Amalungu abalulekileyo okanye iinxalenye zekhompyuter

Sonke siyazi ukuba ikhompyuter, iPC okanye ikhompyuter ihambelana nesixhobo sekhompyuter, esibizwa ngokuqhelekileyo kwizinto ezimbini eziphambili, i-hardware kunye nesofthiwe, oko kukuthi, inxalenye yomzimba kunye nenxalenye engabonakaliyo. Kodwa ngaba umsebenzisi oqhelekileyo uyazi ukuba yintoni na izinto eziphambili zekhompyuter?, yinjongo yethu leyo, ukuqhekeza kangangoko kunokwenzeka inxalenye elungileyo yamacandelo ekhompyuter. Ukubonisa oku ngendlela ye-didactic iindlela zayo ze-elektroniki kunye namalungu abonakalayo, kunye nendlela zombini ezidityaniswa ngayo ukuze zidibanise enye kwenye kwaye ziqhube zonke iintlobo zegalelo kunye nolwazi oluphumayo, ngendlela efana nengqondo yomntu.

Ngawaphi amacandelo ekhompyuter? isikhokelo esipheleleyo

Ukwazi onke amacandelo ekhompyuter lulwazi olubaluleke kakhulu kuye nabani na namhlanje, kuba le nto ayisweleki phantse kulo naliphi na ikhaya emhlabeni. Ke ngoko, akukho mntu ukhululweyo ekuboniseni ukusilela okunokwenzeka kwesi sixhobo; mhlawumbi ukuzama uhlengahlengiso oluncinane okanye ukutshintshwa kwamalungu e-elektroniki, okanye uyithumele ukuba ilungiswe ligcisa, apho kudla ngokwenzeka ukuba izinto zezixhobo ezisemgangathweni zitshintshwa kwabanye abakumgangatho ongaphantsi.

Okanye, yakha eyakho ikhompyuter ngokuthenga amacandelo kwaye uzakhele eyakho iPC, nangona oku kuqhele ukwenziwa ziingcali ezikuloo ndawo, eziyaziyo inzuzo yokuhlanganisa enye ukusuka ekuqaleni kunokuthenga ikhompyuter eyakhiwe kwangaphambili, eneneni inokuninzi. ixabiso elongeziweyo.

Nangona kunjalo, kuyo nayiphi na imeko, eyona nto ilungileyo kukwazi amalungu okanye amacandelo ekhompyuter, kwaye ungathathwa njengee-novices kwaye ukhohliswe; ekubeni ulwazi unobangela, ungenza ibango okanye uphonononge ukulungiswa okanye ukwakhiwa.

Ngesi sizathu, lithuba lokuhlaziya ulwazi kwimeko yokulawula indawo, okanye ukubhalwa phantsi ukuze wazi indlela yokuchonga into nganye, ukongeza ekuqondeni ngcono ixabiso kunye nokusebenziseka kwayo kunye nexabiso. Ekubeni iya kwaziwa ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi uhlobo lwezixhobo ezifunekayo okanye ezo zixhobo kufuneka ziphuculwe ukusuka kwisixhobo sangoku.

Kwaye yintoni engcono ngale njongo kunokuba ube nesithuba esipheleleyo esibonelela ngesikhokelo esivumela umsebenzisi ukuba afunde okokuqala ukuba athini na amacandelo ekhompyuter, achazwe ngokufanelekileyo ngokweenkcukacha kunye nento nganye ngokwahlukeneyo, kubandakanya nomsebenzi awuzalisekisayo kwikhompyuter. . .

Kuba ngale ndlela, bonke abo bantu bangazi ngokuchanekileyo ukuba ikhompyuter okanye iinxalenye zayo zangaphakathi ezahlukeneyo zenziwa njani, ukusuka ngoku ukuya phambili abayi kuba nesizathu sokujonga izixhobo zabo ngokuzithemba.

Kufanelekile ukwenza okungafaniyo ngale ngqiqo, ukuba nangona amakhulu emixholo, iividiyo, iindaba, phakathi kweminye imithombo ebhekiselele kumxholo weekhompyuter, bambalwa kakhulu abaqulathe lonke ulwazi kwindawo enye, kwaye bagxile kwabo basebenzisi bathatha amanyathelo abo okuqala kwindawo yekhompyuter kunye neePC. Aba bantu bafanelwe ulwazi oluya kubanika ukuqonda ngokubanzi amacandelo ekhompyutheni kunye nomsebenzi wabo.

Ngaloo ndlela sinethemba lokuba esi sikhokelo sisebenzisekayo, umsebenzisi onolwazi oluncinane okanye ongenalo kwaphela ngeekhompyutha, unokuba nolwazi olunzulu noluthembekileyo ngalo mbandela, olumvumela ukuba enze ingcamango epheleleyo malunga neenxalenye zekhompyutha neendaba zamva nje. , nokuba ukulungisa okanye ukwakha eyakho iPC. Ngaloo nto ithethwayo, masingene ezantsi kwishishini ngaphandle kokuqhubeka.

Amacandelo ekhompyuter yangaphakathi kunye neeperipherals

Njengayo nayiphi na inkqubo yekhompyuter, ikhomputha yenziwe ngamaqela amakhulu ama-2 ezinto zombane, zangaphakathi nangaphandle okanye zeperipheral. Ngale ndlela into eyaziwa ngokuba yikhompyuter ihambelana ngokuthe ngqo neseti yonke yezixhobo zangaphakathi ezigcinwe ngaphakathi kwe-chassis okanye ibhokisi eyenzelwe le njongo.

Kumacandelo ekhompyuter, i-hardware yesixhobo igqamile, kwaye inoxanduva lokulawula yonke idatha efakwa ngumsebenzisi ukuze iqwalaselwe, okanye olo lwazi lukhutshelwe kwi-intanethi. Oku kwenza kube lula ukugcina idatha, ukudlala imidlalo, umsebenzi, ukumamela umculo, njl., ukubonisa yonke into ehambelana nale misebenzi kwisikrini. Ngaloo ndlela, ezi zinto zilandelayo zangaphakathi zingacatshulwa:

• Motherboard okanye motherboard.
• CPU okanye iprosesa.
• I-RAM.
• I-HDD.
• Ikhadi lomzobo.
• Ukunikezwa amandla.
• Ikhadi lenethiwekhi.
• Abanye

Izinto ezinjalo ziyakwazi ukuvelisa amaqondo okushisa, ekubeni zivuliwe kwaye zisebenza ngombane, zongezwa kwii-frequencies ezinkulu zokucubungula. Ke ngoko, zithathwa njengamacandelo angaphakathi:

• Iiheatsinks.
• abalandeli.
• Ifriji yolwelo.
• Abanye

Ukwenzela ukubumba esi sithuba, eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuqalisa kukuphonononga iinkcukacha zecandelo ngalinye lekhompyuter, zombini ezo zithathwa njengezibalulekileyo nezisisiseko.

Amacandelo ekhompyuter: Ibhodi yomama

Eyaziwa ngokuba yi-motherboard (i-motherboard) ekufanelekile ukufunda ngakumbi malunga neenkcukacha, njengoko iplate esembindini okanye ingundoqo kuyo nayiphi na indlela yekhompyutheni, kwaye ivumela ukusebenza kwamanye amacandelo ekhompyutheni. Ngokuthe ngqo (iisekethe zombane ezidityanisiweyo) okanye ngokungathanga ngqo (izibuko ze-USB okanye ezinye izihlanganisi).

Ikwanayo nesoftware ebizwa ngokuba yiBios evumela ukuphumeza kunye nokulungelelanisa imisebenzi yayo eqhelekileyo (ukuhanjiswa kolwazi, ulawulo lwamandla ombane kunye nokuqondwa koqhagamshelo lomzimba kwamanye amacandelo angaphandle).

Emva koko kufuneka ikhunjulwe malunga nayo amacandelo motherboard computer, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwi-hardware yekhompyutheni, oko kukuthi, kunokuthiwa yi-axis okanye i-core core kuyo yonke ikhompyutha, okanye kungcono, iyunithi esembindini apho ezinye iziqwenga zidibana kwaye zihlangane. Ngapha koko, iifowuni eziphathwayo, iitafile kunye nezinye izixhobo nazo, nangona zidla ngokubizwa ngokuba ziibhodi ezinengqondo okanye iiPCB.

Ezi kwizixhobo eziphathwayo, ezahlukileyo kumacandelo ekhompyuter, zithengiswa ngokuthe ngqo kwipleyiti ukuze kugcinwe indawo, nto leyo eguqulela ukungabikho kweendawo zokubeka okanye izikhewu zokwandisa okanye ukuhlaziya iinxalenye, njengoko kwenzeka kwiiPC zedesktop.

