisa hypertext uye HTTPS, iyo inoshandisa yakachengeteka system yekufambisa ruzivo.

Kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda nezve netiweki, tinokukoka iwe kuti ushanyire Zvinhu zve network: chikuru basa, girafu uye zvimwe, pane yedu blog.

Chii chinonzi ARP? uye Chinangwa chako chikuru ndechei?

ARP (Kero Resolution Protocol), iyo muchiSpanish zvinoreva "Kero Resolution Protocol", inoshandiswa mukati mekushanda kwenetiweki, iine basa rekushandura nzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzemhando yepamusoro (IP) kuita kero dzinooneka.

ARP inoshandiswa muIEEE 802 network, aya akaenzana kuitira kuti zvigadzirwa zvekuvandudza zvigone kumhanya panguva imwe chete. ARP inoita chinzvimbo chikuru pakati pezvirongwa zverudzi urwu zvakabatana neTCP / IP.

Chinangwa cheARPs

Basa reARP rinotarisa pakuziva iyo chaiyo kero (MAC) yeiyo interface chinhu, inoenderana neIP (Internet Protocol) kero.

Ndipo panobva zita rayo. ARP inoshandiswa mune dzese nhepfenyuro maLAN (Local Area Network) uye yakagadzirirwa kutsigira chero network network, kwete IP chete.

ARP inoitwa muzviitiko apo maviri magedhi anoshandisa iyo imwechete network inoda kuendesa data pakati pavo, uyezve kana maviri ezvinhu izvi anofanirwa kushandisa rauta semurevereri.

Zvakare, kana router ichida kuendesa dhata kune inomiririra uchishandisa imwe yakafanana kifaa, uye kana iyo router ichida iyo data kuti isvike kune inomiririra pane imwechete network. Yese komputa ine registry yekuchengetedzwa kwe IP kero, kunyanya avo vane anozivikanwa MACs.

Izvo hazvifanire kukanganikwa kuti kero mukomputa ndiyo imwe inobvumidza komputa kuwana chimwe chinhu pakati pezvakawanda zvinhu kana marekodhi.

Zvakanakira nekukanganisa kweprotocol

Zvakanakira kushandisa iyo ARP protocol ndeyokuti iri nyore prototi yekubata, uye inogona kuwedzerwa kune network pasina kuzivisa nzira yekubuda.

Iyo inoderedza mashandiro ekushandisa evanopa sevhisi yeInternet, zvakare haina kuburitsa pamusoro penetiweki uye hapana kuchinjana kweruzivo pakati pevairuta.

Kukanganisa kweProtocol

Izvo zvakashata zvekushandisa iyo ARP protocol ndeyekuti, kana chinongedzo chikawira, matafura eARP haagadziriswe otomatiki, kana network ikaita chero shanduko, matafura eARP anofanirwa kugadziriswazve.

Kune rimwe divi, ine zvishoma simba rekuchinja saizi yayo kana kuzvimisikidza pachayo kuitira kuti ienderane neshanduko dzinogona kuitika munetiweki.

ARP matafura: Ndeapi anoshandiswa?

Aya matafura ane chekuita nekubatana pakati pezvikamu zveprotocol uye anoita chinongedzo munzvimbo yemuno network pakati pe IP kero uye MAC kero.

Kuti iyo chaiyo data isvike, mumwe neumwe mugashiri ane chaanoda kuziva iro chairo kero yevamwe, kuti agone kutumira iyo packet kune chaiye vanogamuchira. Idzi kero dzinozochengeterwa muARP cache.

Pane mirairo iyo inokutendera kuti ubvise zvinyore, kungave zvachose kana zvakasiyana, zvakanyorwa mutafura yeARP. Kupinda tafura yeARP zvakare, chizvarwa chechikumbiro chinofanira kuitika zvakare, kuti uwane mhinduro yerudzi urwu.

ARP cache: Ndeipi chinangwa chako?

