Imbali yeeprosesa Le yayiyimvelaphi yayo enkulu!

La Imbali yeeprosesa Ukusukela oko kwasungulwa imodeli yokuqala ye-IBM 5150, iguqukile kwisizukulwana ngasinye, ukuya kwinqanaba lokuzinikela kwizigidi zabantu abasebenzisa iikhompyuter, iprosesa enobukrelekrele bokufakelwa obubandakanyiwe. Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga noku, sikumema ukuba uqhubeke nokufunda eli nqaku.

Imbali yeeprosesa

Ngaphambi kokuba siqale ngembali kunye nokuvela kweeprosesa ukusukela ekudalweni kwazo, kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba xa sithetha ngazo, sibhekisa kwinxalenye ebonakalayo yenkqubo yekhompyuter engaphakathi kwesixhobo okanye inkqubo yekhompyuter.

Ukusukela ukuba itekhnoloji ivele eluntwini, kuphela ngabantu abathile abaneempawu ezifanelekileyo zokuba bakwazi ukusebenzisa iikhompyuter zokuqala kunye nolawulo oluvele kwi-50s nakwi-60s.

Oo matshini babekwazi ukuhlala kwigumbi lonke, ngenxa yobungakanani bayo kwaye babungenakuphathwa nangumntu omnye, ke zazisetyenziswa ziinkampani ezinkulu, imikhosi, oorhulumente, phakathi kwabanye, kuba zazingafikeleleki kwaphela ukusuka ekhaya.

Ngenxa yenkqubela phambili eye yavela kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezenza iikhompyuter, oomatshini abakhulu bexesha bashiyeke ngasemva, benika indlela kwiincinci ezincinci, iikhompyuter ezilula ezinenkqubela phambili enkulu kwindawo yonxibelelwano.

Ikhompyuter ilitshintshe njani ihlabathi?

Emva kweziganeko ezinkulu eziphawule imbali yomhlaba, ngeziganeko zexesha lezamashishini kunye neMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, amagunya amakhulu ehlabathi aqonda ukuba ayayidinga inkqubo eyilelwe ukukhusela ulwazi abanalo, ngelixa yayikhuselwe. nakubani na ofuna ukuyichaza okanye ayabe notshaba.

Ngenxa yoku, kufuneka benze inkqubo eza kuthi iququzelele kwaye ilusebenzise lonke olu lwazi kwifomathi elula kwaye banokufunda namhlanje, ngomso okanye kwiminyaka eliqela ukusukela ngoku. Ukusuka apha kuvela uyilo lukaVon Neumann.

Yenziwe nguJohn Von Neumann ngexesha lama-40s lelinye lawona magunya makhulu ayekhona ngelo xesha, eUnited States. Esi yayisisikimu esachaza ukusebenza kwemfuza ukuba ikhompyuter yenze yonke imisebenzi efunwa ngumntu, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokutshintsha ubume bomzimba.

Ngokusekwe koku, ikhompyuter ibinakho ukuba noluhlu lwamanyathelo iprosesa yangaphakathi enokuthi ichaphazele kwaye isebenze ngexesha elifutshane, ikwazi ukusuka kwinto enye kuluhlu iye kwenye emva kokugqiba. Oku bekusekwe kumacandelo amathathu:

• Iyunithi yokuqhubekeka eyenziwe yiyunithi yolawulo kunye ne-ALU.
• Imemori yokugcina.
• Igalelo kunye nokuphuma kwamazibuko ukufezekisa unxibelelwano nomsebenzisi.

Oku kwasetyenziswa okokuqala kwi-Intanethi yeNumerical Integrator kunye neKhompyuter (I-ENIAC) ngexesha lowe-1.946 noka-1.955 kurhulumente wase-US, kodwa ngenxa yokusebenza okulula okwaboniswa sesi skimu, uyilo lwe-Von Neumann lwamkelwe lwaze lwalungelelaniswa nezixhobo zeteknoloji zanamhlanje esizaziyo namhlanje.

Zasebenza njani iikhompyuter zokuqala kwimbali?

Iikhompyuter zokuqala zazenzelwe ukusebenza ngokusekwe kwinkqubo yokubini, eyayiquka inkqubo ebaleka ngokufana nedesimali abantu abayisebenzisa ngokwesiqhelo, kodwa besebenzisa kuphela u-0 no-1.

