Chii chinonzi MBR? zvese zvaunoda kuziva - VidaBytes

Nyika yekombuta yevazhinji yakaoma uye haigone kunzwisisa, zvisinei inonakidza uye nhasi vanhu vazhinji vanofarira kudzidza nezve nyaya dzine chekuita nenzvimbo iyi yese, ndosaka nhasi tichataura nezve MBR chii, sei. basa rayo, zvarinogona kushandiswa uye nezvimwe zvakawanda.

Chii chinonzi MBR?

Iyo huru bhutsu rekodhi kana seye master boot rekodhi (MBR) inowanzo zivikanwa muChirungu ingave Master Boot Record, inotsanangurwa sechikamu cheiyo hard disk iyo ine basa rekuona panogona kunge paine inoshanda partition pairi, kune imwe. bato ndiro zvakare rinoita zvakataurwa panguva iyo chirongwa chebhoti chikamu chechikamu ichocho chatangwa.

Mukati mechikamu ichi, zvinokwanisika kuziva kuti inoshanda papi uye nenzira iyi ruzivo rwekutanga runogona kugoneswa, iro richange riri kutungamira kwekuchengetera kukuru kana RAM yekombuta. Inosanganisirwa mu master boot rekodhi itafura umo chikamu chega chega chinogona kuzivikanwa, pamwe nenhamba yezvikamu zvinogona kutariswa pane hard drive.

Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti kana uchibhura zvakananga kubva kuhard drive, BIOS inokurumidza kuvhurwa uye inoita kopi yezvese zvirimo zveMBR mukero inogara yakagadziriswa mukati mendangariro kuitira kuti ikwanise kukupa zvizere. control. Iyi kodhi inowanzo bhutsu otomatiki mune inoshanda sisitimu kungave kubva kune hard drive, kubva kuBoot-Loader kana loader.

Basa

Kana komputa ikavhurwa uye BIOS inotarisirwa kumhanya mukati mehureji cheki kuitira kuti vaone kuti bhoti yepakati chii, ipapo chikamu chekutanga cheiyo hard drive inotakurwa, uye nekudaro MBR, vane tafura ye partitions kana kupatsanurwa kweiyo hard disk asiwo nechirongwa chidiki icho chiri kutarisira kuratidza kuti sisitimu yekushandisa iri kutakurwa sei.

Vese mamaneja ebhutsu pamusika vane kugona kutsigira kusarudzwa kweanoshanda masisitimu ekutevera sezvo ari muchikamu ichi, zvisinei nenyaya yeMBR ine basa rekutsvaga panoratidzwa chikamu uye kuti chinogona kuitwa sei mukati. iyo boot sector.

Maitiro

Kana ikacherechedzwa kubva pamaonero anoshanda, iyo MBR inonyanya kutarisisa iyo 512-byte boot sector kana chikamu chechikamu, inoitika mumakomputa kana ichinyatsoenderana, ivo IBM. Nekune rimwe divi, rudzi urwu rweMBR runoshandiswa zvakanyanya pamakomputa eclone, rinoshandiswa kakawanda zvekuti mitsva yemharadzano-yepuratifomu miyero yekuparadzanisa uye kubhota inobatanidzwawo mune mamwe marudzi emakomputa.

Pakutanga kwemakore gumi e80s munyika yekombuta shanduko huru kana shanduko dzakaitika nekuda kwekuvhurwa kweiyo yekutanga IBM PC sezvo munguva pfupi yakakwanisa kusvika pachiyero chekuvaka chaienderana zvizere, uye nenzira iyi. makomputa akasiyana siyana akagadzirwa akave aienderana. Mamiriro ese aya aive akakodzera zvachose pakuvandudza komputa yega.

Iyo IBM kambani yakagadzira komputa yaive yakavhurika dhizaini kuitira kuti mamwe makambani kana vagadziri vemakomputa vakwanise kuvaka yavo vachishandisa mavakirwo akafanana, hongu, asi inogara iine kutonga kwakazara pamusoro peIBM nekuda kweBIOS yayo. Pakutanga kwemaXNUMX, kutengeswa kwezvikamu zvePC zvakasununguka zvakatanga kuwedzera zvakanyanya uye nenzira iyi inozivikanwa nhasi seClone Computer yakazvarwa.

