Iprosesa inokuthathwa njengobuchopho bokwenyani bekhompyuter yakho kwaye ukwahluka okwahlukileyo okunokuthi kunikezelwe kwintengiso kuya kugqiba ukusebenza kwayo. Makhe sihlolisise apha yonke into enxulumene ne Iiprosesa ze-AMD.
Iiprosesa ze-AMD: ukukhula okucothayo kwenkampani yophuhliso
Los Iiprosesa ze-AMD Kuye kwafuneka bahambe uhambo olude lwamashumi eminyaka ukuze babe yinto engathandekiyo kwi-niche yabo ye-IT yemarike. Ukhuphiswano olungunaphakade olunamagama anamandla afana ne-Intel, iingxabano ezahlukeneyo zomthetho kunye nezithintelo ekwenzeni iimveliso zayo zenze umjikelo wokufa okubhengezwe ngobuxoki kunye novuko olungalindelekanga kwinkampani. Nangona kunjalo, ngeli xesha inkampani ibonakala ngathi ekugqibeleni ifumana ixesha elingenasiphelo lempumelelo kwaye kuyanceda ukuphonononga imbali encinci yendlela abafike ngayo apha.
Yintoni i-AMD?
Igama elithi Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) lichaza inkampani eyasekwa ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu eyadlulayo, ngo-1969, eCalifornia, eUnited States. Amalungu ayo, uJack Gifford, u-Edwin Turney, uJim Giles, uLarry Stenger, uFrank Botte, uSteven Simonsen, uJohn Carey noJerry Sanders, bevela kwiinkampani ezinomlando oqinileyo kwintsimi yeesekethe ezidibeneyo eSilicon Valley, njengeFairchild Semiconductors. Ke ekuqaleni inkampani esandula ukusekwa yazisungula ekuveliseni iisekethe ezihlanganisiweyo ezinengqondo, nazo ezingenayo, kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, kwimakethi yememori ye-RAM.
Umtsi omkhulu oya kuba yintoni ikamva labo lorhwebo lwenzeka ngo-1977, xa aba somashishini bagqiba ekubeni benze eyabo i-microprocessor kwikopi eyenziweyo, ngeendlela zobunjineli ezibuyela umva, yemveliso ye-Intel 8080, bebiza isiphumo se-AMD 8080.
Ukusuka apho, i-AMD iya kugxila ngokupheleleyo ekusebenzeni kwihlabathi leeprosesa, kulandela iphulo layo lokuqala elineemodeli ezifana ne-Am2901, Am29116 kunye ne-Am293xx, eyilelwe ngokukodwa ukuba yandiswe ngabanye abaprosesa.ukusika kancinci). Iprosesa eyahlukileyo iza kufika kungekudala, i-AMD 29k, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-chip edibanisa iiyunithi zegraphic video kunye neenkumbulo ze-EPROM.
Kodwa kude kube ngoko, i-AMD yayisaqhagamshelwe kwiifomathi ezikotshwe kwi-Intel. Oku kuya kutshintsha kunye neemodeli ezizayo, ezenziwe okokuqala ukusuka ekuqaleni: i-AMD K5, i-AMD K6 kunye ne-AMD K7 iprosesa, ekhutshwe ekupheleni kweminyaka ye-90. Le yokugqibela, iprosesa ye-AMD K7, ayisakwazi ukwabelana nge-motherboard ye-Intel processors. , efuna ipleyiti yabo kunye nesokhethi kuphela kwisakhiwo sabo.
Ukulwa kunye ne-Intel
Olu lwahlulo lweemodeli zalo luza kuba nengcaciso yalo kwiiNkundla zeNkundla kwiminyaka elishumi ngaphambili, apho i-Intel yayityholwa ngokwaphula isivumelwano esasayinwa ne-AMD ngo-1982. Ityala le-IBM. Kungekudala i-Intel yathatha imbono emfiliba yokhuphiswano olucacileyo olubekwe kwimarike ngokuzimela okuhambelanayo kwe-AMD kwaye yala ngo-86 ukuveza iinkcukacha ezongezelelekileyo zobuchwephesha beemveliso zayo.