Ukubuyela umva kancinci, kunokubhekisa kwikhompyuter ye-IBM eyasungulwa kwintengiso ngo-1981, ingqumbo yayo yabangelwa kukuba yayiyibhodi yokuqala yekhompyuter. Nangona kunjalo, okwangoku, abona benzi bebhodi bebhodi abaziwayo kwihlabathi abayiyo i-IBM, kodwa i-ASUS, i-MSI, i-Gigabyte, i-EVGA, i-Supercomputer okanye i-Biostar enempawu.

Ibhodi yomama

Nangona i-CPU iyintliziyo yekhompyuter, ayinakukwazi ukusebenza ukuba ibhodi yomama ibingekho. Eli licandelo le-PCB elisekwe kwisekethe edibeneyo edityaniswe neechips, ii-capacitors kunye neziqhagamshelo ezisasazeke kuyo yonke indawo, emele ikhompyuter ngokupheleleyo.

Iprosesa, imemori ye-RAM, ikhadi lemizobo kunye nenxalenye efanelekileyo yezinto zangaphakathi zesixhobo zixhunyiwe kule nto. Inkcazo yayo intsonkothile ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezinto ezibalulekileyo ezikuyo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwaye ekufuneka iqondwe kukuba imisela uyilo olufanayo olunokufakwa kuyo, ukongeza kwimemori ye-RAM. Kuba azifani zonke, kwaye nganye igxile kwiiprosesa ezithile.

Iifomathi zebhodi ye-Motherboard

Enye inkalo yokuqaqambisa malunga nebhodi ye-motherboard kukumila kwayo, kuba inani leendawo zokubeka i-slots kunye ne-chassis eya kuba nayo iya kuxhomekeka kuyo. Ngale ndlela, ezona ziphambili ziboniswe ngezantsi:

• I-XL-ATX kunye ne-E-ATX: ziifomati ezikhethekileyo ezibandakanya ukuthengwa kwenqaba enkulu ene-10 okanye ngaphezulu kwiindawo zokubeka. Zikulungele ukudityaniswa kwee-coolers ezipheleleyo zolwelo, amakhadi emizobo eyahlukeneyo kunye neeyunithi ezininzi zokugcina.
• ATX: ngokuqhelekileyo balinganisa i-30,5 cm x 24,4 cm, kwaye bamkele i-99% yeemeko zezixhobo ezithunyelwa kwimarike. Ngesi sizathu, yenye yezona zicetyiswayo kulo lonke ulungelelwaniso lweGamer okanye izixhobo zokuSebenza.
• IMicro-ATX: inobukhulu obuncinci, obusetyenziswa kakhulu, nangona ngokufika kweepleyiti ezincinci kuye kwafuduka kancinci; Iboniswa koomatshini be-salon.
• ITX: iguqule iplanethi ngeebhodi zayo zokudlala kunye nezixhobo zobukhulu obuncinci kakhulu, kodwa ikwazi ukuhamba kwi-2560 x 1440p (2K) izisombululo ngaphandle kwengxaki, kuquka ne-3840 x 2160p (4K) efunwa kakhulu kunye nomda olungileyo wokukhululeka.

Yonke imixholo esemva kwetyala lekhompyuter iqhagamshelwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kwibhodi ye-motherboard, injongo yayo kukuba amanye amacandelo ayo anokunxibelelana kwaye anxibelelane. Oku kuquka amakhadi emizobo, amakhadi esandi, hard drives, optical drives, microprocessor (1 okanye 2), inkumbulo RAM, uqhagamshelo USB okanye unikezelo lwamandla.

Kule bhodi yomama uneendawo zokubeka eziyimfuneko zokwandiswa, ii-jumpers, ii-capacitors, uqhagamshelo kumandla ezinye izixhobo kunye nedatha, iifeni, izidambisi shushu kunye nemingxuma yezikrufu.

Iibhodi, ezifana nezixhobo zombane kunye neendawo ezivaliweyo, zenziwe kwaye zifumaneka kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zobukhulu, ezaziwa njengezinto zefom. Ezo zixhobo zekhompyuter kufuneka zihambelane ngokobukhulu ukuze zisebenze kakuhle.

Ezi zinokwahluka kakhulu ngokunxulumene namacandelo axhasayo. Oko kukuthi, ibhodi nganye yenzelwe ukuxhasa i-CPU ethile kunye noluhlu olulinganiselweyo lweentlobo zeememori. Kwanamakhadi emizobo amaninzi, iinkumbulo ze-RAM, ii-hard drives kunye nezinye iiperipherals ekugqibeleni azihambelani. Ngesi sizathu, umenzi ngamnye unyanzelekile ukuba anike izikhokelo ezichanekileyo malunga nokuhambelana kwamacandelo awo.

Okwangoku, iilaptops kunye neetafile kunye neekhompyuter zedesktop zinebhodi enemisebenzi eyenzelwe ividiyo kunye nekhadi lesandi. Oku kunegalelo ekugcineni ezi ntlobo zekhompyutha zincinci; ngelixa uthintela ukwakhiwa okunjalo ekuhlaziyweni.

Kwakhona, ezo ndlela zokupholisa zingalunganga kwibhodi zingonakalisa i-hardware eqhagamshelwe kuyo. Ukuba sisizathu sokuba izixhobo zokusebenza eziphezulu ezifana ne-CPU ephezulu kunye namakhadi evidiyo ahlala epholile ngezixhobo zokushisa, kwaye izinzwa ezakhelwe ngaphakathi zisetyenziselwa ukubona ubushushu kwaye ziqhagamshelane ne-BIOS okanye inkqubo yokusebenza kunye nokwenza isantya se fan siqheleke. .

Inkcazo ebonakalayo yebhodi ye-motherboard okanye i-motherboard

Kwikhompyuter, i-motherboard ifakwe ngaphakathi kwetyala okanye i-chassis, ijonge kwicala lokufikelela lula. Ilungiswe ngokusebenzisa izikhonkwane ezincinci kwimingxuma esele igrunjwe ngaphambili. Ngelixa ngaphambili kukho amazibuko apho onke amacandelo angaphakathi ekhompyuter aqhagamshelwe. Apho isokhethi / isokhethi iqulethe iprosesa, kunye neendawo zokubeka ezininzi zokuqhagamshela imodyuli enye okanye ngaphezulu yememori.

Ukongezelela, ezinye izibuko zendalo ze-motherboard zibonwa, ezinjongo yazo kukuvumela uxhulumaniso lwe-hard drive kunye ne-optical drive ngokusebenzisa i-wiring kunye nedatha yedatha. Apho iintambo ezincinci eziphambi kwetyala lekhompyuter ziqhagamshela kwi-motherboard ukuze zifumane amandla, ukuvutha, kunye nezibane ze-LED. Lo mthombo unikezelwe kwibhodi ngezibuko elenzelwe yona kuphela.

Kwakhona, phambi kwebhodi kukho iindawo ezininzi zokubeka ezikhethekileyo kumakhadi eperipheral. Phantse onke amakhadi evidiyo, amakhadi esandi kunye nezinye iindlela zokwandisa ziqhagamshelwe kwezi. Ngelixa ekhohlo, kukho amazibuko, akuvumela ukuba uqhagamshelane neeperipherals zangaphandle zekhompyuter, njengemonitha, ibhodi yezitshixo, imouse, iimpondo, intambo yenethiwekhi, phakathi kwabanye.

Kuyafaneleka ukukhankanya ukuba zonke iibhodi zomama namhlanje ziquka izibuko ze-USB kwaye, ngokunyuka, iikhomputha zinezibuko ezifana IHDMI, i-USB Type C eneThunderbolt 3 okanye iMiniDisplayPort apho izixhobo ezihambelanayo zinokuqhagamshelwa kwikhompyuter, njengeekhamera zedijithali, abashicileli, phakathi kwabanye.

Amacandelo ekhompyuter: CPU okanye microprocessor

Ngokwenxalenye yayo, i-CPU imele intloko okanye ingqondo yekhompyuter, inoxanduva lokuhlalutya yonke idatha ngayo ngokulandela i-algorithm ye-1 kunye ne-0. Icacisa imiyalelo kwaye izalisekise imiyalelo yeenkqubo ezicwangciswe kwimemori yayo ephakathi kunye ukulungelelanisa nokulawula inxalenye elungileyo yamacandelo, ngaphezu kweeperipherals zabo ezidibeneyo. Isantya sokwenza imiyalelo yalo mqhubekekisi silinganiswa ngokwemijikelo/umzuzwana okanye i-hertz (Hz).

Ke ngoko, i-CPU ayisiyonto ingaphezulu kwe-silicon chip entsonkothileyo kakhulu apho izigidi zeetransistors kunye neesekethe ezidibeneyo zifakwe kwiseti yezikhonkwane eziqhagamshele kwisokethi yebhodi yomama.

