Microcomputers: Tsanangudzo, Nhoroondo, uye Zvimwe

Microcomputer inoshamisa tekinoroji, sezvo ivo vachiita otomatiki kugadziriswa kweruzivo kuitike nenzira yakasununguka uye yakapusa. Muchikamu chino iwe unodzidza nezve zvese zvine chekuita navo, kubva pakutanga kwavo kusvika ku ma microcomputer azvino.

Microcomputers

Microcomputers, inonziwo ma microcomputer kana ma microcomputer, makomputa ane microprocessor sepakati pekugadzirisa unit, uye ayo akagadzirirwa kuzadzisa mamwe mabasa. Zvinhu zvakaita sekuoma kwesisitimu, simba, sisitimu inoshanda, maitiro, kuita musiyano uye mutengo wemidziyo, pakati pevamwe, zvinoenderana ne microprocessor.

Chaizvoizvo, ma microcomputer anoumba yakakwana sisitimu yekushandisa pachako, iyo ine, mukuwedzera kune microprocessor, ndangariro uye nhevedzano yeruzivo yekuisa uye inoburitsa zvinhu.

Chekupedzisira, zvakakosha kujekesa kuti kunyangwe ma microcomputer achiwanzo kuvhiringidzwa nemakomputa emunhu, haana kufanana. Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti zvekupedzisira zviri chikamu cheyakajairwa chikamu chekare.

Kana iwe uchida kuziva zvimwe zvakawanda nezvazvo, ndinokukoka kuti uverenge chinyorwa chiri pa mhando dzemakomputa zviripo nhasi.

Kutanga

Ma Microcomputer ane kwayakabva kune iyo yekuda kuunza madiki makomputa kudzimba nemabhizinesi. Izvo zvinogona kusimbiswa mushure mekugadzirwa kwe microprocessors muna 1971.

Yekutanga inozivikanwa prototype ye microcomputer, kunyangwe yaive isina microprocessor, asi seti yemicrocircuits, yaivepo muna 1973. Yakagadzirwa uye yakavakwa neXerox Research Center uye yainzi Alto. Chirongwa ichi hachina kubudirira nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi hwaidikanwa, asi hwakange husingawanikwe panguva iyoyo.

Mushure meiyi modhi, mamwe matanho akabuda kubva muruoko rwemamwe makambani, kusanganisira Apple. Nekudaro, yaive muna 1975 iyo yekutanga yekutengesa yega microcomputer yakatengeswa. Yaiva iyo Altair 8800, yaive yekambani yeMITS. Kunyangwe yaishaya keyboard, monitor, zvachose ndangariro, uye zvirongwa, zvakakurumidza kuva hit. Yaive nem switch nemwenje.

Gare gare, muna 1981, IBM yakaburitsa yekutanga komputa yemunhu, inonzi IBM-PC, yaive yakavakirwa paIntel's 8080 microprocessor. Chokwadi ichi chakaratidza kutanga kwenguva nyowani yekomputa, kubva ipapo mhando dzakasimba dzemamicrocomputer dzakatanga kubuda, dzakasimudzirwa nemakambani akadai seCompaq, Olivetti, Hewlett - Packard, pakati pevamwe.

Evolution

Kubva pakuonekwa kweAlto, yaive ne875-line scanning screen, 2,5 MB disk uye interface ine 3 Mbits / s Ethernet network, tekinoroji yakashanduka, ichigara ichifunga zvakanakisa zvemhando imwe neimwe yemhando dzakapfuura.

Kubva pane ino maonero, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti kusimuka kwema microcomputer kunonyanya kukonzerwa nenyaya yekuti tekinoroji yavo yakawedzera kumberi, zvichienzaniswa neiyo yemaminicomputer uye supercomputer. Dhizaini yayo uye kuvaka, kusanganisira microprocessors ine simba, inokurumidza uye inokwanisa ndangariro uye machipisi ekuchengetedza, inowanikwa munguva pfupi. Nenzira iyi, ivo vanotenga nguva yezvizvarwa zvemamwe marudzi emakomputa.

