Iqela Repsol de España inika abathengi bayo iintlobo ngeentlobo zeenkonzo kunye neenketho ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo ukuba ufuna ukwazi ulwazi olusisiseko malunga amazinga de Gesi y de eLuzi Ukongezelela kumbandela ophelelisanayo osinceda siqonde indlela esebenza ngayo, le mpapasho iya kuba luncedo kakhulu.
Ulwazi olusisiseko malunga neGesi yeRepsol kunye neeReyithi zoMbane
Iinkcukacha kwi-invoyisi okanye amazinga ngonyaka we eLuzi de Repsol
Ixabiso loNyaka ixabiso
- I-Repsol ye-Intanethi 558,70 €
- Ubusuku kwi-Repsol ye-Intanethi 531,40 €
Ukuthelekisa kwenziwa kwindlu enegunya lekhontrakthi ye-4 kW kunye nokusetyenziswa kombane wonyaka we-3.000 kWh. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi ebusuku kuhlulwe kwi-1200 kWh ngexesha leeyure ezithathwa njengomsebenzi omncinci (i-40% yokusetyenziswa) kunye ne-1800 kWh (iiyure eziphakamileyo) ngeeyure eziphakamileyo (i-60% yokusetyenziswa okupheleleyo)
Isabelo sonyaka Repsol Ukukhanya kunye amazinga de gesi
Ixabiso loNyaka ixabiso
- Irhasi & Okuninzi 3.1 €218,34
- Irhasi & Okuninzi 3.2 €491,96
Ngomlinganiselo we-Gas & Más 3.1, kwikhaya elinekhitshi namanzi ashushu ngerhasi yendalo, kuqikelelwa ukuba kufuneka isebenzise malunga ne-4.000 kWh ngonyaka. Ngomlinganiselo we-3,2, ukusetyenziswa kombane wonyaka wendlu enekhitshi, amanzi ashushu kunye nokufudumeza kwegesi yi-8.000 kWh.
Amaxabiso kunye neemeko zeRepsol Luz y Gas Online inikeza
Ireyithi yeRepsol Luz y Gas kwi-intanethi yindlela egcina ixabiso lombane elifanayo imini yonke, ukuze ukwazi ukuwusebenzisa nanini na, naphi na. Olunye uncedo oluphambili lokusayina umrhumo wombane okanye irhasi ngeRepsol Luz y Gas kukuba nanini na ugcwalisa kwisikhululo serhasi saseRepsol, ungasifumana isaphulelo kwipetroli.
Kule theyibhile ilandelayo, siye sahlula ixabiso elihlawulwe ngabasebenzisi, kubandakanywa amandla ekhontrakthi kunye namandla asetyenzisiweyo (amandla ekhontrakthi yi-4 kW kwaye ukusetyenziswa konyaka yi-3.000 kWh).
Ixabiso eliqikelelweyo leRepsol Luz y Gas 2.0 izinga le-Intanethi eSpain
Ixabiso/Ixabiso
- Amandla asetyenziswe i-387 €
- Amandla €171,70
- Iyonke € 558,70
Repsol 2.0 iimeko zomlinganiselo we-intanethi
- Ixabiso lexesha lamandla: 0,1290 Euro / kWh
- Ixabiso lexesha lamandla: 0,1176 euro / kW ngosuku
- Ixabiso elimiselweyo iiyure ezingama-24 ngosuku
- hayi isigxina
- Isikhokelo sokukhusela intlawulo yasimahla yonyaka omnye Ngamandla ekhontrakthi angaphantsi okanye alingana ne-10 kW
- Amathuba okusebenzisa amanyathelo “ezithembiso zokonga” Ukuba ikhaya lakho okanye ishishini lakho lifuna isivumelwano sombane ongaphezu kwe-10 kW nangaphantsi kwe-15 kW, ixabiso liya kwahluka.
Kwitheyibhile elandelayo, sibonisa imeko yokwenyani yomsebenzisi obhalisele i-11 kW yombane kwaye avelise i-6.000 kWh yombane ngonyaka.