Kwaye ngokungathi oko akwanelanga, ezintsha emarikeni, ukongeza kwezi chips ngokwasemzimbeni, zineeyunithi ezahlukeneyo ngaphakathi ezibizwa ngokuba ziinuclei okanye iicores. Apho nganye kwezi ikwaziyo ukusetyenzwa ngomyalelo omnye ngexesha, kwaye ke ngoko isebenze kangangoko kukho ii-cores kwiprosesa.

Iindidi ezahlukeneyo ze-CPU zohlulwe phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngesantya kunye nokukwazi ukucubungula idatha; Okukhona iprosesa yakho ikhawuleza, kokukhona iqhuba ngcono ikhompyuter yakho. Okwangoku, ii-brand ezimbini eziphambili ze-CPU yi-AMD kunye ne-Intel.

Ukupholisa umlandeli, uMlandeli weCPU

Nasiphi na isixhobo esisebenzisa amandla siyakwazi ukuvelisa ubushushu, kwaye iCPU njengenxalenye yamacandelo ekhompyuter iyayivelisa. Oku kuthetha ukuba kufuneka iphole ukuze isebenze kakuhle. Kule meko, eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokupholisa isixhobo kukusebenzisa iFan Cooler.

Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzisi kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba uthenge i-CPU / i-Cooler ehambelana nesixhobo kunye neSocket yayo. Oku, njengaleyo ikwibhodi yomama kunye ne-CPU, yathi ipholile kufuneka ilingane ne-CPU kunye nesokethi yayo.

Amacandelo ekhompyuter: GPU

Elinye icandelo lekhompyuter yiGPU okanye imizobo, enenjongo yokubala nantoni na enxulumene nemifanekiso kwaye uyithumele (imifanekiso, ujongano lomsebenzisi, i-GUI) kwimonitha. Kwezi, iintlobo ezi-2 ezisisiseko ziyahlukaniswa: i-GPU edibeneyo (iGPU) kunye ne-discrete.

Eyokuqala, njengoko igama layo libonisa, yinxalenye ye-CPU, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ezinye zazo sele zine-chip edibeneyo yegraphic, ngoko ke ayifuni enye i-GPU ukuxhuma kwi-monitor. Ukuba i-CPU inemizobo edityanisiweyo iya kubonakala kwi-adaptha yokubonisa yebhodi yomama. Inqaku layo elibuthathaka ezi ezidibeneyo zilinganiselwe kakhulu.

Banele ukwenza imisebenzi elula enje ngokusetyenzwa kwamagama, imidlalo ethile emincinci kunye nokunye okunjalo, nangona kunjalo, xa uzama ukwenza imisebenzi efuna umthwalo wegraphic ofana nonikezelo lwe-3D GPU, imidlalo ekumgangatho ophezulu, ukuhlelwa kwevidiyo, uyilo lwegraphic phakathi kwabanye, eyona ilungileyo. yiGPU ecacileyo.

I-Discrete yi-GPU engeyonxalenye ye-CPU; idla ngokuba nebhodi yayo yesekethe eprintiweyo, enokuthi ke ifakwe kwi-PCI Express slot kwibhodi ephambili.

Yintoni yokulinganisa kwiprosesa ukwazi ukuba ilungile?

Nje ukuba icandelo lokuqala kwaye mhlawumbi libaluleke kakhulu lamacandelo ekhompyuter licaciswe, ngokucacileyo, ngaphandle kokugxotha ezinye ezisafuna ukuphuhliswa, kufanelekile ukuphonononga umba wamandla, into enexabiso elikhulu kubasebenzisi, ngakumbi La maxesha, xa umthamo omkhulu wolwazi usenziwa kwiPC.

Ngale ndlela, eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokugqiba ukuba iprosesa inawo amandla afunekayo, into yokuqala kukuqhubela phambili ukulinganisa ukuphindaphinda esebenza ngayo, oko kukuthi, umthamo wemisebenzi enokuyenza ngeyunithi yexesha. Kwaye ukongeza kulo mlinganiso, kukho eminye imiba esisiseko ngokulinganayo ukujonga ukusebenza kwayo kwaye uyithelekise nabanye:

• Rhoqo: okwangoku ilinganiswa kwiGigahertz (GHz). I-microprocessor inayo ngaphakathi kwewotshi eyenzelwe ukubonakalisa inani lemisebenzi enokuyenza. Okukhona rhoqo, kokukhona kubo.
• Ububanzi bebhasi: olu luxanduva lokubonisa umthamo womsebenzi obonelelwa ngumprosesa; Okukhona ububanzi bebhasi exeliweyo, kokukhona imisebenzi iyenzayo. Iiprosesa zanamhlanje ziyi-64-bit, oku kuthetha ukuba bayakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi kunye neentambo ze-64 ezilandelelanayo kunye ne-zero.
• Cache: Ngaloo ndlela, imemori eninzi iprosesa inayo, ii-odolo ezininzi zinokugcinwa kuzo ukuze zithathwe ngokukhawuleza. Le nkumbulo ye-cache ikhawuleza kakhulu kune-RAM, kwaye iboniswa ukugcina imiyalelo eya kusetyenziswa kungekudala.
• Ukusetyenzwa kwee-cores kunye nemisonto: Oku kuthetha ukuba okukhona kukho iicores ezininzi kunye neentambo zokusetyenzwa, kokukhona imisebenzi emininzi onokuyenza ngaxeshanye.

Microarchitecture kunye nabavelisi

Omnye umba omele ukwaziwa kwaye uyinxalenye yamacandelo ekhompyuter, yi-microarchitecture kunye nabavelisi abakhoyo ngoku, kunye noyilo lwentengiso. Ngale ndlela, kukho isiseko se-2 abavelisi beeprosesa zekhompyuter, kwaye ngamnye kubo unolwakhiwo lwakhe.

Olu lwakhiwo lwenziwe yiseti yemiyalelo apho iprosesa ethile yenziwa khona, okwangoku i-x86 yongamele. Enyanisweni, eli nani libonwa phantse kuzo zonke ii-CPU; apho ulwakhiwo oluxeliweyo lubonisa inkqubo yokwenziwa kunye nobukhulu obusetyenziselwa ukuphumeza iitransistors. Ngoku makhe sibone bobabini abavelisi ababalaseleyo kwimarike yangoku:

Intel

Ingumenzi wesekethe odibeneyo, umqambi ukongeza kuluhlu lwe-x86 lweeprosesa zibonelela nge-14nm (nanometer) transistors. Ngelixa izihloko ze-Intel nganye zohlaziyo lwayo ngegama lekhowudi kunye nesizukulwana.

Namhlanje olu phawu lukwinqanaba lesizukulwana se-9 seprosesa phantsi kwegama leLake Lake, eyandulela iKaby Lake kunye neKaby Lake R nayo i-14nm. Ibhengeze ukuba kwiinyanga ezizayo iya kukhupha i-10nm yokuqala yeCannon Lake processors.

AMD

Omnye umenzi weeprosesa zecandelo lekhompyuter kwimbangi ngqo kwi-Intel yi-AMD. Ikwasebenzisa uyilo lwe-x86 kwiiprosesa zayo kwaye kanye njenge-Intel ikwabiza iiprosesa zayo ezinegama lekhowudi. I-AMD namhlanje ineeprosesa ze-12nm ezinegama loyilo lweZen+ kunye neZen2 kunye neemodeli zeRyzen. Ngexesha elifutshane siza kuba ne-3nm entsha ye-Zen7 ye-architecture.

Izixhobo kwikhompyuter ifakwe kwi-motherboard

Okwangoku, ii-motherboards zinemisebenzi emininzi, ngelixa zinezibonelelo ezininzi ezazinokufumaneka ngaphambili kumakhadi okwandisa, apho kunokuthiwa kukhankanywe amacandelo alandelayo ekhompyuter:

Amacandelo ekhompyuter: BIOS

Yaziwa ngokuba yi-BIOS okanye igama layo ngesiNgesi njengeSistim ye-Input-Output System, uhlobo lwenkumbulo yeFlash kwaye enoxanduva lokusingatha inkqubo encinci enedatha enxulumene noqwalaselo lwebhodi yomama kunye nezo zixhobo ziqhagamshela kuyo.

Okwangoku, ezi BIOS zibizwa ngokuba yi-UEFI okanye i-EFI (i-Extensible Firmware Interface), eluhlaziyo oluphucukileyo olukwafanayo, kodwa olunojongano lwegraphical olunomgangatho ophezulu, olukhuseleke ngakumbi kunye nolawulo oluphambili lwamacandelo adityanisiweyo.

Amacandelo ekhompyuter: Ikhadi lesandi

Ithobela isixhobo sangaphakathi se-hardware esiqhagamshelwe kwi-motherboard, efanekiselwa ngokwemijelo esetyenziswayo, njenge-stereo, i-quadraphonic (isandi esijikelezayo), i-MIDI (i-professional connector), phakathi kwabanye. Umsebenzi wayo ophambili kukuvumela ikhomputha ukuba ivelise izandi (umculo, ilizwi okanye imiqondiso yomsindo) ngokusebenzisa izithethi okanye ii-headphones. Ukongeza kokufumana iaudio kumsebenzisi usebenzisa uqhagamshelo lwe-microphone.