Chekupedzisira, zvinofanirwa kujekeswa kuti semhedzisiro yekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, izwi rekuti microcomputer harisi kushandiswa, nekuti nhasi makambani mazhinji ekugadzira anosanganisira microprocessors mune chero mhando dzekomputa.

Zviratidzo

Microcomputer mhando yekomputa ine zvinotevera hunhu:

• Chikamu chayo chepakati ndiyo microprocessor, inova isiri chinhu chakapindirana sedunhu.
• Iyo dhizaini ndeyechinyakare, yakavakirwa pane kuyerera kwekutonga kwekuita uye mutauro wemaitiro.
• Inopa yakavakirwa-mukati tekinoroji, iyo inobvumidza iyo kutaurirana kweayo matunhu.
• Nekuda kwekuumbwa kwayo, zviri nyore kurongedza uye kufamba.

Microcomputer inoshanda sei?

Microcomputer inokwanisa kuita yekuisa, kuburitsa, kuverenga uye kuita zvine musoro mashandiro, kuburikidza neinotevera nzira yekutanga.

• Kugamuchirwa kwedata kuti rigadziriswe.
• Kuitwa kwemirairo yakarongedzwa yekugadziriswa kweruzivo.
• Ruzivo rwekuchengetedza, pamberi uye mushure mekushandurwa kwayo.
• Mharidzo yemhedzisiro yekugadziriswa kwedata.

Mune mamwe mazwi, ma microcomputer anoshandisa fomati yekuraira iyo inovabvumidza, nekuvasimbisa, kuita iwo madiki-mashandiro ekupindura kune zvikumbiro zvevashandisi.

Nekudaro, iyo fomati yekuraira inosanganisira yekushandisa kodhi, kuburikidza iyo iyo inoratidza kugadziriswa kwega kwega operand, ndiko kuti, inotsanangura zvishoma kuraira, kwezvinhu zvakasiyana zvinogadzira iyo.

Kune avo chikamu, mashandiro-madiki ndiwo mashandiro anoshanda eiyo microprocessor, inoitisa kugadzirisazve mirairo pamwe nekuteedzana kuitiswa kwechirongwa.

Nepo kuburikidza nenguva, iyo microcomputer inokwanisa kuronga zviitiko zve network yemitsetse yekutaurirana inobatanidza izvo zvinhu zveiyo system.

Chekupedzisira, zvakakosha kujekesa zvinoreva kududzira. Kududzira ndiyo nzira inoshandiswa nemirairo kududzirwa, kuitira kuti uone mashandiro anofanira kuitwa uye nzira yekuwana mashandiro ayo mirairo iyi inofanira kuitiswa.

Microcomputer Hardware

Hardware inomiririra izvo zvinooneka zvemakomputa, ndiko kuti, chikamu chinooneka chavo. Iyo inoumbwa nemagetsi nemagetsi emagetsi, maseketi, tambo, uye zvimwe zvinhu zveparutivi zvinoita kuti kushanda kwakabatana kwemidziyo kuitike.

Muchiitiko chema microcomputer, inogona kureva kune imwechete unit kana kune akati wandei maturusi.

Kazhinji, kuti Hardware izadzise mashandiro ayo, zvinoda kuvepo kwezvinhu zvinotevera:

Midziyo yekuisa

Iwo ndeaya mayunifomu ayo mushandisi anopinda iyo data muiyo microcomputer, angave ari zvinyorwa, kurira, girafu kana mavhidhiyo. Pakati pavo pane: keyboard, mbeva, maikorofoni, vhidhiyo kamera, izwi rekuziva software, kuverenga kwemaziso, nezvimwe.