Ityala liye latsala, linyanzela i-AMD ukuba iqikelele kunye neenjineli zayo ukuba zisebenze njani iimveliso ze-Intel, kwakhona ngendlela efihlakeleyo ngakumbi yobunjineli obubuyisela umva, emva koko ivelise kwakhona ngendlela yayo. Ekugqibeleni i-Intel yayiza kugqiba ukulahlekelwa yimeko, ihlawula ibhiliyoni yeedola ngokuphulwa kwesivumelwano, kodwa amava amabi ayeshiye incasa embi kwi-AMD, eyayisazi ukuba kufuneka ifumane ulwalathiso lwayo ngaphandle kwe-Intel's orbit.
Los Iiprosesa ze-AMD I-K5, i-AMD K6 kunye ne-AMD K7 zaziyinxalenye yaloo nzame yokuqala ezimeleyo, eyayiza kuqhubeka ngempumelelo enkulu kwiprosesa yayo ye-K8 ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-64, eyongeza ulwandiso lwe-86-bit kwimiyalelo ye-xXNUMX. Le nyani iyitshintshe kakhulu imbali yeprosesa yexesha layo, kuba zonke iimodeli ukusuka ngelo xesha zasebenzisa olu lwandiso lunye, kubandakanya oomatshini beMicrosoft. Kwaye iya kuthi ekugqibeleni ibuyisele umva amandla kunye ne-Intel, eya kunyanzelwa ukuba ibuyisele umva injineli ukuze ibambe ifomathi entsha ye-AMD.
Ngo-64 i-Athlon 2
Oku kuya kuba ngumqondiso wokuqala kwabanye abavelisi ukuba baqale, kwiminyaka edlulileyo, ukongeza ii-cores ezininzi kwiprosesa ukwandisa amandla ayo, ukufikelela kwinani langoku le-32 processor cores. Kodwa emva kolu tshintsho lubini lobunkokeli kunye nolutsha, i-AMD iya kuphinda ithotywe kwindawo yesibini ngenxa yokufika kwe-Intel Core 2 Duo eyaziwayo.
Iicores ezingakumbi nangakumbi: iBulldozer fiasco
I-AMD iya kunyanzelwa ukuba igxume nangaphezulu ukuze iphile kukhuphiswano kunye nembangi yayo yanaphakade, isungula iprosesa ye-Phenom ngo-2007. Oku kwakubandakanya ulwakhiwo lwe-K8 kunye nenkqubo ye-quad-core, okokuqala kwimbali yezi zixhobo.
Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, ngo-2010, i-AMD yade yafumana ii-processor cores ezintandathu kwi-Phenom II X6 yayo, ukubamba i-Intel, eyayisele ifikelele kwii-cores ezine. Kwaye emva kokuthenga i-ATI Technologies yekhadi lemizobo yenkampani, i-AMD yaqalisa iprojekthi ye-Fusion, eyayifuna ukudibanisa iprosesa kunye nekhadi lemifanekiso kunye neendlela ezili-16 zezixhobo ezijikelezayo kwi-capsule efanayo.
Ukusuka kule njongo, imveliso ye-AMD Llano yazalwa, eyavumela inkampani ukuba izibeke phambi kwe-Intel okomzuzwana, ngenxa yokuguquguquka kokudalwa kwayo kunye nehlabathi lemidlalo yevidiyo ye-3D ye-PC, eyayifuna ukudibanisa okukhulu kunokwenzeka phakathi kweeprosesa kunye nemizobo. I-Intel ayikwazanga ukukhuphisana nomnikelo wayo we-Westmere weprosesa ezinamandla aphantsi kwaye yavuma ukoyiswa, ngalo lonke elo xesha ilungiselela uqulunqo loyilo olulandelayo.
Oku kuya kufika ngento ebizwa ngokuba yisizukulwana sesibini se-Intel processors ebizwa ngokuba yiSandy Bridge. Nangona i-AMD iphinde yazama ukufumana intloko-to-entloko kunye ne-tech giant ngenani eliphezulu leecores, imveliso yayo ye-Bulldozer ka-2011 yayingenamandla kangako kuneSandy Bridge, eneecores ezimbalwa kakhulu. Isiphumo yaba yi-fiasco yokusebenza ekhokelele inkampani ekudakaleni okunzulu kokuyila kunye neshishini. Indlela yokubuyela endleleni?