Chinangwa ndechekuchengetedza zvinyorwa zveARP zvinoratidza iyo IP uye MAC kero, pane nzira mbiri dzekuchengeta aya kero, ayo ari: Static uye Dynamic.

Nekuda kwesimba rakakura rinoshandiswa nendangariro iyi, unogona kunge uine matambudziko nekuda kwekugara uchikurukura neIP. Nguva yakawanda inoshandiswa pazvikumbiro zveCUU, zvakakumbirwa kubva kumubati nekuda kwekuongorora kwazvinoita papaketi rakakumbirwa.

Iyi protocol inoshandiswa sei?

    Protocol muenzaniso 1.

Kana iyo Host "A" inoda kuti IP packet itumirwe kuHost "B", isingazive iyo Ethernet kero iyo iyo Host "B" inayo, zvazvinoita kuita iyo ARP kukumbira nhepfenyuro.

Bata "B" iyo kana iine yayo IP kero, inoenderera nekuchengetedza iyo IP kero yeanokumbira uye ndokupindura chikumbiro. Kana chikumbiro chasvika kuHost "B" zvinoitwa kuchengetedza chikumbiro chakataurwa mutafura yemuno inonzi ARP cache.

  Protocol muenzaniso 2.

Kana iwe uine maHosi maviri mumasaiti akasiyana, anonzi "1" uye "2", apo "1" inoda kuendesa packet ku "3", chinhu ichi chinofanira kubva kunetiweki ye "1".

Naizvozvo, kuve mune akasiyana maratidziro, "1" inoendesa izvo zvinodiwa kune chaiyo kero yeiyo router, pane zvayakaburitsa. Iyi kero yepanyama inogona kuwanikwa kubva kune iyo IP kifaa, sekureba sekushandiswa kwetafura yeARP.

Chii chingaitika kana mukova usingawanikwe muTafura?, Nekuti pakiti inopfuudzwa kune wese munhu. Panguva ino iyo router ichatarisa kune yayo tafura kuti iwane nzvimbo kwayinozotumira yayo packet uye iitumire iyo kuburikidza inoenderana inoenderana.

Kudzokorora neese epakati mapfundo kusvika yawana iyo router yenetiweki iri "C" iri.

Reverse ARP kana RARP: inoshandiswa sei?

Reverse ARP ndeye network network iyo inoshandiswa nemuchina wemutengi pane yemuno network kukumbira iyo Internet Protocol (IPv4) kero kubva kuARP tafura yegedhi router.

Iyo network maneja inogadzira tafura ine router, iyo inoshandiswa kugadzira iyo MAC kero kune iyo IP kero zvakateerana.

Iyo yakagadzirirwa yakagadzirirwa inomirira mukati medunhu renzvimbo netiweki, iyo inonzi RARP server, ichave inoitisa irwo rudzi rwekuparadzira packet.

Iyi sevha inoedza kutsvaga iyo yekupinda muIP kune MAC kero yekumira tafura. Kana paine chero chinopinda mutafura chinowirirana, iyo RARP server ichatumira mhinduro packet kune yekukumbira chishandiso, pamwe ne IP kero.

LAN matekinoroji akadai seEthernet, Ethernet II, Token Mhete, uye Fibre Yakaparadzirwa Dhata Yemukati (FDDI) inotsigira iyo Kodhi Resolution Protocol.

RARP haishandiswe mumanetwork ezuva ranhasi, nekuti kune akawanda akatanhamara maitiro akaita seBOOTP (Bootstrap Protocol) uye DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol).

Revers Direction Resolution Protocol (InARP)

Panyaya yeiyi protocol, pachinzvimbo chekushandisa kana kushandisa iyo Layer 3 kero (IP kero) kutsvaga iyo MAC kero, inverse yeARP, inoshandisa iyo MAC kero kutsvaga iyo IP kero.

Seizvo zita rinoratidzira, InARP ingori inopesana neARP. Reverse ARP ikozvino yakatsiviwa neBHOOTP uyezve DHCP, asi kudzosera ARP kunoshandiswa chete kugadzirisa zvishandiso.