Ngokusekwe kula manani mabini, lonke ulwazi olungena kwikhompyuter lwakhiwe, kodwa ngaphandle kokuba isebenza ngokusekwe kwinkqubo yokubini, kunqabile ngenxa yezinye izixhobo ezikhoyo namhlanje, ezihambele phambili kwaye zilula. ngabantu.

Ngokutsho kweengcali, inkqubo yokubini yenye yezona zilula, kuba ivumela ukudala iisekethe ukwenza imisebenzi yemathematics ngokusebenzisa iisekethi ezisisiseko ngendlela elula.

Iprosesa kunye nealgorithm Yayiyintoni indima yayo?

Iprosesa yenzelwe ukuququzelela imijikelezo ye-elektroniki esetyenziswa yi-algorithm ukusebenza, ezi zenziwe ngabantu ukunqanda iingxaki okanye ukubanakho ukuzisombulula ngokulula.

Ukucacisa ngakumbi, xa sithetha ngealgorithm, sibhekisa kulandelelwano lwemiyalelo eyalelweyo eyalelwa inyathelo ngenyathelo kwaye kufuneka ichazwe kakuhle ukuze umatshini okanye ikhompyuter yenze imisebenzi ngaphandle kwengxaki enkulu.

Endaweni yoko, iprosesa yeyona inoxanduva lokwamkela amanyathelo ngokulandelelana kwawo kwaye awenze. Ukuthathela ingqalelo ukuba le miyalelo ngokubanzi ngamanani, ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo okanye ukugcinwa kwayo, kwaye inokuthi ithathelwe ingqalelo njengemiyalelo elula okanye yeathom enesakhono sokuqondwa nokumiliselwa.

Zeziphi iiprosesa zokuqala ezaziza kutyhilwa?

Iimodeli zokuqala eziyiliweyo zeprosesa zenzelwe ukusebenza kunye neevalvu zokucoca. Ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, kuxa oorhulumente ababephethe uyilo lwabo matshini baqonda ukuba ezinye zilungisa ulwazi ngokukhawuleza ngakumbi kunalezo zisebenza ngokubalwa kwabantu.

Iqela lokuqala elathi laziwa kwaye lasebenza kunye noyilo lukaVon Neumann, labizwa ngokuba yi-Electronic Numerical Integrator kunye neKhompyuter (ENIAC) kwaye unezi zinto zilandelayo:

• Ihlala i-167 yeemitha zesikwere kwaye inobunzima malunga neetoni ezingama-27.
• Ingasebenza ngokuphindaphinda okungama-357 kunye nama-5000 ongezelelweyo ngomzuzwana.
• Yayinee-70.000 zokuxhathisa.
• 17.488 iityhubhu ezincamathelayo.
• Ama-capacitors ayi-10.000.
• Kwakudingeka i-kilowatts ezili-160 ukuze isebenze.
• Inezitshintshi ezingama-6000 okanye amaqhosha.

Emva kweminyaka emithathu kuyilo kunye nenkqubo yovavanyo, yaqala ukusebenza ngo-1.946. Yenziwe yaza yaphuhliswa nguJ.

Iimodeli zokuqala zazime ngokusebenza ngezivalo zokucoca kunye nokusebenzisa iikhowudi zomatshini, ke inkqubela phambili kwisizukulwana sesibini yayingalindelekanga kwaphela. Ukukwazi ukuqaqambisa ukuzinza kwezivalo kunye nokuthembeka okuphantsi abazenzileyo, ii-hard drive zokuqala, ii-transistors, iinkqubo zokusebenza ezisetyenziswa ngumsebenzisi omnye kunye neelwimi ezikumgangatho ophezulu.

Ngelo xesha, yayisele iviwe ngobukho be-IBM kwihlabathi lobuchwephesha belo xesha, kodwa ngonyaka we-1.959, ityhila oomatshini abathile abakhethekileyo nabaphambili kulo mzuzu phantsi kwegama le-IBM 7090. Oku bekuqwalaselwe Njengomatshini wokuqala we-transistor CPU kwimbali yekhompyuter, amandla aphindwe kathandathu kunye nesiqingatha sexabiso langaphambili kwe-IBM 709.