Heano mamwe ruzivo nezve makuru ekuisa michina ye microcomputer:

• Yekhibhodi: Icho chiitiko cheruzivo rwekuisa par kugona. Iyo inobvumidza kutaurirana pakati pemushandisi neiyo microcomputer, kuburikidza nekupinda kwedata iro rinoshandurwa kuita rinozivikanwa mhando.
• Mouse: Kugovana basa nekhibhodi, asi inogona chete kuita inoenderana mashandiro nekamwe kana maviri kudzvanya. Chinja mafambiro emuviri kuita e-screen kufamba.
• Microphone: Kazhinji, chishandiso chakabatanidzwa mune mazhinji ma microcomputer, ane basa chete kubvumira izwi kuisa.
• Vhidhiyo kamera: Inobatsira kupinza ruzivo muchimiro chemifananidzo nemavhidhiyo, asi isingabatsiri kumapurogiramu mazhinji anomhanyisa nema microcomputer.
• Izwi rinozivikanwa software: Inoita kushandura izwi rinotaurwa kuita masaini edhijitari ayo anogona kududzirwa uye kududzirwa nema microcomputer.
• Optical peni: Inoita yemagetsi pointer nenzira iyo mushandisi inoshandura ruzivo rwacho pachiratidziri. Iyo inoshandiswa nemaoko uye inoshanda kuburikidza nema sensors ayo anotumira masaini ku microcomputer nguva imwe neimwe mwenje painonyoreswa.
• Optical muverengi: Iyo yakafanana nechinyoreso, asi chikuru chayo basa kuverenga mabharodhi ekuziva zvigadzirwa.
• CD-ROM: Icho chigadzirwa chakapinza, chinochengeta mafaira ekuverenga-chete emakomputa. Haipo mune ese ma microcomputer, asi iripo mumakomputa emakomputa.
• Scanner: Icho chigadzirwa chinokwanisa kubatanidza kumakomputa edesktop kunyanya. Digitize zvakadhindwa zvinyorwa kuti zvichengetwe pane microcomputer.

Midziyo yekubuda

Aya ndiwo mauniti ayo ma microcomputer anotaurirana zvawanikwa, mushure mekugadzirisa uye nekushandura iyo data. Mune ma microcomputer akajairika masikisi uye masipika.

• Monitor: Ndiyo yakajairika ruzivo kuburitsa unit. Iyo inoumbwa nechiratidziro uko iyo data uye mirairo inopinda muiyo microcomputer inoratidzwa. Kubudikidza nazvo zvinokwanisika kucherechedza mavara uye magiraidhi anowanikwa mushure mekushandurwa kwedata.
• Printer: Iyo haigone kuve yakabatana kune ese marudzi ema microcomputer, asi ndeimwe yeanonyanya kushandiswa ruzivo ruzivo kuburitsa zvishandiso. Iyo inonyanya kuburitsa, muchimiro chekopi, chero mhando yeruzivo iyo inochengetwa mu microcomputer.
• Modem: Inoshandiswa kubatanidza makomputa maviri, nenzira yekuti vanogona kuchinjana dhata pakati pavo. Saizvozvowo, inobvumira dhata kuti iendeswe kuburikidza netambo yerunhare.
• Inzwi system: Kazhinji, inomiririra akasanganiswa makadhi enzwi anowedzera iwo odhiyo iri mune multimedia zvinhu.
• Mutauri: Inokutendera iwe kuti upindure kuburikidza nekubuda kwezwi.

Panyaya iyi, zvakakosha kuti usimbise kuti mune yekubata zvidzitiro zviripo mune mazhinji aripo ma microcomputer, inoshanda seyokupinza uye yekuburitsa chishandiso panguva imwe chete. Saizvozvo, zvishandiso zvekutaurirana, zvinobatanidza microcomputer imwe kuenda kune imwe, zvine mbiri basa.

Central yekugadzirisa unit

Icho chinoreva kune microprocessor kana huropi hweiyo microcomputer, kuburikidza nekuita zvine musoro mashandiro uye kuverenga kweasvomhu, zvigadzirwa zvekududzira nekuitwa kwemirayiridzo inogamuchirwa.

Iyo microprocessor inoumbwa neyemasvomhu coprocessor, cache ndangariro uye pasuru, uye iri mukati meiyo mamaboardboard yemicrocomputer. Kuti uzive zvimwe zvakawanda nezvenzvimbo yaro, unogona kutarisa chinyorwa pa mamaboardboard zvinhu kubva pakombuta.