Kana iri iyo nyaya yekuti mudziyo wekuchengetera data wakakamurwa kuita zvidimbu zvine musoro kuchengetedza ruzivo nenzira yekugovera tafura chirongwa cheMBR, ichave inoumbwa yezvinyorwa zvekutanga zvakafanana, kune rumwe rutivi zvinyorwa zvekuparadzanisa zvinochengetwa. mune yakawedzera partition rekodhi rekodhi zvakanyorwa muBSD dhisiki uye Logical Disk Manager metadata partitions, sezvo iwo akamiririrwa zvizere neaya ekutanga partition entry.

Kunzwisisa maitiro ekutanga komputa yako

Panguva iyo bhatani rinodzvanywa kuti rivhure komputa, maitiro acho anoitwa nenzira iyo iyo inoshanda sisitimu inoiswa mundangariro dzayo, kubva panguva yekutanga kuita uku kwese kunoenderana nechikamu chekombuta HDD.

Izvo zvinofanirwa kutaurwa kuti kune marudzi maviri ekuparadzanisa chimiro ayo ari; MBR uye GPT zvisinei chimiro chekuparadzanisa chinoumbwa nemadhiraivha matatu chaiwo:

Iyo data chimiro pane dhisiki.
Iyo kodhi inoshandiswa panguva yekutanga, kana iyo partition iri bootable.
Uye kubva panotangira partition nepainoperera.

Iyo MBR boot process

Izvo zvinofanirwa kutakurwa mupfungwa kuti kana komputa system inoshandisa iyo MBR partition chimiro, kana uchitanga maitiro ekuuraya, iyo inodiwa BIOS ichatakurwa (inonzwisiswa neiyo (Basic Input / Output System) inonyora iyo bootloader firmware.

Yakaderera-level mabasa akadai sekuverenga kubva kukhibhodi, pinda kuti utarise vhidhiyo, ita disk input/output, uye kodhi kurodha nhanho yekutanga bootloader iri mubootloader firmware. Zvese izvi zvinoitwa BIOS isati yakwanisa kuona kuti ndeipi bhutsu system uye nenzira iyi zvinogoneka zvakare kutevedzera kutevedzana kwemaitiro ekugadzirisa mabasa anotanga neinotevera:

Simba pa self test.
Kutsvaga uye kutanga vhidhiyo kadhi.
BIOS boot screen kuratidza.
Kuita ndangariro pfupi (RAM) bvunzo.
Gadzirisa plug uye kutamba zvishandiso
Kuziva mudziyo webhoti.

Imwe iyo BIOS inotokwanisa kuona kuti ndeipi bhutsu iri kushanda, inoenderera nekuverenga yekutanga bhuroka redhisiki remudziyo riri mundangariro dzayo, iyi yekutanga block ndiyo MBR uye ine saizi ye512 bytes zvichiteerana. , iyo ine zvinhu zvitatu zvinofanirwa kupinda munzvimbo ino, zvinhu izvi zvinotevera:

Kutanga bootloader (440 bytes)
Disk partition table (16 bytes per partition X 4), MBR inotsigira zvikamu zvina chete.
Dhisiki masiginicha (4 bytes)

Kana iyi nhanho yasvika, iyo MBR imhaka yekuti tafura yekugovera yakaongororwa asiwo vhoriyamu boot rekodhi (VBR) inoiswa muRAM.

Iyo VBR inoratidzwa nekuve yekutanga program loader (IPL) inova kodhi kuburikidza iyo bhoti process inotangwa, kazhinji iyi yekutanga program loader inoumbwa neboot loader panguva yayo yechipiri nhanho inoteverwa neIyi inotakura iyo system system.