Xa kuthengwa i-motherboard, phantse i-100% yabo iya kuba ne-chip efakwe ngaphambili enoxanduva lokucubungula izandi zekhompyuter. Ngomsebenzi wayo kunokwenzeka ukumamela umculo kwaye udibanise i-headphones okanye izixhobo ze-HiFi kwikhompyutheni ngaphandle kokuthenga ikhadi lokwandisa. La makhadi asetyenziswa kakhulu ziichips zeRealtek zokugqibela ezineziphumo ezahlukeneyo zesandi esijikelezileyo kunye neemakrofoni.

Amacandelo ekhompyuter: Ikhadi levidiyo

Ikhadi levidiyo likwabizwa ngokuba likhadi lemizobo, kwaye ikwayinkqubo yehardware yangaphakathi eqhagamshelwe kwi-motherboard apho ikhompyuter iya kubonisa imifanekiso kwiscreen sayo. Kufuneka ufake isoftware ukuxelela ikhomputha indlela yokusebenzisa elo khadi levidiyo. Ikuvumela ukuba utshintshe ubumbeko bomfanekiso obonakaliswe kwimonitha, njengomgangatho (inkcazo ephezulu okanye esezantsi), ubungakanani, phakathi kwabanye.

Amacandelo ekhompyuter: Ikhadi leNethiwekhi

Zonke iibhodi ze-motherboard ngabathwali be-chip elawula uxhulumaniso lwenethiwekhi yezixhobo, kunye ne-port ehambelanayo yokudibanisa intambo ye-router kuyo kunye noqhagamshelwano lwewebhu. Eyona nto intsha ibonelela ngoqhagamshelo lwe-Wi-Fi kuzo. Ukwazi ukuba unomqondiso we-Wi-Fi, kufuneka uchonge iprotocol ye-802.11 kwiinkcukacha zayo.

Ukwandiswa kweendawo

Ezi ndawo zokubeka zingundoqo nakweyiphi na ibhodi yomama, kuzo unokufaka iinkumbulo ze-RAM, amakhadi emizobo, ii-hard drives phakathi kwamanye amazibuko okanye uqhagamshelwano lwekhompyutha. Kwindawo nganye kwezi zixhobo zekhompyuter iindawo zokubeka ezinjalo ziya kubonwa ngokubanzi.

Isixhobo sogcino lwesibini

Lo matshini uyinkumbulo yokugcina ulwazi ngokusisigxina (okanye ade acinywe ngumsebenzisi), eqaqambisa izicatshulwa, iifomathi, imifanekiso, iividiyo, ii-audios, ii-backups zefayile, phakathi kwabanye. Ibhekisela kwidatha yokuba isixhobo asifuni ngokukhawuleza ekusebenzeni kwayo, kodwa ehambelana nomsebenzisi oyisebenzisayo ngokuthe ngqo.

Kwezi unokufumana iintlobo ezi-2 zezixhobo zokugcina zesibini: zangaphakathi (hard drive) nangaphandle (ngaphandle kwe-drive, imemori khadi, i-USB, i-CD ROM, abanye).

chipset kunye nesokhethi

Njengoko ukhankanyile, ayizizo zonke iibhodi zomama ezixhasa zonke iintlobo zeprosesa, enyanisweni, umenzi ngamnye weprosesa ufuna ibhodi yakhe ukuze le nto isebenze. Ngeenjongo ezinjalo, ibhodi nganye inesokhethi eyahlukileyo okanye i-socket, apho kuphela iiprosesa ezithile zingafakwa ngokuhambelana nokwakhiwa kwazo kunye nesizukulwana.

Isango

I-socket (s) luhlobo lwesidibanisi esivumela iprosesa ukuba inxibelelane nebhodi yomama. Kwaye akukho nto ingaphezulu komphezulu wesikweri ombiwe ngabafowunelwa abancinci abafumanayo abathumela idatha kwi-CPU. Apho umenzi ngamnye (i-AMD kunye ne-Intel) ineyakhe, ngoko ke, ibhodi nganye iyahambelana neeprosesa ezithile. Okwangoku kukho iindidi ezininzi zesokethi kumenzi ngamnye, nangona ezona zixhaphakileyo kwiimodeli zangoku zezi:

Iisiseko ze-Intel

• I-LGA1511: iqeshwe yi-Intel Skylake, i-KabyLake kunye ne-CoffeeLake architecture, kunye ne-mid-range kunye ne-high-end processors.
• I-LGA2066: isebenzisa iiprosesa ze-2 SkyLake-X, i-KabyLake-X kunye neeseva ze-SkyLake-W, zezona zinamandla kakhulu kwi-brand.

AMD Sockets

• AM4: Ziyahambelana neqonga le-AMD Ryzen 3, 5 kunye ne-7.
• TR4: yenzelwe iiprosesa ezinkulu ze-AMD Ryzen Threadripper, esona sinamandla sophawu.

Chipset

Inxalenye yamacandelo ekhompyuter yi-chipset, eyenziwe yiseti yeesekethe ezidibeneyo ezisebenza njengebhulorho yonxibelelwano phakathi kwezixhobo zokufaka kunye nemveliso kunye neprosesa.

Kwiibhodi zangaphambili kwakukho iinguqu ze-2 zezi chipsets, ibhuloho esenyakatho yokudibanisa i-CPU kunye nememori kunye ne-PCI slots, kunye nebhuloho esezantsi ukudibanisa i-CPU kunye nezixhobo ze-I / O. Okwangoku, kukho ibhulorho esemazantsi kuphela, kuba umntla uphethwe ngabaqhubekekisi bangoku ngaphakathi.

Ngokwenxalenye yayo, eyona ngcaciso ibalulekileyo yile ebizwa ngokuba yi-PCI LANES, emele amajelo olwazi anokuthi i-chipset ikwazi ukuxhasa, inani elikhulu lale nto, idatha yaxeshanye inokujikeleza kwi-CPU. Izixhobo ezifana ne-USB, i-PCI-Express Slots, i-SATA, okanye ezinye, zinenani le-LANES ukuba i-chipset incinci, kuya kuba nemigca yedatha encinci kunye nezixhobo ezincinci ezinokudibaniswa okanye ziya kuhamba ngokukhawuleza.

Ngendlela efanayo, umenzi ngamnye unikeza uluhlu lwee-chipsets ezihambelanayo kunye neeprosesa zayo, kwaye ngelo xesha kuya kuba neemodeli ezahlukeneyo zoluhlu oluphezulu, oluphakathi kunye oluphantsi, ngokuhambelana nomthamo kunye nesantya abanaso. I-Intel kunye ne-AMD chipsets zesizukulwana sangoku zidweliswe ngezantsi:

Iichipset ze-Intel ezilungileyo kakhulu

• I-B360 (LGA 1511 Socket): yenzelwe iibhodi ezineprosesa ezingenako ukugqithiswa, ngokubanzi kwiikhompyuter zoluhlu oluphakathi
• I-Z390 (LGA 1511 Socket): yichipset enamandla angakumbi avela kwi-Intel ukuze ikwazi ukuqhubekeka ezinamandla nezisebenza kakhulu

Iichipsets ezilungileyo ze-AMD

• B450 (Isokethi AM4): Iphakathi kuluhlu, ilungele iikhompyuter ezinamandla amancinci nangona kunokwenzeka ukugqithisa.
• X470 (Isokethi AM4): Inika ukusebenza okuphezulu, ukongeza kwi-LANES kunye nomthamo othe kratya wokuqhagamshelwa kunye nokugqithisa.
• I-X399 (Isokethi TR4): Ilinganiswe njengeyona chipset ilungileyo ye-AMD, yeyokugqibela iRyzen Threadripper.

RAM njengoko camalungu ekhompyuter

Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zekhompyuter yi-RAM (iMemori yoFikelelo eRandom), kwaye ithobela into yangaphakathi egcinwe kwi-motherboard, umsebenzi wayo kukulayisha nokugcina iiodolo ezenziwe kwiprosesa. Le miyalelo ithunyelwa kuzo zonke izixhobo eziqhagamshelwe kwi-motherboard kunye namazibuko ekhompyuter.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba le nkumbulo ye-RAM inxibelelana ngokuthe ngqo kunye neprosesa ukuze ikwazi ukudlulisa idatha ngokukhawuleza, nangona idatha ethe igcinwe yimemori ye-cache ngaphambi kokufika kwayo kwiprosesa.