Iiprosesa zokuzivelela kwezinto: Iminyaka yabo yokuqala

• 1970: Isixhobo sokuqala kwimbali yeeprosesa savulwa yi-AMD, i-AM 2501.
• 1971: Iprosesa yokuqala ye-Intel, imodeli 4004, yaphuma.
• 1972: Iprosesa yokuqala eyi-8-bit ebizwa ngokuba yi-8008 iyathengiswa.
• 1974: I-Intel yenzelwe kwaye yakhupha imodeli ye-8080, eyayithathwa njengeyona processor ilungileyo ngelo xesha.
• 1975: Kukhutshwa i-AM's 9080 ye-AMD, ithathela ingqalelo njenge-Intel's 8080.
• 1976: Imodeli 8085, enokusebenza ngee-volts ezi-5, ujoyine usapho lwe-Intel.
• 1978: Iprosesa yomfuziselo yabo beza emva kokuba ikhutshiwe, i-8086 ineebhloko ezili-16 zokugcina.
• 1982: Ngokusekwe kwinto yangaphambili, i-Intel yayila i-80286, eyona nto yayineempawu eziphambili kukuba yayisebenza kunye ne-134 lamawaka e-transistors.
• 1985: Iprosesa ye-386 eneebhithi ezingama-32 zokugcina iyachazwa.
• 1989: Inkqubo ye-i860 yaqala ukuthengiswa.
• 1992: Iprosesa yokuqala yeekhompyuter zediski yaziwa ngamandla okuhlaziya inkqubo ngelixa lisonyusa umsebenzi wenkqubo yokusebenza.
• 1993: Ukuqala kwexesha le-Intel Pentium, elalimele ukuqhubela phambili okukhulu kwisantya namandla.
• 1995: Imodeli ekhutshwe kulo nyaka ibonakaliswe ngokuqulatha i-chip yokusebenza okuphezulu, ejolise kwi-32-bit yokugcina iiseva kunye neekhompyuter zedesktop.
• 1995 / 1999: Kwaziswa iprosesa yaseCeleron, kwasungulwa i-Pentium II Xeron, Pentium III Xeron kunye ne-Intel Pentium III kwimarike, kunye neprosesa ephezulu yokusebenza eyayisebenzisa amandla amancinci kakhulu ukuba isebenze. Ukumela elinye lamaxesha abalulekileyo Imbali yeeprosesa.
• 1999: I-ADM ikhupha i-x86 ithathe ingqalelo kwisizukulwana sesixhenxe.

Ngo-2000-2014: Iminyaka eSebenza ngokuGxile

• 2000: Uhlaziyo lwePentium 4, ukubanakho ukuqaqambisa ukusebenza kwayo kunye nezigidi ezingama-42 zeetransistors.
• 2001: I-Itanium kunye ne-Intel Xeron ziya kuthengiswa.
• 2002: Ityhile inamba yokuqala ene-0,13 micron 300mm ene-12-intshi processor.
• 2003: I-Intel Centrino yayilelwe ukuba isetyenziswe kwiikhompyuter ezinobuchule obungenazingcingo.
• 2003 / 2005: I-AMD ityhile ulwandiso olutsha kwi-AMD64.
• 2006: Iprosesa yokuqala yeQuad-Core ityhiliwe, ihamba netekhnoloji ene-Intel Centrino Duos Mobile kunye ne-Intel VIV.
• 2007: Babeka iprosesa yeCore II Quad kwintengiso. Ngexesha lalo nyaka, i-AMD ikwatyhile ubumbeko olutsha lwePhenom X3 kunye nePhenom II X3 tri-core series, iPhenom II X6, iPhenom II X2 ezimbini-core, kunye nePhenom X4 kunye nePhenom II X4 ene-quad-core.
• 2008: Enye yeeprosesa zokuqala ezenzelwe izixhobo eziphathwayo zibonisa uphawu lwe Imbali yeeprosesa, i-Intel eneAtom, eyayinophawu lokukwazi ukusebenza ngamandla amancinci, ngaphandle kokubeka emngciphekweni ukusebenza kwayo.
• 2011: I-AMD ityhile ubume obuncinci be-AMD APUs, eyilelwe ukuba ithengiswe ngabo bantu banokusetyenziswa kancinci kwenkonzo kwaye babengenamali yaneleyo, yile ndlela ityhilwe ngayo i-AMD Bobcat 14h.
• 2012: Isizukulwana sesithathu seeprosesa ze-Intel sasungulwa phantsi kwegama IVI Bridge.
• 2013: Isizukulwana sesine seeprosesa ze-Intel Core sakhutshwa kulo nyaka, phantsi kwegama likaHaswell.
• 2014: Kukhutshwe i-Intel Core M Broadwell.
• 2015: Bafaka i-AMD Excavator kwintengiso.

Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi ngembali yeeprosesa kunye Ingaba ithetha ntoni IntelNdwendwela inqaku lethu kunye newebhusayithi kwaye unokufumana khona ulwazi oluthe kratya.

Okona kwimbali yeeprosesa

Ukusukela oko yaqalwa, iiprosesa ziye zavela kwimbali yazo isekwe kwinkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji kunye neemfuno zabantu.

Kodwa unyaka u-2.019 ubonise intshukumo enkulu kwindaleko kwihlabathi labaprosesa, bekwazi ukubona ukuba i-AMD ifezekise njani impumelelo ekusebenzeni kwayo, eyenziweyo yi-Intel kwaye idlula neempawu zayo eziphambili, ukulawula ukuyila kunye nokubeka iiprosesa ezinamandla ngakumbi njenge-3970X kwintengiso.

Ukusukela ngoko, bekulindelwe ukuba i-Intel izokwazisa elinye ilungu losapho lweprosesa, kodwa i-ADM ikwazile ukuya phambili kwaye ifumana imveliso enentsebenzo ephezulu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla kancinci kwiqonga le-7nm +.

Kude kube ngu-2.020, i-Intel yayilindelwe ukuba ibonelele ngemveliso ene-cache ephezulu kwaye enokuthi iphucule inkqubo yemisebenzi yangaphakathi kwisixhobo, ngakumbi indawo yokudala ividiyo kunye nokunikezela, ngokusungulwa kwemodeli kunye ne-10nm.

I-AMD kunye ne-Intel bakwazile ukwenza ukhuphiswano olwahlukileyo kwindawo yetekhnoloji, ukusukela emva kokuphehlelelwa kwemveliso entsha inkampani nganye ijonge indlela yokuthatha inyathelo lokuya phambili kunye nokuzibeka ngaphezulu kwenye, yiyo loo nto kungamangalisi ukuba inkqubela phambili yonke imihla inkulu ekudalweni kweprosesa.

Iiprosesa zefowuni eziphathwayo

Xa uthetha malunga neempawu zeselfowuni ephathekayo, iprosesa ithatha indawo ebaluleke kakhulu kwezi, ukusukela kwiminyaka embalwa ngoku, amanye ala maqela akwazile ukufumana ilifa lenkcazo okanye iinkqubo ezisetyenziswa kwiikhompyuter zobuqu okanye zedesktop.

Ngenxa yoku, abantu abathenga iselfowuni namhlanje, bajonge iimpawu zeprosesa ngaphambi kokuba bathenge, kunye nenkampani eyiyilayo.

IMediaTek, iKirin, iQualcomm kunye ne-Exynos zezona nkampani ziphambili zinikezelwe kuyilo kunye nasekudaleni iiprosesa zezixhobo zomnxeba, zibonisa izakhono zabo zokwenza, ukugcina okanye ukuba zinxulumene neenkampani ezibalulekileyo ezinje nge-AMD kunye ne-Intel. Ezinye zeeprosesa ezinxulumene nezi nkampani zezi:

Mediatek, phakathi kuluhlu kunye nokungena

Imvelaphi yaseTaiwan, iyaziwa namhlanje ngembali yayo ebalaseleyo ekwenzeni ii-semiconductors. Ikomkhulu labo eliphambili likwisixeko saseHsinchu, kwilizwe labo lokuzalwa.

Le nkampani yenza iiprosesa kwinqanaba eliphakathi kunye nenqanaba lokungena, kodwa kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, bathathe isigqibo sokuyila iiprosesa eziphezulu kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu okuhambelana neqonga le5G, njengesixhobo sabo seDimension 1000.