Mukati memasisitimu anobva kuWinona NT pamwe neWindows XP, IPL inoitwa chero nguva yekutanga kwechirongwa, sezvo chekutanga chirongwa chinozivikanwa seNT Loader chinofanirwa kutakurwa kuitira kuti mushure meizvozvo chinogona kutanga ne. kuitwa kweiyo operating system.

GPT boot process

Panguva iyo iyo bhoti process inoitwa neGPT partition chimiro, zvinotevera zvinowanikwa: Iyo GPT inoshandisa Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) kudzivirira iyo MBR maitiro uye nekudaro kuwedzera kuchengetedza mune faira maneja. danho rekutanga rekuita.

Iyo yakawedzera firmware interface iyo yakabatana mukati meiyo sisitimu inowanzonyanya kufambira mberi kupfuura sisitimu inoumba iyo BiOS, sezvo kuburikidza nayo iyo faira system inogona kuongororwa, kusanganisira kurodha mafaera pachayo.

Nechikonzero ichi, kana muchina wabatidzwa, chinhu chekutanga chinoshanda ndeye UEFI kuitira kuti zvigadziriso zvekombuta system zviitwe, senge: manejimendi emagetsi, misi yekumisikidza uye zvimwe zvigadziriso zvehurongwa. kufanana neBIOS.

Kana iyo UEFI yatoverenga iyo GPT GUID (Globally Unique IDentifier) tafura yekuparadzanisa, zvinogona kutotaurwa kuti maitiro atove mukati mekutanga mabhuraki eyuniti kuti anyatso taura mushure me block 0, iyo ichine MBR ye Legacy. BIOS.

Iyo GPT ndiyo ine basa rekutsanangura matafura ekuparadzanisa edhisiki iyo loader inotorwa kubva kuEFI (Extensible Firmware Interface) zvese zvinozivisa neimwe nzira EFI system partition. Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti yega yega system partition ine bootloaders yeakasiyana masisitimu akaiswa pane mamwe mapartitions pane hard drive. Iyo bhutsu maneja kana inozivikanwawo sebootloader, ndiye ane basa rekutanga system senge windows boot maneja, kuitira kuti sisitimu yekushandisa inogona kutakurwa gare gare.

Zvakanakira nekuipira kwe MBR uye GTP

Iyo MBR disk inongokwanisa kuita zvikamu zvina zvekutanga.Nechikonzero ichi, kana zvimwe zvikamu zvakawanda zvichidikanwa kuti zviitwe, senge chikamu chechina, kuitira kuita chikamu chakawedzerwa, chinofanira kuitwa kubva kuchikamu chidiki-diki. partitions kana mayuniti ane musoro mukati mayo kuti uwane zvauri kutsvaga. MuMBR, 32-bit inowanzoshandiswa kunyoresa zvikamu, sezvo kune imwe neimwe yadzo inowanzovharirwa kusvika pahukuru hwe2 terabytes (TB) yekuchengetedza.

Kubatsirwa

Kubatsira kwayo kukuru ndekwekuti rudzi urwu rwekuita runopindirana nehurongwa hwakawanda, saka hapana zvipingamupinyi ipapo.

payakaipira

Zvikamu zvina chete zvinogona kuitwa zvakateerana, asi iwe zvakare une sarudzo yekuve nemamwe madiki-zvikamu muchikamu chechina.
Iine saizi yekuganhura inogumira inokwana 2 terabytes (TB).
Ruzivo rwekugovera rwunogadzirwa kazhinji rwunochengetwa mune imwe nzvimbo inova MBR, ndosaka kana ikashatiswa kana kukanganisa kukaitika, dhisiki rese rinova risingaverengeki zvachose nekuda kweichi chikonzero.

GUID Partition Tafura (GPT) inoonekwa seyazvino chiyero chekutsanangura iyo yekuparadzanisa chimiro cheiyo hard drive. Sezvo kune zvese izvi maGUID kana zviziviso zvepasirese zvakasarudzika zvinotariswa kuitira kutsanangura chimiro chekuparadzanisa. Iyo GTP chikamu chemitemo yeUEFI, kureva kuti inobva paUEFI system uye nenzira iyi inogona kuiswa chete pa diski inoshandisa GPT, muenzaniso wakajeka weiyi ndiyo yakachengeteka boot basa muWindows 8. .