Iyo coprocessor chikamu chine musoro cheiyo microprocessor. Iyo inokonzeresa kuverenga kwemasvomhu, kuumbwa kwemifananidzo, kugadzirwa kwemafonti etsamba uye kusanganiswa kwemavara nemifananidzo, pamwe chete nemarejista, yuniti yekudzora, ndangariro uye bhazi re data.

Cache ndangariro ndeyekukurumidza ndangariro inopfupisa nguva yekupindura, inoenderana nekutsvaga ruzivo rwunowanzoshandiswa, pasina kushandisa RAM.

Iyo encapsulation chikamu chekunze icho chinodzivirira iyo microprocessor, panguva imwechete iyo iyo inobvumidza kubatana neinobatanidza ekunze macomputer.

Microprocessors inoenderana nemarejista, inova nzvimbo dzekuchengetedza kwenguva pfupi idzo dzine data. Ivo zvakare vari mukutarisira kwekutevera rairo uye mhedzisiro yekuitwa kwemirairo iyi.

Chekupedzisira, ma microcomputer anosanganisira bhazi remukati kana netiweki yemitsetse yekutaurirana, inokwanisa kubatanidza zvinhu zvegadziriro zvese mukati nekunze.

Ndangariro nemidziyo yekuchengetedza

Iyo yekuyeuchidza unit inoitisa kwenguva pfupi kuchengetedza zvese iwo mirairo uye iyo data inogamuchirwa kuitira kuti, gare gare, ivo vatorwe kubva ipapo neprosesa. Iyo data inofanira kunge iri mune binary kodhi. Chiyeuchidzo chakarongerwa kuita yakasarudzika yekuwana memory (RAM) uye kuverenga-chete ndangariro (ROM).

RAM inomiririra yemukati ndangariro, yakakamurwa kuita memory yekuchengetedza uye yekuchengetedza memory. Mariri, zvinokwanisika kuwana izwi kana byte nekukurumidza uye zvakananga, pasina kufunga seti yemabheti akachengetwa pamberi kana mushure mehunhu hwataurwa.

Kune chikamu chayo, iyo memory yeROM ine iyo inoshanda kana yakakosha system yeiyo microcomputer. Mariri, microprograms ine mirairo yakaoma inochengetwa, pamwe nebitmap inoenderana neumwe neumwe wevatambi vanobatanidzwa.

Panyaya iyi, zvinodikanwa kuti uzive kuti, kubva pane inoshanda maonero, ndangariro uye chengetedzo ipfungwa mbiri dzakasiyana zvachose. Kana iyo microcomputer yadzimwa, zvirongwa uye data zvakachengetwa mundangariro zvinorasika, nepo zvirimo zvirimo mukuchengetedza zvakachengetedzwa.

Zvifambiso zvekuchengetedza zvinosanganisira madhiraivhi akaomarara, maCD-ROM, maDVD, anotyaira, uye anotyaira akaomarara, pakati pevamwe.

• Hard disk: Iyo isingabvisike yakaoma magineti dhisiki, ndiko kuti, iri mukati meyuniti. Iyo iripo mumazhinji macrocomputer uye ine kugona kukuru kwekuchengetedza ruzivo.
• Optical drive: Inongodaidzwa kuti CD, inzvimbo yekuchengetedza uye yekuparadzira odhiyo, software uye chero imwe mhando yedata. Ruzivo irwo runochengeterwa nenzira yemapendi anogadzirwa ne laser pane master disc, iyo inogadzirwa zvakare kubva mukujekeswa kwemakopi akawanda. Inoitwa mumafekitori.
• CD-ROM: Iyo inoverengwa-chete compact disc, zvinoreva kuti ruzivo rwakachengetwa pariri harugone kuchinjwa kana kudzimwa kana rwangochengetwa. Kusiyana nemaCD, iyo data yakanyorwa zvekare fekitori.
• DVD: Ivo vanochengetedza huzivi hwakafanana nemaCD, asi ruzivo runogona kunyorwa pamativi ese eDVD. Kazhinji, chakakosha mutambi chinodiwa kuti chiverenge. Nekudaro, iwo achangoburwa mutambi mamodheru pamusika kuverenga maCD nemaDVD zvakafanana.