I-Snapdragon: Enye yeeprosesa ezidumileyo

I-Qualcomm yinkampani yaseMelika eyasekwa ngo-1.985, ukusukela ngoko baye bakwazi ukuzibeka phakathi kwezona ndawo zibalulekileyo kwintengiso yetekhnoloji. Inqaku elinomdla malunga nale nkampani kukuba iiprosesa zayo zenziwe yiNkampani yokuThengisa yaseTaiwan, imveliso ebalulekileyo yemvelaphi yaseTshayina eseTaiwan.

Enye yeeprosesa zamva nje eziqaliswe yile nkampani kwintengiso yiSpapdragon 865+ enamandla, kodwa ikwaveze isindululo esibaluleke kakhulu kubuchwephesha be-2021, i-Snapdragon 888 5G.

Exynos: Iprosesa yeGlasi entsha

Kungabonakala kungaqhelekanga kuthi ukuba enye yeenkampani ezihamba phambili zezixhobo zeselfowuni namhlanje ziyila iiprosesa. Kodwa kutheni ungayenzi?

Isamsung yenze isigqibo sokunika abathengi bayo imveliso ekumgangatho ophezulu eneempawu ezizodwa nezimanyeneyo eziza kuma kwintengiso egcwele izixhobo eziphathwayo. Inkqubo ye-LSI yeShishini yaqala ukuphuhlisa i-S5PC110 ye-Galaxy S ngo-2.010, iqala uyilo lweeprosesa ezinamandla ezifana ne-Exynos 990 ye-Galaxy Note 20 okanye i-Exynos 4210 SoC ye-Galaxy SII.

UKirin: Ubuchopho beHuawei

I-Kirin 9000 ye-5nm, namhlanje yeyona processor iphambili ikwazileyo ukuzisa iinkampani ezinxulumene nokwenziwa kwezi zinto kwintengiso. Nangona kunjalo, ukukhula kwayo kube sengxakini ngenxa yezithintelo ezahlukeneyo ezibekwe nguRhulumente wase-United States ngokunxulumene nala maqela.

Iiprosesa zeFowuni A

Zenziwe yiNkampani yokuThengisa yaseTaiwan Semiconductor, ikwayiyo inoxanduva lokudala i-Snapdragon. Kodwa inyani ebalulekileyo ukuba bambalwa kakhulu abantu abayaziyo malunga noku kukuba ziyilelwe kwimigangatho esisiseko yeApple kunye nolwakhiwo lweARM.

Isixhobo sokugqibela abasityhilileyo yayiyi-A14 Bionic, eyilelwe ikhompyuter yabo ye-iPhone 12, ethathwa njengeyona inamandla kwaye isebenza kakuhle kwimbali ye-iPhone kunye neeprosesa.

Zeziphi iimpawu ezenza ukuba iprosesa egqwesileyo ivelele?

• Ukusetyenziswa kwaMandla (CPU): Ichongwe nge-W ye-watts kwaye njengoko besitshilo ngaphambili, iiprosesa eziphezulu zihlala zisebenzisa amandla amaninzi, zibangela ukuba isixhobo sihlale ixesha elincinci ngebhetri.
• I-Plinth: Zizidibanisi ekufuneka isixhobo sixhume kwibhodi yomama. Phambi kokuba uthenge nayiphi na iprosesa, phanda ukuba yeyiphi ehambelana nebhodi yakho yomama.
• Ixesha: Ubuninzi bewotshi yangaphakathi iprosesa nganye enayo, ihlala ichongwa njenge-Ghz okanye i-Mhz, ngokusisiseko ingamandla okusetyenziswa kwamandla.
• Inani leenkozo: Amanani amaninzi eefowuni anakho, imisebenzi engakumbi inokuyenza ngaphandle komngcipheko weempazamo okanye ukulahleka kolwazi.
• Indawo efihlakeleyo yokugcina: Oku linoxanduva lokugcina ngokukhuselekileyo okanye ukulawula ulwazi olongezelelweyo olungenakugcina imemori ye-RAM yesixhobo.

Siyakumema ukuba utyelele inqaku lethu ku iinkqubo zokusebenza mobile Iifowuni kunye neentlobo ezikhoyo namhlanje.