Kuburikidza neGPT nhamba isingagumi yezvikamu inogadzirwa asi mune mamwe maitiro ekushanda zvikamu zvinofanira kuvharirwa ku 128. Kune rumwe rutivi GPT haina muganhu chaiwo wekutora chikamu.

zvayakanakira

Iyo inoumbwa nenhamba isina muganho yezvikamu, iyo miganhu inoizivisa inogadzirwa neanoshanda sisitimu, semuenzaniso, Windows inongobvumira 128 zvikamu.
Iyo haina muganhu maererano nekukura kwekuparadzanisa sezvo zvichienderana nehurongwa hwekushanda nguva dzose, muganho wayo pachawo wakakura kudarika chero disk yakaitwa kusvika nhasi.
Iyo GPT inochengetedza kopi yechikamu uye zvakare dhata rebhutsu kuitira kuti ugone kuvadzosera kana vakakuvara panguva yeGPT main header.
Inogona kuchengetedza cyclic redundancy cheki kukosha kuitira kuti kutendeseka kwese data rayo kuonekwe, kana nyaya yehuori ikaitika, GPT inokwanisa kuona matambudziko uye nekudaro inowana mukana wekudzoreredza iyo data. kubva kune imwe nzvimbo pane drive.

Contras

Kukanganisa kwayo kukuru ndekwekuti hapana mamiriro ezvinhu anogona kushandiswa pane ekare masisitimu ekushandisa sezvo asingaenderane zvachose uye nechikonzero ichi maitiro haagone kuitwa.

Matanho ekuona kana dhisiki ine GPT kana MBR yekugovera tafura

Nzira yakanakisa yekuona mhando yekuparadzanisa chero hard drive yakabatana neWindows komputa ndeye kushandisa dhisiki manejimendi. Ndokusaka kutanga neaya ese edhisiki manejimendi zvikamu, akatevedzana matanho anofanirwa kuteverwa, ayo anoti:

Dhisiki manejimendi

Chinhu chakanakisa kuita kushandisa Windows-R kiyi yekudimbudzira kuvhura bhokisi rekumhanya.
Mushure mekuivhura, iwe unofanirwa kunyora izwi rekuti msc uye mushure meizvozvo unofanira kuenderera mberi nekudzvanya kiyi yekupinda.
Kana danho iri raitwa, Windows inoenderera mberi nekutarisa ma hard drive, uye pop-up hwindo rinozoratidzwa mushure mekunge imwe nguva yapera, zvinogoneka kuona rudzi rwekupatsanurwa kwema disks, tinya zvese ne bhatani rekurudyi pane iyo Disk tile, iyo iri muchikamu chezasi cheiyo interface. Ngwarira zvakanyanya kuti unongodzvanya-kurudyi paDisk 1, Disk 2, nezvimwe. uye kwete pamigove.
Kuti uenderere mberi, iwe unofanirwa kusarudza iyo yezvivakwa sarudzo mukati memenu inozoratidzwa, ichiteverwa nehwindo rezvivakwa redhisiki rakasarudzwa. Kana yangopedza iwe unofanirwa kushandura kune vhoriyamu tebhu uye nenzira iyi ratidza kukosha kweiyo Partition maitiro pazasi pedhisiki ruzivo muhwindo repop-up.

Raira mutsara

Imwe nzira yekuita izvi ndeyekushandisa mutsara wekuraira.Iyi nzira ine mabhenefiti akasiyana-siyana anogona kuitwa nenzira iyi kuti akwanise kutarisa dhisiki, uye chikuru chingave chekuti inogona kuitwa nekukurumidza sezvo ichigona. zviverengerwe. madhisiki ese uye partition style zvakananga.