Mhando

Mukutaura kwese uye sechinhu chakakosha muhunyanzvi, tinogona kutaura nezvemhando mbiri dzemakomputa: desktop makomputa uye malaptop. Ose ari maviri mashandisirwo, muhukuru hwakaenzana, pakati pevanhu nemakambani.

• Desktop makomputa: Nekuda kwehukuru hwavo, vanogona kuiswa patafura yedhesiki, asi iwo iwo maitiro akafanana anovatadzisa kuti vatakurike. Izvo zvinoumbwa nekugadzirisa uye ekuchengetedza zvikamu, zvinobuda zvikamu, uye kunyangwe keyboard.
• Laptops: Nekuda kwechiedza chavo uye compact dhizaini, vanogona kutamiswa zviri nyore kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe. Izvi zvinosanganisira malaptop, mabhuku ekunyorera, vabatsiri veadhijitari (PDAs), nhare dzedigital nevamwe. Hunhu hwayo hukuru ndiko kumhanya mukugadzirisa dhata.

Iye zvino ma microcomputer

Sezvatatotaura, pane mhando dzinoverengeka dzemakomputa, imwe neimwe iine hunhu hwakatsanangurwa zvichienderana nekubatsira kwayo. Kuenderera mberi; ruzivo:

• Desktop makomputa: Ndiwo akanyanya kushandiswa mhando ye microcomputer. Ivo vanokwanisa kuita zvakajairika mabasa mukomputa, senge kubhurawuza Internet, kunyora uye kunyora gwaro mabasa, pakati pemamwe akawanda mabasa anobatsira kwazvo. Ivo vanotsigira zvinowoneka-mhando zvinhu senge nyanga uye mawebhucams.
• Laptops: Kubva payakatanga muna 1981, vanoumba shanduko yemacomputer emunhu. Pakati pezvinhu zvacho, iyo skrini, keyboard, processor, hard disk, processor, nezvimwe zvichiripo. Ivo vanokwanisa kuita zvakafanana mabasa se desktop desktop, asi saizi yavo diki uye mutengo zvinoreva kuti vane zvakanakira pamusoro pavo.
• Laptops: Vane flat screen uye vanofambiswa nebhatiri. Saizi yayo inotsanangura kutakurika kwayo.
• Notebooks: Chayo chikuru chinoshandiswa ndiko kuzadzikiswa kweiri nyore kugadzirwa mabasa. Vanoshaya maCD kana maDVD player. Izvo zvakaderera mumutengo kupfuura zvemakomputa, zvinova zvinoita kuti vave nematanho epamusoro ekutengesa. Ivo vakareruka kupfuura malaptop.
• Mahwendefa: Vanotsiva malaptop nemabhuku ekunyorera mukushanda. Yayo yekubata skrini inobvumidza mushandisi kudyidzana nezviri mukati. Ivo havana mamaki kana mbeva.
• Yemunhu Dhijitari Vanobatsira (PDAs): Ivo vanonyanya kushanda sevarongi muhomwe. Ivo vane mabasa e ajenda, notibhuku, maspredishiti, pakati pevamwe. Vanobvumidza kuiswa kwedata kuburikidza nemidziyo yakakosha yekuisa. Uye zvakare, ivo vane zvishandiso zvekutaurirana.
• Smartphones: Iwo ma microcomputer ayo anokwanisa kutumira uye kugamuchira mafoni uye mameseji, pamusoro pekubatanidza kune internet kuburikidza neWiFi kana nharembozha. Ivo vanogovana akawanda emabasa aripo mumunhu makomputa, senge sekugadzirisa maemail nekubata zvemultimedia zvemukati.

Microcomputer yemberi

Kunyangwe iko kukurumidza kufambira mberi kwekomputa uye tekinoroji, izvo zvekutanga zve Hardware uye software zvinowanzo ramba zvakamira nekufamba kwenguva. Nekudaro, ma microcomputer anovimbisa kugara kumberi, kufambisa manejimendi emari, ajenda, vanobata, makarenda, uye zvimwe zviitiko zvehupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Saizvozvo, ivo vacharamba vachive varipo mune itsva tekinoroji minda, senge yekunyepedzera njere, marobhoti, uye zvese zvine chekuita ne multimedia zvemukati.