Uvuko: ummangaliso we-AMD Zen kunye ne-Ryzen processors
Impendulo eyafunyanwa yinkampani ye-AMD yayikukubhenela kutyikityo ezimbini ezisisiseko ukuphakamisa intloko kwakhona. Owokuqala yayingumhlobo wakudala wendlu, injineli uJim Keller, owayebalulekile kwixesha elidlulileyo ekwakhiweni koyilo lwe-K8 kunye nokuveliswa kwembali eyi-dual-core Athlon 64. Ukubuyiselwa kwakhe emva kokungabikho ixesha elide kwaba sisigqibo ekuziseni ubungqongqo kunye nobuchule kwinkampani esele imile kwinqwelomoya.
Olunye utyikityo, kwelinye icala, yayinguLisa Su onamandla ngoku, usomashishini waseTaiwan kunye nenjineli owaba yinkokeli engathandabuzekiyo ye-AMD njengoMongameli wayo omtsha kunye ne-CEO. Umsebenzi wakhe uzise ubutsha kunye nokuzinza kwinkampani eyenze ukuba iphakame eluthuthwini lwayo, ishiya ngasemva amahemuhemu okubhanga, ukuthengisa kunye nokunyamalala. Ayimangalisi ke into yokuba wathiywa igama njengeSigqeba soNyaka yimagazini edumileyo ye-EE Times ngo-2014 kwaye wayenendawo ebalaseleyo kuluhlu lweeNkokeli eziPhezulu zeHlabathi kupapasho luka-2017 lwemagazini i-Fortune.
Iqhinga likaLisa Su lalisekelwe ekwahlukaneni ngokumandla kweenjongo ze-AMD. Ngaphandle kovavanyo oluthile kwiminyaka edlulileyo, inkampani ibigxile ekuveliseni iiprosesa zemakethi yePC, ishiya nje i-10% yeemveliso kwezinye iindawo. Umongameli omtsha wenze isindululo sokunyusa elo nani ukuya kwi-40%, ukufezekisa kwiminyaka emithathu emva kokujoyina inkampani.
Le pesenti yanikezelwa kwiindawo ezithathwa njengesibini kumaxesha angaphambili, kodwa ngoku ziba ziindawo zokukhula okungenamakhwiniba, njengebala lemidlalo yevidiyo (kwi-Xbox One kunye ne-PS4 consoles), amaZiko oKulungisa iDatha kunye nobuchwepheshe bokucwiliswa okubonakalayo. Lo msebenzi ukhokelele inkampani ukuba isebenze kunye neenkampani ezinkulu ezinje ngeMicrosoft kunye neSony, yandisa indawo yayo yempembelelo.
Ngenxa yale ndlela entsha yeshishini, imveliso entsha yayiza kuza. Umaleko omtsha woloyiso we-AMD uya kubizwa ngokuba yiRyzen kwaye uya kusekwa kulwakhiwo olutsha olubizwa ngokuba yiZen oluphuhliswe yinjineli uKeller. Ezi mveliso zintsha ziya kuba ziprosesa zokuqala ezineempawu zemodyuli kwimarike, kunye neecores ezisibhozo ngeli xesha zinamandla kakhulu, ukubheja kumandla ngamanye kunokuba kwandiswe ubuninzi.
Ukuvela kochungechunge lweRyzen kwandiswe ukusuka kwi-2017 ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ukubonelela ngaphezulu kweminyaka emine yokusebenza kakuhle, impumelelo yokuthengisa kunye nokuphononongwa okuhle, ukoyisa nakuphi na ukuthandabuza kokuqala malunga nenkampani. I-Intel iye yawa ngasemva ngokuzinza kwangaphambili, kufuneka ikhawuleze ukuthatha amanyathelo, njengokuqesha uJim Keller iminyaka emibini.
Igama le-Zen loyilo lwe-AMD livela, njengoko kwaziwa, kwifilosofi yamaBhuda. Ishumayela ukucamngca, amandla angaphakathi, nokwamkela ngokuzolileyo oko indalo inokukunika. I-AMD ifumene lo mzuzu wokucotha ukucinga emva kweBulldozer, emva koko idubula isiya kumbulelo ongazenzisiyo kwizandla eziboneleleyo zikaJim Keller kunye noLisa Su.