Ngationei nhanho nhanho pazasi:

Chekutanga kuita kudzvanya kiyi yeWindows inoteverwa nekunyora exe uchibata pasi makiyi eCtrl + Shift panguva imwe chete uchidzvanya kiyi yekupinda.
Ichiteverwa neizvi, iwe unofanirwa kusimbisa chikumbiro cheUAC chinovhura, kuita kudaro kucharatidza hwindo rekukurumidza rekuraira.
Mushure meizvozvo iwe unofanirwa kunyora diskpart uye wodzvanya
Inoteverwa neiyo type list disk uye tinya Enter zvakare.

Kana matanho ose akaratidzwa aitwa, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti mutsara weGPT wakatariswa, apo zvichave zvichibvira kuona kana imwe disk iri MBR kana GPT. Nenzira yeizvi, inogona kugadziriswa kana asterisk (*) ichionekwa mumutsara, zvinoreva kuti dhisiki iri kushandisa GPT, kana pane zvinopesana isina iyo, zvino inoshandisa MBR.

Mirayiridzo yekushandura kubva kuMBR kuenda kuGPT uye zvichipesana

Panogona kunge paine nyaya yekuti iwe unofanirwa kushandura iyo yekuparadzanisa chimiro cheDisk panguva iyo meseji yekukanganisa inokandwa paunenge uchiedza kuisa Windows kudhisiki, muenzaniso wakajairika ndewekuti "Windows haigone kuisirwa kana dhisiki rakasarudzwa ndere chimiro cheGPT kana MBR chikamu".

Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti izvi zvese zvichaitwa zvichadzima data rese pane hard drive, ndosaka kana iwe usingade kukwanisa kuzviita, unofanirwa kuita backup yavo. kana iwe unogona zvakare kusarudza kupfuudza ruzivo kune imwe fomati.

Kushandura kubva kuMBR kuenda kuGPT

Chinhu chekutanga kuita kuisa Windows yekuisa media iyi media inogona kunge iri USB flash drive kana DVD.
Iyo komputa inofanirwa kuvhurwa muUEFI modhi.
Kusarudza mhando yekuisa iwe yaunoda kwakachengeteka zvakanyanya uye yakasarudzika.
Dzvanya pane ese mapartitions eyuniti uye uchiteverwa nekusarudza bvisa, panguva iyo meseji inoratidzwa pachiratidziro inoti; "Unoda kuisa Windows kupi?"
Kuti uenderere mberi mushure mekudzima dhiraivha nzvimbo imwechete yenzvimbo isina kugoverwa icharatidzwa.
Iwe unofanirwa kusarudza nzvimbo yakapihwa uye tinya pane inotevera, nenzira iyi windows ichaona kana komputa yatotanga muUEFI otomatiki, inozogadzirisa iyo unit uchishandisa iyo GPT disk fomati uye wozoshandura. Kuiswa kunotanga mushure meizvozvo.

Kushandura kubva kuGPT kuenda kuMBR

Dzima komputa uye wozoisa iyo Windows media inogona kunge iri USB flash drive kana DVD
Bhatidza komputa kuDVD kana USB flash drive muBIOS mode.
Sarudza rudzi rwekugadzirisa tsika.
Ukangoona meseji pachiratidziri: "Unoda kuisa Windows kupi?". Mapartitions ese ari padhiraivha anofanirwa kusarudzwa uye obva adzimwa.
Kana iyo yekudzima yaitwa, dhiraivha inoratidza imwe nzvimbo yenzvimbo isina kugoverwa. Ndokusaka iwe uchifanira kusarudza nzvimbo isati yapihwa uye tinya pane inotevera. Windows ichaona kuti komputa yakatangwa muBIOS modhi uye inozogadzirisa otomatiki drive uchishandisa iyo MBR dhisiki fomati saka ichishandura. Kuiswa kunotanga mushure mekuita izvozvo.

Kana chinyorwa ichi Chii chinonzi MBR? zvese zvaunoda kuziva.Kana wazviona zvichinakidza, iva nechokwadi chekuverenga zvinotevera, zvingangovewo sekuda kwako kwese:

Photocells: chii, mashandiro avanoita uye nezvimwe zvakawanda
Zvese nezve masisitimu eruzivo mumakambani