Ikwabizwa ngokuba lufikelelo olungenamkhethe kuba ulwazi lugcinwa ngokuguquguqukayo kwiiseli ezisimahla kwaye ngaphandle kocwangco olucacileyo. Ukongezelela, olu lwazi aluhlali lurekhodwa ngokusisigxina njengoko lwenzeka kwi-hard disk, kodwa kunoko luya kulahleka lonke ixesha isixhobo sicinyiwe.

Kule nkumbulo ibalulekileyo, kukulungele ukwazi ngokwesiseko iimpawu ezi-4, umthamo wememori kwi-GB onayo kwaye yintoni eyongezelelweyo yokufakela, uhlobo lwememori ye-RAM, isantya sayo, kunye nohlobo lwe-slot olusebenzisayo, oku ngokwesixhobo ngasinye.

Uhlobo lwe-RAM kunye nesantya

Njengenqaku lokuqala, iintlobo zememori ye-RAM ezidla ngokusetyenziswa namhlanje zichazwe, kwaye kutheni isantya sabo sibalulekile. Ngeenjongo ezinjalo, uhlobo lwememori olufunwa sisixhobo kufuneka luchongwe. Lo msebenzi ulula, kuba ukuba unekhompyuter engaphantsi kweminyaka emi-4 ubudala, ngokuqinisekileyo iya kuba nakho ukuxhasa uhlobo lwe-DDR-uhlobo lwenkumbulo kwinguqulo yesi-4, oko kukuthi, i-DDR4.

Olu hlobo lwenkumbulo ngeteknoloji ye-DDR SDRAM (iMemori yeDatha ephindwe kabini ye-Synhronous Dynamic-Access Memory) ibhekisela kwezo zamkelwe kwiminyaka yakutshanje phantse kuzo zonke iikhompyutha.

Ngokubanzi, uhlaziyo lwayo ukusuka kuguqulelo 1 ukuya kuguqulelo lwangoku lwesi-4, ludla ngokunyusa amaza ebhasi kakhulu, umthamo wogcino kunye nokunciphisa amandla ombane osebenzayo ukufikelela ukusebenza kakuhle. Namhlanje kukho iimodyuli ezinomthamo wokusebenza we-4600 MHz, kunye nombane we-1,5 V.

Imemori ye-ROM yangaphakathi

Imemori yeROM inxalenye yayo, inoxanduva lokugcina idatha esisigxina, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba funda kuphela, oku kuthetha ukuba umsebenzisi akanako ukulungisa umxholo xa ulwazi lugciniwe, lunokufakwa kuphela okanye lukhutshwe. Le nkumbulo igcina yonke into enxulumene nemiyalelo okanye i-BIOS (inkqubo esisiseko okanye inkqubo yokuqalisa) equka imiyalelo yendlela umatshini oqala ngayo okanye indlela ezisebenza ngayo iinkqubo, phakathi kwabanye.

Isixa sokugcina kunye ne-RAM yokufaka imemori slot

Kweli nqanaba malunga namacandelo ekhompyuter, ibhekisa kubuchule beemodyuli zememori ye-RAM ukugcina ulwazi. Oku kubangelwa ukuguquguquka komthamo wayo kunye nomthamo wokugcina, olinganiswa kwi-Gigabytes okanye i-GB. Ezi bhokisi okwangoku zinamandla amakhulu okubamba phakathi kwe-2 GB ukuya kwi-16 GB, nangona ezinye ze-32 GB zenziwa njengovavanyo.

Lo mthamo wememori ye-RAM unokufakwa kwi-PC kwaye ulinganiselwe, zombini kwinani leendawo zokubeka i-motherboard, kunye nememori ekwazi ukujongana neprosesa. Ngokuphathelele amacandelo ekhompyuter, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba i-Intel enesokethi ye-LGA 1511 kunye ne-AMD ene-socket AM4, iyakwazi ukwalathisa (icela ulwazi kwiiseli zememori) ukuya kuthi ga kwi-64 GB ye-DDR4 RAM, eya kufakwa kuyo. Iimodyuli ze-4 ze-16 GB nganye kwii-4 slots.

Ngelixa ii-motherboards ezine-Intel LGA 2066 kunye ne-AMD LGA TR4 iisokethi zinamandla okujongana ne-128 GB ye-DDR4 RAM efakwe kwi-8 slots kunye neemodyuli ze-16 GB nganye.

Ezi zithuba zokufakela ngokusisiseko zibhekisa kwiziqhagamshelo zebhodi ye-motherboard apho ezi modyuli zememori ye-RAM ziya kufakwa. Kwezi, ngoku, kukho iindidi ezi-2 ngoku, ezizezi:

• DIMMs: ibhekisa kwiindawo zokubeka nge motherboards kwi desktop (itafile) iikhompyutha. Zisetyenziselwa zonke iinkumbulo ze-DDR, i-1, i-2, i-3, i-4. Ibhasi yedatha i-64 bits kwi-slot nganye kwaye inokufikelela kwii-288 izihlanganisi ze-DDR4 iinkumbulo.
• KE DIMM: Zifana nezangaphambili, kodwa zincinci kakhulu, kuba zisetyenziselwa ukufaka iinkumbulo kwii-laptops kunye neeseva, apho indawo iyancipha ngakumbi. Ngokumalunga nokusebenza kwabo, ziyafana neendawo zokubeka ze-DIMM, ezinomthamo ofanayo wememori kunye nebhasi efanayo.

Ijelo eliMabini kunye neSiteneli seQuad

Into engafanele ihoywe kumacandelo ekhompyutheni ngenxa yokubaluleka kwememori ye-RAM, kukukwazi ukusebenza kwi-Dual Channel okanye kwi-Quad Channel. Le teknoloji ijongana nenyani yokuba iprosesa inamandla okufikelela ngaxeshanye iinkumbulo ezi-2 okanye ezi-4 ze-RAM.

Xa i-Dual Channel isebenza, endaweni yokufikelela kwiibhloko zee-bits ze-64 zedatha, inokufikelela kwiibhloko ukuya kwii-bits ze-128, okanye i-256 bits kwi-Quad Channel.

Hard Disk

Ngeli xesha omnye umba osisiseko wamacandelo ekhompyuter uya kuqwalaselwa; Imalunga nee-hard drives kunye nokusebenziseka kwazo kunye nokuvelela kwePC. Njengeemeko zangaphambili, sisixhobo esifakwe ngaphakathi kwikhompyuter, nangona zikho zangaphandle, zihlala ziqhagamshelwe nge-USB.

I-hard drive licandelo elinamandla okugcina ngokusisigxina lonke ulwazi olukhutshelwe kwiwebhu, ingaba zirekhodi okanye zenziwe iifolda, imifanekiso, umculo, okanye ezinye. Apho eyona nto ibalulekileyo yinto enenkqubo yokusebenza efakwe apho isixhobo sinokusebenza khona.

Ngoku, kukho iintlobo ezininzi zee-hard drives kwimarike, kunye nobuchwepheshe bokwakha, ngokuqinisekileyo kukho isalathiso kwi-HDD okanye kwi-SDD hard drives, nganye kwezi iya kuchazwa ngezantsi:

Iinxalenye zekhompyuter: I-HDD hard drive

Ezi diski zibhekisa kwezo zisetyenziswa rhoqo kwiikhompyuter. Kwaye iqulathe uxande kunye nesixhobo esinzima sentsimbi, kwaye igcina ngaphakathi kwiseti yeediski okanye iipleyiti ezincanyathiselwe kwi-axis eqhelekileyo.

I-Said core ine-motor eyenza ukuba ijikeleze ngesantya esiphezulu, evumela ukufunda nokubhala idatha kwintloko yemagnethi ebekwe ebusweni besitya ngasinye. Kungenxa yoko le nto ibizwa ngokuba yi-mechanical hard drives, kuba ineenjini kunye nezinto zangaphakathi zoomatshini.

Ezi diski zinee-2 ubuso obuncedo, ezenzelwe ukugcina idatha nge-0 kunye ne-1. Ziyahlulahlulwe ngengqiqo kwiingoma ngendlela ye-ring concentric, iisilinda okanye iingoma ezihambelana ngokuthe nkqo kwiiplate ezahlukeneyo, kunye namacandelo okanye iziqwenga ze-arc apho iingoma.

Ixabiso elikhulu lee-hard drives sisikhundla sabo esikhulu sokugcina kunye nesantya sabo esikhulu. Lo mthamo ulinganiswa kwi-GB, ngakumbi ukuba unayo, idatha eninzi oya kuyigcina. Namhlanje i-hard drives ukuya kwi-12 TB okanye i-16, eya kuba yi-16 yewaka le-GB, iyafumaneka. Ngokobungakanani, ungafumana iindidi ezi-2 zeediski:

• 3,5-intshi yokuqhuba: zizinto eziqhelekileyo, ezo zisetyenziswe kwiikhomputha zedeskithophu, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo zilinganisa i-101,6 × 25,4 × 146 mm.
• 2,5-intshi yokuqhuba: zisetyenziswa kwiiPC ezincinci, ezinomthamo ophantsi wamanqaku alinganisa i-69,8 × 9,5 × 100 mm.