Ayiyiyo yonke into ekufuneka ilahleke ngokuqinisekileyo kwicandelo letekhnoloji kunye neshishini, okoko nje sifunda indlela yokusefa izingqisho zenguquko yexesha lethu. Usenokuba nomdla wokufunda malunga ne 4k ikhadi lemizobo.
Ukwahlula njani abaqhubekekisi be-AMD?
Uluhlu olubanzi lwe Iiprosesa ze-AMD Kule minyaka yenkcochoyi yetekhnoloji inkulu kakhulu kangangokuba inokusiphambanisa kancinci ukuba asiqhelanga kwijargon yesiphakathi. Ukudityaniswa kwezizukulwana kunye namagama kwimbali yekhathalogu ye-AMD phantse kungafikeleleki ngamanye amaxesha, nokuba silahla ezo zingasekhoyo emarikeni. Ke siza kubona uluhlu olufutshane lwezi mveliso kunye neyona ndlela ikhawulezayo yokuzichonga.
Ukuba unomdla okhethekileyo kuyo yonke into enxulumene nabaqhubekekisi bedijithali, unokukufumanisa kuluncedo ukutyelela eli nqaku elinye kwiwebhusayithi yethu ezinikele iiprosesa ezinamandla ngakumbi Landela ikhonkco!
I-FX Series, i-Athlon kunye ne-Bulldozer Architecture APUs
Ngaphandle kokuba yinxalenye yexesha elidlulileyo esele ligqithile kwi-AMD, uchungechunge lweBulldozer lwezakhiwo luyaqhubeka nokuba nobomi obude kubasebenzisi abaninzi, ngenxa yokuzinza kwesakhiwo semodyuli kunye neendleko eziphantsi kweli nqanaba kuphuhliso lwehlabathi.
Uluhlu lokuqala olufuna ukuhlukaniswa luluhlu lweFX, ingqungquthela ngelo xesha yenkampani, kunye neenguqulelo eziphakathi kwee-cores ezine kunye nesibhozo, kunye ne-AM3 + socket. I-omenclature yamanani amane ukwahlula imveliso nganye ibandakanya oku kulandelayo:
- Inombolo yokuqala kuthotho olulandela oonobumba FX ibonisa inani leecores. Ngokomzekelo, i-FX 4350 iya kuba neentsimbi ezine, njengoko kuboniswe yinombolo yokuqala 4. Kuya kwenzeka okufanayo kunye neFX 6350 (ii-cores ezintandathu) kunye neFX 8350 (ii-cores ezisibhozo).
- Inombolo yesibini kwi-series emva kweFX iya kubonisa uhlobo lwezakhiwo phantsi kwemveliso eyenziwe ngayo. Inombolo yemveliso ye-3 FX 8350, umzekelo, imele ukuphuculwa kwe-architecture ye-Bulldozer ebizwa ngokuba yi-Piledriver.
- Inombolo yesithathu yekhowudi emva kweeleta zeFX zinento yokwenza ne-GHz, i-frequency yokusebenza yeprosesa, isizathu esona sizathu sokuba iimodeli zeFX zigcinwe ngexesha. Iphezulu inani, iphezulu isiseko sokuphindaphinda kwemodeli. Ukulinganisa kunzima, kodwa kwanele ukuchaza ukuba imodeli ye-FX 4300 ine-frequency ye-3,8 GHz-4 GHz. I-FX 4350 iya kuba ne-4,2 GHz-4,3 GHz.
Ngeemodyuli ezimbini ze-quad-core kunye ne-FM2 / FM2 + socket, uchungechunge oludumileyo lwe-Athlon kufuneka luhlaziywe kwakhona kuhlelo lwayo. Nangona iwile kakhulu kuphuhliso lwetekhnoloji, isasebenza kakhulu kweminye imisebenzi yekhompyuter okanye kwimidlalo yedijithali esisiseko. I-nomenclature yayo ibandakanya oku kulandelayo:
- Inombolo yokuqala yekhowudi yokuhlelwa emva kwe-X4 ibonisa uhlobo lwezakhiwo ezisetyenzisiweyo ekwenzeni kwayo. Inani ngalinye lifanekisela ulwakhiwo olwahlukileyo kwinkampani: inombolo ye-9 ye-Athlon X4 940 imele i-Architecture ye-Excavator, i-4 ye-Athlon.