Iwo ma microcomputer ayo anotarisirwa kuve nehunhu hwakanaka kuhupenyu hwedu hweramangwana pasina mubvunzo achave nehukuru hukuru nesimba, pamwe nekupa akawanda uye ari nani mashandiro. Pakati pavo zvinotevera zvinogona kutaurwa:

• Mahystem malaptop: Anodanwa zvakare kuti mahybrid mapiritsi, anoshanda sematafura nemakomputa panguva imwe chete, nekuti vane keyboard uye yekubata skrini. Sebhonasi yakawedzerwa, iyo skrini yakakura uye inosanganisira peni yedhijitari.
• Materefoni ane hukama neterevhizheni: Kubva pakuonekwa kwema smartphones, mashandiro avo anga achiwedzera. Neichi chikumbiro zvinotarisirwa kushandura terevhizheni kuita komputa, zvese kuburikidza neyakareruka tambo yekubatanidza. Zvisinei nekuyedza kwakaitwa mune izvi, chikumbiro hachina kupera kutora chimiro. Nekudaro, zvinotarisirwa kuti mune ramangwana musika wemafoni ekumusoro-soro uchakura uye kutora nzira iyi nyowani yekuita tekinoroji, nekugadzira zvese zvinoshandiswa.
• Pocket makomputa: Kunyange hazvo pfungwa yatovepo, makomputa aya anotarisirwa kudzikisa dhizaini yavo kuti ive yakafanana nependrive. Pfungwa huru yezano iri ndeyekuti nekubatanidza chishandiso chidiki kuchiratidziri, chinogona kushanda sekombuta.
• Holographic Makomputa: Ichokwadi chirongwa chekuda. Nekudaro, parizvino mamwe makambani nemayunivhesiti ari kuvandudza mapurojekiti ayo anozobvumidza kuchinjisa ngowani dzakatovandudzwa ngowani kuti dzishandure dzive zvigadzirwa zveholographic, zvichinyatsoisa tekinoroji mumaoko evashandisi.
• Quantum makomputa: Iyo ramangwana chirongwa chinosanganisira kuwedzerwa kweiyi tekinoroji, iyo inobvumidza kugadziriswa kwemahombekombe emadhata munguva shoma. Nhasi, chikamu chekufunga uku kunoiswa muhungwaru hwekunyepedzera, uko data rinogadziriswa kuburikidza nekuverenga kwakaomarara.
• Multi-core makomputa: Kwemakore, zvipingamupinyi zvinoparadzanisa mhando dzese dzemakomputa aripo zvichaputswa, kusvika pakukomberedzwa nezvinhu zvine hungwaru zvinoshanda semakomputa, zvakanangana nekuwedzera kugadzirwa uye zvinokwanisa kusangana nezvinodiwa zvenguva iyoyo.

Mafomu eData

Iwo makuru mafomati edhata anoshandiswa nema microcomputer mabiti, mabheti, uye mavara.

Chidiki ndicho chidiki chidiki cheruzivo chine microcomputer, icho chinogadzirwa chakakura huwandu hweruzivo. Iko kuunganidzwa kwemabheji akati wandei kunotendera kumiririrwa kweruzivo.

Nepo mabheti ari iwo anoshanda unit, iyo iyo yakasarudzika ndangariro uye inogara yekuchengetera kugona kwemacrocomputer kuyerwa. Bheti ine mabhii masere, uye inoshandiswa kumiririra mhando dzese dzeruzivo, kusanganisira manhamba 8 kusvika 0 uye mavara ealfabheti.

Muzhinji, dhizaini yemakomputa madiki inovatendera kuti vanzwisise mutauro wemabheti. Nenzira iyi, unogona kuyera huwandu hweruzivo kubva kuma kilobytes, megabytes, uye gigabytes.

Kune chikamu chayo, hunhu itsamba, nhamba, nyora, chiratidzo kana kodhi yekudzora, isingagare ichioneka pachiratidziri kana pabepa, kuburikidza neruzivo runochengetwa nekutumirwa nemagetsi.