Ngenxalenye yayo, kukho i-SATA, i-interface yoqhagamshelwano esetyenziswa ngala ma-hard drives ukuxhuma kwikhompyutheni ngokusebenzisa ikhonkco kwi-motherboard. Inguqulo yangoku yi-SATAIII okanye i-SATA 6Gbps, ekubeni le yimali yedatha ekwazi ukuhanjiswa kwiyunithi yexesha. I-6 Gbps imalunga ne-600 MB / s, nangona ibonakala ngathi ininzi, kodwa ayithethi nto xa ithelekiswa nabanye. Nangona i-hard drive yomatshini ayinakho ukufikelela kwisantya esinjalo, ifezekisa i-300 MB / s kakhulu.

Amacandelo ekhompyuter: I-SSD Hard Drive

Ukuqala, akuchanekanga ukuyibiza ngokuba yi-hard disk, ekubeni iteknoloji yokugcina ihluke kuleyo isetyenziswe yi-HDDs. Kule meko, kufuneka ibhekiselele kwiiyunithi zokugcina eziqinileyo, kuba zizixhobo ezikwazi ukugcina ngokusisigxina idatha kwi-flash memory chips, ezifana nezo zememori ye-RAM.

Kule meko, idatha igcinwe kwiiseli zememori ezenziwe ngamasango e-NAND logic, apho banokugcina i-voltage state ngaphandle kokubhenela kubonelelo lombane. Koku kukho iintlobo ezi-3 zobugcisa bokuvelisa, i-SLC, i-MLC kunye ne-TLC.

Ezi yunithi zikhawuleza kakhulu kune-HDD, kuba ngaphakathi akukho zixhobo zomatshini okanye ii-motor ezithatha ixesha lokuhamba kunye nokubeka intloko kwindlela efanelekileyo. Namhlanje ezi ntlobo zetekhnoloji zonxibelelwano zisetyenziselwa ii-SSD ezifana nezi zikhankanyiweyo:

• SATA: esele ikhankanyiwe ngasentla, kwaye inojongano olufanayo olusetyenziswa ziiHDDs.
• I-PCI-Express: Yi-slot ebekwe kwi-motherboard ene-PCI-Express x4 interface phantsi kwe-NVMe yonxibelelwano protocol. Enokuthi yona ifikelele kwisantya esifikelela kwi-3.500 MB/s ekufundeni nasekubhaleni. Kwaye baya kuba ngamakhadi okwandisa ngaphandle kwe-encapsulation, kunye nokubonakala kwememori ye-RAM.
• PCI Express x4: ziziiyunithi ezifakwe ngokulinganayo.

Ngaba ikhadi lemizobo liyimfuneko?

Nangona ikhadi lemizobo ayimfuneko ngokungqongqo ukuba nesixhobo, enyanisweni, abanye abasebenzisi benza ngaphandle kwayo, kodwa ifaneleka njengenxalenye yamacandelo ekhompyuter. Isizathu soku kukuba sisixhobo esiplaga kwenye yePCI-Express 3.0 x16 kwiindawo zokubeka kunye neprosesa yemizobo okanye i-GPU eyenza eminye imisebenzi enzima yokucwangcisa imizobo.

Ngoku, kudla ngokuthiwa akuyomfuneko ngokungqongqo kuba phantse zonke iiprosesa namhlanje zinesekethe yangaphakathi ekwaziyo ukulawula idatha yegraphic, seso sizathu sokuba iibhodi zoomama zinikeze i-HDMI okanye i-DisplayPort port, kuba umbono kukudibanisa isikrini kule nto. Zibizwa ngokuba zii-UPU (iYunithi yokuLungisa iAccelerated) ziiprosesa.

Kodwa ukuba kunjalo, kutheni ukhetha ikhadi lemizobo? Elula, kuba iprosesa yegraphics yekhadi inamandla angaphezu kweeprosesa. Ilungele kakhulu ke, kwimidlalo, apho ikhadi lemizobo liphantse lafuneka kwikhompyuter.

Abavelisi bamakhadi emizobo kunye nobuchwepheshe

Okwangoku, abavelisi bekhadi lemizobo e-2 i-Nvidia kunye ne-AMD bahlala kunye kwimarike, apho ngamnye wabo unikezela ngetekhnoloji eyahlukileyo, nangona namhlanje uphawu lweNvidia lunezixhobo ezigqwesileyo zegraphic kwimarike, ngenxa yamandla ayo.

Nvidia

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe, iNvidia okwangoku ibonelela ngamakhadi emizobo agqwesileyo, nangona kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba ayilona xabiso liphantsi, kodwa bayayenza ngeemodeli zabo ezinkulu kunye nokusebenza okugqwesileyo. Kukho iimodeli ezi-2 ezisisiseko zolu hlobo lobugcisa bokwenza amakhadi:

• Itekhnoloji yeTuring: Yeyona nto isexesheni kunye ne-12nm GPU kunye neenkumbulo zevidiyo ze-GDDR6, ekwaziyo ukufikelela kwizantya zokudlulisa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-14 Gbps. Njengokwenza umkhondo weray ngexesha lokwenyani; Bachongwa kwimarike ngemodeli yabo ye-GeForce RTX 20x.
• Iteknoloji yePascal: ihambelana nesizukulwana ngaphambi kweTuring, kwaye isetyenziswe kwiinkqubo zokuvelisa i-12nm kunye neenkumbulo ze-GDDR5; kwaye ichongiwe ngenguqulo ye-GeForce GTX 10x.

AMD

I-AMD ikwangumvelisi weeprosesa, njengoko bekubhekiselwa kuzo kakuhle kumanqaku angaphambili, kwaye ikwakha amakhadi emizobo; inxalenye yeemodeli zayo yi-TOP, kwaye nangona ingenawo amandla amakhulu e-Nvidia, iinguqulelo zayo zinomdla kubadlali begeyimu. Ukongeza, ibonelela ngeetekhnoloji ezahlukeneyo ukwazi:

• URadeon VII: yenye yetekhnoloji entsha, ebonelela ngenkqubo yokwenziwa kwe-7nm kunye nememori ye-HBM2.
• Radeon Vega: Ngomnye wangoku kwimarike kunye neenguqulelo zayo ze-2, iVega 56 kunye ne-64; ngenkqubo yayo ye-14nm yefektri, ukongeza ekusebenziseni iinkumbulo ze-HBM2.
• I-PolarisRX: iyahambelana nohlobo lwangaphambili lwamakhadi emizobo, asuswe ngamanye aphakathi kunye neemodeli ezisezantsi, kwaye iindleko zayo zinomtsalane. Zichongiwe enkosi kwiRadeon RX yazo eyahlukileyo.

Yintoni i-SLI, i-NVLink kunye ne-Crossfire?

Ukongeza kwitekhnoloji yokuvelisa kunye neempawu ze-GPU kunye neenkumbulo zekhadi lemifanekiso ekhankanywe ngasentla, kulungele ukwazi amagama ama-3. Oku kukukwazi kwekhadi ukudibanisa nelinye elilinganayo lomsebenzi odibeneyo. Ngokwenxalenye yayo, itekhnoloji ye-SLI kwaye njengeyona NVLink yangoku, ihlala kuyo Nvidia ukuze uqhagamshelane 2, 3 okanye 4 graphics amakhadi asebenza ngokunxuseneyo kwi PCI-Express iiracks. La makhadi adityaniswe neentambo zangaphambili.

Ngelixa iteknoloji ye-Crossfire ivela kwi-AMD, iphinda isebenze ukudibanisa ukuya kwi-4 amakhadi emifanekiso ye-AMD ngokuhambelanayo, kunye nokufuna intambo yokudibanisa. Ngesi sizathu, ayisetyenziswanga kakhulu, ngaphandle kweendleko zayo, kwaye isetyenziselwa kuphela ulungelelwaniso olugqithisileyo lweekhompyuter ngeenjongo zemidlalo, kunye nokumbiwa kwedatha.

Ukunikezelwa kwamandla

Umthombo, njengoko kufuneka kuthatyathwe, umele intliziyo kunye nemiphunga yekhompyuter; kwaye unoxanduva lokubonelela ngamandla afunekayo kwi-motherboard ukuze usebenze ngokufanelekileyo. Kwaye kwangaxeshanye, izisa amandla kwamanye amacandelo ekhompyuter kunye nomdlali weDVD.