Reverse ARP yakagadziriswa nekusarudzika paATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) maratidziro. InARP inoitirwa chinangwa chekutsvaga iyo Layer 3 kero kubva ku Layer 2 kero (DLCI muFreel Relay).

Dzorera ARP zvine hungwaru mamepu eDLCI ekunze IP kero, paunogadzira Frame Relay.

Kana isu tichishandisa reverse ARP, iyo DLCI yeiri kure router inozivikanwa asi iyo IP kero haina kuzivikanwa. InARP inotumira chikumbiro kuti ubate iyo IP kero uye ugoipe kune iyo Layer 2 Chimiro Relay DLCI.

ARP Proxy: Chii ichocho?

Yakagadzirwa muRFC 1027 pakati pa1987, chiri chishandiso chinobvumidza icho chinobvumidzwa kuti chigadziriswe muzvinhu zvakawanda zve network, kunyangwe Layer 3 zvishandiso.

Kubvumira chimwe chezvinhu izvi zvakagadzirirwa seProxy ARP kuenda kune zvikumbiro zveARP zvisiri izvo, zvichibvumira kero yayo yeMAC kuti ishande senzira yekufambisa yevamwe.

Proxy ARP ingabatsira sei?

Tichafunga kuti kambani ichaendesa vese vashandi vayo uye dhizaini kuenda kumuzinda mutsva, asi danho iri richaitika muzvidimbu. Iko kufambisa kunoitika zvakasiyana kune rimwe nerimwe dhipatimendi rekambani.

Sezvo kambani inofanirwa kushanda mazuva ese evhiki, zvinova zvisingaite kumisa mashandiro ayo nekuda kwekufamba. nenzira imwecheteyo, iyo IP kero inofanirwa kuramba yakafanana, zvisinei nenzvimbo, vese nechisarudzo chevakuru vekambani.

Pane ino chiitiko, ibasa rebazi rinotarisira hunyanzvi uye zvemakomputa zvesangano, kupa mhinduro nekukurumidza iyo inobvumidza kuyerera uye kuenderera kwenzira.

Panguva ino, iyo PROXY ARP ichashandiswa kugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu anoitika. Kero yekambani iyi 152.135.10 / 22, zvisinei, nekuda kwekukanganisa paunenge uchigadzira kero, idzi dzinobvaruka (152.135.1.10, 152.135.1.21, 152.38.1.50, nezvimwewo).

Iko kufambisa kwave kutoda kupera, zvisinei, zvinofungidzirwa kuraira iyo PROXY ARP, kuve nechokwadi chekushanda chaiko kwemabasa evashandi.

Ichashanda pamwe neyakavanzika network yechitatu bato iyo iri zvakare, mune network yemubatsiri webasa, ichisimbisa kubatana pakati pavo. Iyo Proxy ARP yakatogadzirwa uye kubatana pakati pemasaiti ese kwakagadzwa.

Iyo nzvimbo iyo maseva makuru akaendeswa (HEADQUARTERS A) iri mukutarisira kuratidza iyo IPs yekambani mune / 32 fomati uye yapfuura saiti yebasa (HEADQUARTERS B), inovaratidza se / 25.

Izvi zvinotevera zvichaitika

Mumwe kana vamwe vashandisi vesaiti vachada kubatana nenzvimbo yakatarisana kuti vashande nemazvo; Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti aya ma network anogovana kero uye gedhi. Zvichava zvichikwanisika here kuwana kubatana kwakadaro pakati penzvimbo mbiri idzi?

Iye mushandisi anofarira anozokumbira iyo ARP kuti ione iyo MAC kero ye IP 152.135.1.10. Kana proxy yanga isiri kushandiswa, kuziva iyi data kwaisazove iko chaiko mukana.

Nekudaro, seProxy ARP irikushandiswa, chikumbiro chinopindurwa nechishandiso chakataurwa, pachinenge chakamisikidzwa pane server.