Chekupedzisira, kuti unzwisise zvirinani pfungwa yemabiti nematete, zvakakosha kutaura kuti chidiki ndicho chakakosha chikamu chebhinari system, iyo ine chete maviri maitiro (0 na1). Nepo dhesimendi system iine manhamba gumi (kubva pa0 kusvika pa9) uye hexadecimal, mavara gumi nematanhatu anotangira pa16 kusvika pa0 uye kubva pabhi A kuenda kuna F.

CONCLUSIONS

Tichifunga imwe neimwe yezvinhu zvine chekuita nedudziro, mavambo, shanduko, hunhu, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvemakomputa, mhedzisiro inotevera inosvika.

• Iyo yepakati yekugadzirisa unit yechero microcomputer ndiyo microprocessor.
• Microcomputer inoumbwa neiyo microprocessor, ndangariro uye nhevedzano yeruzivo yekuisa uye inoburitsa zvikamu.
• Ivo vane chikwereti kwavakabva kudiwa kwekugadzira madiki makomputa.
• Iko kushanduka kwema microcomputer mhedzisiro yakananga yekufambira mberi muhunyanzvi.
• Dhizaini yaro ndeyechinyakare uye dhizaini yacho compact.
• Microcomputer anokwanisa kuita masvomhu kuverenga uye zvine musoro mashandiro, kuburikidza nekutevera uye kutevedzera kwemirairo.
• Iyo yekuraira fomati inoratidza kugadziriswa kwega kwega operand iripo mune kuraira.
• Microoperations inova nebasa rekugadzirisa zvakare mirairo uye kuteedzana kwechirongwa.
• Kubudikidza nenguva, iyo microcomputer inokwanisa kuronga zviitiko zvebhazi remukati.
• Kududzira ndiyo nzira inodudzirwa nemirayiridzo.
• Iyo Hardware inoumbwa neyekuisa uye yekubuda zvishandiso, iyo yepakati nzira yuniti, ndangariro uye ekuchengetedza michina.
• Iwo makuru ekuisa ekushandisa ekushandisa ndeaya: iyo keyboard, mbeva, vhidhiyo kamera, iyo yekuverenga kuverenga, maikorofoni, pakati pevamwe.
• Pakati pezvakakura zvinobuda zvikamu ndeizvi: purinda, iyo ruzha system, iyo modem.
• Iyo yepakati yekugadzirisa unit inoitisa kuita zvine musoro uye masvomhu mashandiro, semhedzisiro yedudziro nekuitwa kwemirayiridzo.
• Iyo coprocessor chikamu chine musoro cheiyo microprocessor.
• Cache ndangariro ndeyekukurumidza ndangariro inopfupisa nguva yekupindura yeiyo microcomputer.
• Marejista inzvimbo dzekuchengetedza kwenguva pfupi idzo dzine data.
• Bhazi remukati rinobatanidza zvinhu zvegadziriro zvese mukati nekunze.
• Ndangariro dzinochengeta dhata uye zvirongwa kwenguva pfupi, zvisati zvaurayiwa ne microprocessor.
• RAM ndiko kuyeuka kwemukati mama microcomputer. Inosanganisira memory yekushandisa uye yekuchengetedza memory.
• Iyo yekumusoro yeROM ine iyo inoshanda system yeiyo ma microcomputer, uko ma microprograms ane iyo yakaoma mirairo inochengetwa.
• Midziyo mikuru yekuchengetera ndeiyi: hard disk, iyo optical drive, iyo CD-ROM, iyo DVD, uye nezvimwe.
• Microcomputers yakakamurwa kuita desktop desktop uye laptop makomputa.
• Ma microcomputer anhasi anosanganisira desktops, malaptop, mapiritsi, malaptop, vabatsiri veadhijitari, uye mafoni, pakati pevamwe.
• Iwo ma microcomputer eramangwana ndeaya: mahybrid mahwendefa, nhare dzine hukama neterevhizheni, makomputa ehomwe, makomputa ehuwandu, makomputa ehorographic, nezvimwe.
• Microcomputer inoshandisa mabiti, mabheti, uye mavara kuchengetedza ruzivo.