Ngaloo ndlela imele elinye lamacandelo ekhompyutheni eqinisekisa ukusebenza kwayo, ngombane ukunika amandla izinto zombane ngaphakathi. Le mithombo ithutha kwaye iguqule amandla aguqukayo ukuya kwikhaya ukusuka kwi-Volts ye-240 ukuya kwinqanaba elithe ngqo, kwaye emva koko isasazeke phakathi kwezinye izinto ezifunayo ngokusebenzisa izihlanganisi kunye neentambo. Ngokubanzi, amandla ombane aphathwayo yi-12 kunye ne-5 V.

Owona mlinganiselo ubalulekileyo wobonelelo lwamandla okanye i-PSU ngamandla, amandla aphezulu, amandla afanayo okuqhagamshela izinto umthombo oya kuba nawo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, unikezelo lwamandla kwiiPC zedeskithophu kunye nekhadi lomzobo ubuncinci be-500 W, ekubeni kuxhomekeke kwiprosesa kunye nebhodi yomama onayo, banokufuna malunga ne-200 okanye i-300 W. Ngokufanayo, ikhadi lemifanekiso, kuxhomekeke kwinto eyiyo, idla. phakathi kwe-150 kunye ne-400W.

Iintlobo zonikezelo lwamandla

Indawo yomthombo wombane ingaphakathi kwi-chassis yebhokisi, kunye namanye amacandelo angaphakathi. Kwezi, iifomathi ezininzi ze-PSU zahlulwa:

• ATX: lefonti inobukhulu obuqhelekileyo obuyi-150 okanye 180 mm ubude x 140 mm ububanzi x 86 ukuphakama. Ivuma iibhokisi zegama elifanayo kunye nenxalenye enhle ye-Mini-ITX kunye ne-Micro-ATX.
• SFX: Ngokuqhelekileyo zincinci kwaye zithe ngqo, zikhethekileyo kwi-Mini-ITX.
• Ifomathi yeseva: Ineefonti ezinobukhulu obukhethekileyo, kwaye ifakwe kwiibhokisi zeseva.
• Ubonelelo lwamandla lwangaphandle: ibhekisa kwiziguquli eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziselwa iilaptops, abashicileli okanye iiconsoles zomdlalo. Inoxande kwaye imnyama, idla ngokuhlala emgangathweni njengobonelelo lwamandla oluphambili.

Izihlanganisi zombane

Kwelinye icala, izihlanganisi zomthombo zizinto ezisisiseko kunye nelinye lamacandelo ekhompyuter, ke kufanelekile ukukhankanya kunye nokwazi ukusetyenziswa kwazo:

• I-24-pin ATX: ithatha intambo yamandla esembindini kwi-motherboard; ibanzi kwaye imalunga nama-20 okanye ama-24 izikhonkwane. Qhuba amaxabiso ahlukeneyo ombane kwi-wiring yakho.
• 12V EPS: yintambo yokukhokela amandla ngokuthe ngqo kwiprosesa; Kananjalo ine-4-pin isinxibelelanisi, nangona ihlala inefomathi ekwahlulwayo ye-4 + 4.
• PCI-E isinxibelelanisi: idla ngokusetyenziselwa ukutyisa amakhadi emizobo ngokubanzi; Ifana kakhulu ne-EPS ye-CPU, kodwa kulo mzekelo ine-6 ​​+ 2 i-pin connector.
• Amandla e-SATA: Iyaziwa ngeengcingo zayo ezi-5, kunye nesinxibelelanisi sayo eside kunye ne-L-shaped slot.
• Isidibanisi se-Molex: Iqhele ukusetyenziswa kwi-IDE-encamathele kumatshini wokuqhuba kanzima kwaye inesidibanisi sepali ezi-4.

Ikhadi leNethiwekhi

Abanye abasebenzisi basenokungayazi le nxalenye, kuba ayibonakali kwikhompyuter, kuba zonke iibhodi zangoku zinekhadi lenethiwekhi eyakhelweyo. Ngaloo ndlela ikhadi lomnatha libonwa njengokwandiswa kwangaphakathi kwebhodi ethethiweyo kwaye ivumela ukuba idibaniswe ne-router ukufezekisa uxhulumaniso kwi-Intanethi okanye kwinethiwekhi ye-LAN. Zimbini iindidi zala makhadi zinokuphawulwa:

• Ethernet: ngenxa ye-RJ45 ikhonkco inokwenzeka ukudibanisa kwinethiwekhi enentambo kunye ne-LAN. Ikhadi lomnatha eliqhelekileyo lihlala libonelela ngokukhawuleza i-1000 Mbit / s uxhumano lokudlulisa i-LAN, nangona i-2,5 Gb / s, i-5 Gb / s kunye ne-10 Gb / s nayo iyafumaneka.
• Wi-Fi: ukongeza ikhadi libonelela ngoqhagamshelo olungenazingcingo kwi-router okanye kwiwebhu; Ifakwe kwiilaptops, ii-smartphones, phakathi kwezinye iibhodi zoomama. Ukuze ube nekhadi lenethiwekhi yangaphandle, i-PCI-Express x1 (encinci) slot iyafuneka.

Ii-Heatsinks kunye nokupholisa ulwelo

Amanye amacandelo ekhompyuter, afana ne-heat sinks, akufanele ashiywe; Nangona ayimfuneko ngokungqongqo ukuba izixhobo zisebenze, le nto yokuncedisa kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo ukuphepha umonakalo kwi-PC kwaye ekugqibeleni iyeke ukusebenza kwaye iphule.

Injongo ye-heatsink ilula, ukuqokelela ubushushu obubangelwa yinto ethile ye-elektroniki, njengemeko yeprosesa eyenza i-frequency ephezulu kwaye iyise kwindawo; umsebenzi wakho ufuna amaqhekeza athile, aquka:

• ibhloko yentsimbi: ngokuqhelekileyo yenziwe ngobhedu oluqhagamshelana ngokuthe ngqo neprosesa ngokusebenzisa i-thermal paste njengoncedo ekugqithiseni ubushushu.
• Ibhloko yeAluminiyam okanye umtshintshisi: Iqulunqwe linani elikhulu lamaphiko apho umoya udlula khona, kwaye ubambe ukushisa okuvela kubo kwaye udluliselwe kuyo.
• Imibhobho yobushushu bobhedu okanye iHeatpipes: Ivezwa kwibhloko yobhedu ukuya kwi-finning yonke, ukwenzela ukuba ukushisa kudluliselwe kuwo wonke umhlaba ngendlela engcono.
• Abalandeli: benza ukunyanzela ukungena komoya emaphikweni, besusa ubushushu obuninzi kangangoko.

Ukongeza, ii-heatsinks zinokukhankanywa kwezinye izinto ezinje ngechipset, izigaba zamandla kwaye ngokucacileyo ikhadi lemizobo. Nangona kukho umahluko kunye nokusebenza okungaphezulu okubizwa ngokuba kukupholisa ulwelo. Olu hlobo lokupholisa ulwelo, olusebenza ukwahlula izinto zokulahla kwiibhloko ezi-2 ezinkulu ukuqwalasela isiphaluka samanzi.

Eyokuqala ifumaneka kwiprosesa ngokwayo, ngendlela yebhloko yobhedu egayiweyo kunye neziteshi ezincinci zokujikeleza ulwelo, isebenze yimpompo. Ngelixa okwesibini kukutshintshiselana okuphosiweyo kunye nabalandeli abaqokelela ubushushu bamanzi afikelela kuwo, ukuwuthumela emoyeni. Yeyiphi isethi yeetyhubhu kufuneka isetyenziswe ukuba isebenze ngendlela yesekethe ukwenzela ukuba amanzi ajikeleze kwaye angaphumi.

I-chassis, apho onke amacandelo ekhompyuter agcinwa khona

Ngokubhekiselele kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-chassis okanye ibhokisi, ibhekisela kwindawo ebiyelweyo yentsimbi, iplastiki kunye neglasi apho yonke le ecosystem yamacandelo e-elektroniki igcinwe kwaye iyalelwe ngokufanelekileyo, idityaniswe kwaye ipholile ngokufanelekileyo. Ukusuka kweli candelo kuyimfuneko ukwazi ukuba luhlobo luni lwefomathi yeplate enayo, ukwenzela ukuba ifakwe njengenkxaso, kunye nobukhulu bayo, ukugqiba ukuba zonke iinqununu zethu zingena kuyo. Kuzo kunokukhankanywa oku kulandelayo:

• I-ATX okanye i-Mid-Tower Chassis: yibhokisi emalunga ne-450mm ubude x 450mm ukuphakama x 210mm ububanzi. Ibizwa ngokuba yi-ATX kuba iibhodi ze-motherboard kwifomathi ye-ATX zinokufakwa kuyo, kunye nezona zincinci, yiyo loo nto zezona zidumileyo kwaye zisetyenziswa.
• I-E-ATX okanye i-chassis yenqaba epheleleyo: Ngokuqhelekileyo ziba nkulu kwaye zinokuqulatha phantse naliphi na icandelo kunye nebhodi yomama, kubandakanya neyona inkulu.
• I-Micro-ATX, i-Mini-ITX okanye i-mini tower case: Njengoko igama layo libonisa, ubungakanani bayo buncinci, kwaye ziyilelwe ukuba zikwazi ukufaka iibhodi zoomama zezi fomati ezithile.
• Ibhokisi ye-SFF: Zizona zixhaphake kakhulu kumaqela eyunivesiti, njengoko ziyinqaba ezinqabileyo, ezibekwe kwiikhabhinethi okanye zisasazwe etafileni.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba inqaba yeyona nto ibonakalayo yekhompyuter, yiyo loo nto abavelisi bezama ukubenza ngendlela enomtsalane kunye nengaqhelekanga kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ukuze bafezekise iziphumo ezimangalisayo.

isoftware yekhompyuter

Ngokuphathelele isoftware, yinto engeyiyo eyomzimba kuyo nayiphi na ikhompyuter, kwaye yenziwe ngeekhowudi ezinemiyalelo ukuze i-hardware yazi into emayiyenze. Ngaphandle kwale nkqubo iyimfuneko, phantse nasiphi na isixhobo sehardware siya kuphulukana luncedo. Kwezi, zi-2 iindidi zohlulwa:

• Isoftware yenkqubo: iyahambelana neenkqubo ezifakwe ngaphambili kwikhompyuter, kwaye kwangaxeshanye vumela ukunika inkxaso kwezinye iinkqubo ezifakwe ngumsebenzisi. Ezi zibandakanya iinkqubo zokusebenza (iWindows, iMac OS, iLinux, i-BIOS, phakathi kwezinye), abacoci bedisk, i-disk defragmenters, i-antivirus, i-graphics driver, i-encryption software, phakathi kwabanye.
• Isoftware ye-app: Ikwamele iinkqubo, kodwa azihambelani nokusebenza kwezixhobo, zifakwe ngumsebenzisi ngamnye ukuzalisekisa imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kunye nemisebenzi ethile. Ezinye zezi zispredishithi (i-Excel), i-word processors (iLizwi), iinkqubo zesiseko sedatha (Ukufikelela), iinkqubo zoyilo lwegraphic (Illustrator), iziphequluli zewebhu (Chrome), phakathi kwabanye.

Iindidi zekhompyuter

Asinako ukusilela ukujonga iintlobo zeePC, kuba ezi ziyohluka ngokobungakanani bazo, uyilo kunye nobunzima bemisebenzi abanokuthi bayenze. Nangona kunjalo, zonke zinesiseko sezixhobo zekhompyuter ekubhekiselwe kuzo kumanqaku angaphambili. Njengoko iintlobo eziphambili zeekhompyuter zinokukhankanywa:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PmBkoktbguc

• Ikhompyuter yakho: isihloko sayo sinengcambu ngesiNgesi, njengekhompyuter yobuqu (Pc), eyaziwa ngokuba yidesktop. Ukuthandwa nokusetyenziswa kwayo akubonakali, kuba ngoku ikhaya ngalinye linobuncinci ikhompyuter enye, ukongeza kusetyenziso lwayo olukhulu njengesixhobo somsebenzi.
• Ilaptop: Ikwabizwa ngokuba yincwadi yokubhalela, kodwa ikwangumatshini, nangona umncinci kwaye ukhaphukhaphu kunePC, eyilelwe ukuba ihanjiswe ngokulula, kusetyenziso lomntu okanye lomsebenzi.
• I-Netbook: ifana kakhulu nencwadana, kodwa incinci ngobungakanani kunye nobunzima, ngoko ke iliso layo kunye nebhodi yezitshixo zincinci kakhulu. Ihlala isetyenziselwa ukuthutha ulwazi naphi na.
• Headunit: Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-mainframe, nangona iyinto enkulu kakhulu, inamandla kwaye ibiza kakhulu, yeyoshishino kunye nosetyenziso lweshishini, njengoko ivumela ukusetyenzwa kwedatha enkulu.

Amanye amacandelo abalulekileyo ekhompyuter

Ngaphambi kokugqiba esi sithuba malunga namacandelo ekhompyutheni, kubalulekile ukukhankanya ngokufutshane ezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo ezimisela ifomathi yayo, njengoko ezi zixhobo zekhompyutha ziyaziwa kakhulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Kule meko, ezinye iingongoma ezinxulumene ne-hardware okanye inxalenye ebonakalayo zibhekiswa kuyo, njengale:

Monitor

Imele icandelo elibonakalayo apho lonke ulwazi lwegraphic kunye neevidiyo eziveliswa yikhompyuter ngekhadi levidiyo zibonakaliswa; efanayo naleyo yayiphuphuma kulo lonke eli nqaku. Ngoko ke inxalenye yangaphandle yecala lekhompyutheni, uxhulumaniso lwakhe lwenziwa ngekhebula kwi-port kwikhadi levidiyo okanye ebizwa ngokuba yi-motherboard. Iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yokubala.

Eli sweni lifana kakhulu nomabonwakude, nangona lihlala libonisa ulwazi kwisisombululo esiphezulu. Iimonitha zikwafumaneka ngobukhulu obahlukeneyo. Zimbini iindidi zale elementi zibalulekileyo zibonwa: LCD okanye CRT, kunye neCRT, ezibonwa ngokubonwa njengezikrini zikamabonakude amadala, kwakunye nokuba nesisa ngobukhulu.

Kwelinye icala, iimonitha zesikrini ze-LCD zincinci, zibhityile kwaye zibhityile, zifuna amandla amancinci kwaye zibonelela ngomgangatho wegraphic ongcono. Kuba zikumgangatho ongcono, iiLCDs ngoku zixhaphakile kwaye zithandwa. Kwimeko nayiphi na into, i-monitor, kungakhathaliseki ukuba luhlobo luni na, ngokuqhelekileyo idibanisa kwi-HDMI, i-DVI, okanye i-VGA port. Ngelixa ezinye iziqhagamshelo zinokubandakanya i-USB, iDisplayPort, kunye neThunderbolt.

Ikhibhodi

Ikhibhodi, i-accessory ebalulekileyo okanye isixhobo esifana nomshini wokuchwetheza kodwa ngoonobumba abongezelelweyo; ivumela umsebenzisi ukuba abeke iileta, amanani kunye nezinye iisimboli kwikhompyuter. Aba nobumba basebenza njengemiyalelo, okanye basetyenziswe ukubhala izicatshulwa kunye nabanye oonobumba. Uninzi lweekhibhodi zinemodeli ye-QWERTY yokubonisa ikhibhodi yakho.

impuku

Imouse eyaziwayo, i-accessory evumela umsebenzisi ukuba alawule izinto kwimonitha. Iimpuku okanye iimpuku ziye zavela kakhulu, kwaye namhlanje zinokufumaneka ngelaser, ibhola, intambo okanye engenazingcingo. Basebenza ngokushukuma ukuba imouse ibone kwaye ithumele imiyalelo kwikhompyuter kwaye ihambise isalathisi kwisikrini, kwaye ngale ndlela isebenzisana neefayile, iifestile kunye nezinye izinto zesoftware.

Imouse eqhelekileyo okanye eqhelekileyo inamaqhosha ama-2 (ekunene nasekhohlo) ikhatshwa livili elincinane embindini eyilelwe ukuhambisa isikrini ngokukhawuleza okanye hayi phezulu kunye/okanye ezantsi. Ezi zixhobo, kunye nenkqubo yokusebenza, ziba ngumphefumlo wayo yonke into eyalelweyo, kwaye ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba banandiphe iimpawu ababonelela ngazo.

Ezinye izinto ezisecaleni

Ukugqiba, kunokwenzeka kuphela ukunciphisa oko kanye kukhankanyiweyo ezinye zeeperipherals ezisisiseko ezivumela ukusetyenziswa kwesixhobo sekhompyuter, njengemonitha, imouse kunye nekhibhodi. Nangona kunjalo, zininzi ngakumbi, kodwa azibalulekanga kusetyenziso oluqhelekileyo okanye olusisiseko.

Njengenxalenye yezi, sinokukhankanya umshicileli, iskena, iphaneli yokuchukumisa, i-barcode scanner, inzwa yeminwe, i-microphone, ikhamera yewebhu, izithethi, ii-headphones, i-helmets okanye i-3D umshicileli, phakathi kwabanye. Izinto ezityebisa ngokungathandabuzekiyo nayiphi na ikhompyuter kwaye zongeza ixabiso kumava omsebenzisi.

Ukuba uyayithanda le post malunga nezixhobo zekhompyuter, qiniseka ukuba ujonge ezi ngcebiso zilandelayo:

• amacandelo eprosesa
• Jonga ubushushu beCPU 
• Uvavanyo lwentsebenzo yePC ye-Intanethi lufanelekile