Chii chinoitika ndechekuti chishandiso chinotsiva kero hombe nekero yeMAC inodiwa. Kutenda kumatafura ayo uko kero dzinowanikwa, proxy inozoziva kuti kero iri kuwanikwa nekubatana (WAN).

Aya ndiwo maitiro anoenderana nePROXY ARP neMAC yayo, panogona kuve nekuchinjana kwedata pakati penzvimbo mbiri idzi. Uyezve, iyi haina-divi rimwe, sezvo ichigona kuitika mumativi ese.

Sezvaungave iwe wakaziva, Proxy ARP chishandiso chakakosha kwete chete kugadzirisa aya mamiriro ezvinhu, asi zvakare kupa kugadzikana kunetiweki dzekambani, kudzivirira kusagadzikana kunoenderana nekuchinjiswa kana mamwe mamiriro.

Nezve proxy ARP kana paine kurambidzwa

Yakavharirwa ARP inopa iyo nzvimbo yeiyo router kana switch kuti ipindure kune ARP zvikumbiro, uko iwo chaiwo manetwork eanobva uye kwaanoenda haana kufanana. Zvese izvi zvinoitwa, kuverenga iyo router senge switch ine inoshanda nzira kuenda kune yekuenda kero mune ARP chikumbiro.

Iyo router haizoburitse chero mhinduro, kana kesi ikaitika mune iyo yekutanga kero iri mune imwechete subnet uye interface kune iyo mushandisi kana chinhu chinoda kuti ARP ndeyake.

Kune iro chikamu, neisina kudzivirirwa ARP Proxy zviri nyore kune iyo router kana switch kuti upindure kune chero ARP chikumbiro.

Chinhu chega ndechekuti izvi zvichaitika, uine mamiriro ekuti router ine nzira inoshanda kune yekuenda kero yechikumbiro cheARP. Nekudaro, iyi nzira haina kugumira chete kune iyo interface inogamuchira chikumbiro, uye haifanire kunge yakananga.

Zvakanakira nekukanganisa kweiyo proxy

Kana tikataura nezvezvakanakira, proxy ARP ine mukana wekuti ine mukana wekushanda pamwe neiyo imwechete router, pasina kugadzirisa kana kuvharidzira matafura ekutaura emamwe madhiragi akabatanidzwa pane imwecheteyo network.

Mhando dzakanakisa dzemambureturu ezvekushandisa izvi ndevaya vanogamuchira vasingazadzise zvakarongedzwa kare masuo egedhi, uye hazvireve chero mhando yehungwaru.

Pakati pekukanganisa kweiyo proxy ARP kubata kwekuenderera kwekukura kwebasa nenzira inoyerera, zvichikonzera kuvepo kweARP muzvinhu zvakabatana. Kuchengeteka imwe pfungwa isina kusimba, nekuti haina chaizvo dziviriro system.

Mauto anofanirwa kushandisa epamusoro matafura ekugona manejimendi manejimendi uye manejimendi, pamwe neIP-kune-MAC kero kushandura.

ARP ping mashandiro

Kana iwe ukasarudza kukonzeresa yechinyakare ping yekuraira kubva kune rauta, iwe unogona kuona kuti iro rekutanga kero yeiyi IP yeiyo interface inoshandiswa neiyo router, chaipo pakubuda kwayo.

Asi nekushandisa yakawedzera ping chinhu, isu tinokwanisa kugadzirisa iyo yekutanga nzvimbo kune chero IP data iri yeiyo router.

Iyi yakawanda ping inoitwa zvakanyanya nechinangwa chekuwana hunyanzvi manejimendi pamusoro pehuwandu hwecomputer uye kubatana kune network. Kuti ushandise rairo, iyo yakawedzerwa ping inoshandiswa pane yakasarudzika exec command tambo.

Kana iwe uchida kuenderera mberi nekudzidza zvakawanda nezverudzi urwu rwemusoro wenyaya, tinokukoka kuti ushanyire chinyorwa chedu Mhando dzeInternet Vangani variko chaizvo? kwauchazoziva zvese nezvehunyanzvi uhu zvinodikanwa nhasi.