- Inombolo yesibini yekhowudi emva kwe-X4, inxalenye yayo, ibonisa isantya sokusebenza esahlukileyo somzekelo. I-Athlon X4 950, umzekelo, ibaleka ngesantya se-3,5 GHz-3,8 GHz. I-Athlon
Iiprosesa ze-APU (i-Accelerated Processing Unit) eziphuhliswe yi-AMD, ezine-cores ezine, iimodyuli ezimbini, i-512 shader GPU kunye ne-FM2-FM2 + socket, nazo zineekhowudi zazo zokuhlela, ezinokushwankathelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- Unobumba wokuqala kunye nenani limele inani leecores kwimodeli. I-A6, njengakwimeko ye-A6 9500 APU, iya kubonisa ii-cores ezimbini kunye nemodyuli epheleleyo, njengoko kuya kuba njalo namanani abo aphantsi. Endaweni yoko, i-A8, njenge-A8 9600 APU, iya kuba nee-cores ezine, njengamanani ayo aphezulu.
- Inombolo yokuqala imodeli ibhekisela kwisizukulwana kunye nokwakhiwa kwemodeli. Ii-APU eziphawulwe ngama-6000 zisuka kwi-Piledriver, ezine-7000 zisuka ku-Steamroller, ezine-8000 ezivela kwi-Excavator kunye nezo zine-9000 ezivela kwi-Excavator v2. Isizukulwana sasiza kuza, ngokomyalelo onyukayo ngasentla, njengeTerascale 3, GCN kunye neGCN 1.2.
- Inani lesibini likwayisantya sokusebenza se-GHz, elinamanani aphezulu amele ii-frequencies eziphezulu.
- Kwezinye iimodeli unobumba u-K uya kuvela kwikhowudi. Oku kubonisa iiprosesa ezinokuthi zivuleke ngokugqithisileyo ngokuba nesiphindaphindi sivulwe.
Iiprosesa ze-AMD Ryzen
Iiprosesa zeRyzen, ummangaliso wokwenyani wenkampani yakho ngenxa yendlela ethe ngequbuliso yabaphakamisa ngayo kukhuphiswano kunye ne-Intel kwaye ngenxa yomgangatho wexabiso eliphantsi ekwazile ukulibeka kwintengiso, ikwanobizo oluthile. Iimodeli zeRyzen zabathengi ngokubanzi zihlelwa ngolu hlobo:
- Njengakwiimeko zangaphambili, inombolo enye ibonisa inani lee-cores kwimodeli. I-Ryzen 5 ine-cores ezintandathu, i-Ryzen 7 inesibhozo kunye ne-Ryzen 3 ine-XNUMX.
- Inombolo yesibini ibonisa ukuveliswa kwemveliso. Kukho izizukulwana ezibini ezisisiseko zolu hlobo lomzekelo: i-ZEN (eboniswe ngenombolo 1000) okanye iZEN + (inombolo 2000).
- Inombolo yesithathu yi-GHz yokusebenza isantya, kunye ne-Ryzen 7 1800X esebenza kwi-3,7 GHz-4 GHz kunye ne-Ryzen 7 1700X esebenza kwi-3,4 GHz-3,8 GHz.
- Unobumba u-X, ekugqibeleni, ubonisa i-frequencies ephezulu yokusebenza ngokumalunga neekhowudi ezingenayo. I-Ryzen 7 1700, umzekelo, ine-frequency ephantsi yokusebenza kune-Ryzen 7 1700X.
Kule vidiyo ilandelayo sinikwa isikhokelo esilula, esipheleleyo kunye nesincinci sokuchonga uluhlu olwahlukeneyo kunye nezizukulwana Iiprosesa ze-AMD. Isixhobo se-audiovisual esinokwandisa ulwazi olunikezelwe kwesi sicatshulwa.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku inqaku lethu ku Iiprosesa ze-AMD. Masithembe ukuba ukhuphiswano lwentengiso phakathi kweenkampani ezahlukeneyo zeprosesa luyaqhubeka ukusithatha sifike kwixesha letekhnoloji lobude obungacingelekiyo. Ndiza kubona kungekudala