Ixabiso loMbane weRepsol kunye neGesi 2.1A kwireyithi ye-Intanethi
Ixabiso lexabiso
- Amandla asetyenziswe i-816 €
- Amandla €527,17
- Iyonke € 1.343,17
Iimeko zereyithi ye-repsol kwi-intanethi 2.1A
- Ixabiso lexesha lamandla: 0,1360 euro / kWh
- Ixabiso lexesha lamandla: 0,1313 euro / kW ngosuku
- Ixabiso elimiselweyo iiyure ezingama-24 ngosuku
- hayi isigxina
- Isikhokelo sokukhusela intlawulo yasimahla yonyaka omnye Ngamandla ekhontrakthi angaphezu kwe-10 kW nangaphantsi kwe-15 kW Ukunokwenzeka kokusebenzisa imilinganiselo yokulondoloza isithembiso, i-Repsol Luz y Gas ithembisa ukuphucula ezinye iikowuti ezifumana kwezinye iinkampani phantsi kweSithembiso soSavings. Ukuba abanako ukuhlangabezana nokunikezelwa, izivumelwano ezingapheliyo zekhontrakthi ziya kucinywa (zisebenza kuwo wonke umbane we-Repsol kunye negesi yegesi).
Ixabiso kunye neemfuno zereyithi yoBusuku kwi-Intanethi yeRepsol Luz y Gas
Ireyithi yobusuku be-Repsol kwi-intanethi yeyona nkampani inexabiso eliphantsi ngeyure. Ezi ntlawulo zigcina amaxabiso ombane amabini awohlukeneyo imini yonke, angabizi kakhulu ebusuku nakusasa, kwaye abiza kakhulu imini yonke, yiyo loo nto egqamayo.
Olu luhlu lweerhafu lunokuba luncedo ngakumbi kubasebenzisi abagxile kakhulu kusetyenziso lombane lwabo (ama-35% ukuya kuma-40% ombane abawusebenzisayo) ngexesha elibhengezwe ngelona xabiso lisezantsi le-kWh.
Njengoko senzile kwicandelo langaphambili sisebenzisa isantya sexabiso elimiselweyo, siya kwenza uthelekiso ukuze sigqibe ngexabiso abathengi beRepsol abahlawula ngalo amandla ekhontrakthi kunye nokusetyenziswa konyaka. Umsebenzisi ubhalisele i-4 kW yombane kwaye ulungelelanise i-40% yosetyenziso lwakhe lonyaka ukuya kwelona xesha liphantsi, oko kukuthi, iiyure zangaphandle (i-1200 kWh yokusetyenziswa kombane), kwaye i-60% eseleyo yokusetyenziswa iveliswa ngexesha lokuphumla. amaxesha., oko kukuthi incopho kWh iiyure).
Siye saqinisekisa ukuba ukuze iRepsol Luz y Gas ibenengeniso ngexabiso lasebusuku, abasebenzisi kufuneka bagxile malunga ne-40% yosetyenziso lombane lwabo ebusuku nakusasa. Ukuba ufuna ukusayinela amandla angaphezu kwe-10 kW nangaphantsi kwe-15 kW, ixabiso leyure lombane liya kutshintsha.
Iintlawulo ezihlawulwe ngabasebenzisi ababhalisele kwi-11 kW zombane kunokudityanwa nazo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla onyaka okwenziwa ngaphandle kweeyure eziphakamileyo kubelwa njenge-2.400 kWh (40% yokusetyenziswa kwamandla) kunye ne-3.600 kWh (60% yokusetyenziswa kwamandla). ukusetyenziswa kwamandla).
Ulwazi olufanelekileyo
Yintoni igesi yendalo
Irhasi yendalo yifosili efana neoyile namalahle. Ingumxube weehydrocarbons, ikakhulu i-methane, kunye nezinye izinto ezinegesi ezifana nekharbon diokside, initrogen, ihydrogen sulfide kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, ihelium.
Imixube eyenziwe ngokuyintloko ngemethane ibizwa ngokuba yimixube eyomileyo, ngelixa leyo iqulathe ikakhulu iihydrocarbons ezifana nepropane kunye nebutane zibizwa ngokuba yimixube emanzi.
Ngaphambi kokuba isasazwe ukuze isetyenziswe, irhasi yendalo iphathwa ukuze kususwe ikharbon diokside kunye nenitrogen, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ingatsha, kunye nehydrogen sulfide, igesi edlayo neyityhefu. Isiphumo ikakhulu yimethane.
I-Methane yigesi yehydrocarbon kunye ne-gaseous hydrocarbon kwaye ibonakala ngokuba yeyona molekyuli incinci, equka ikhabhoni enye kunye neeathom zehydrogen ezine (CH4). Ilula kunomoya (kwiqondo lokushisa kwe-15 ° C kunye noxinzelelo lwe-1013,25 millibars, ubunzima bayo obuthile ngu-0,678 kg / m3), ayinambala kwaye ayinaphunga kwaye ayinayo inetyhefu.
Yayixhaphake kakhulu kwiatmosfera yangaphambili yoMhlaba kwaye mhlawumbi yaba negalelo ekudityanisweni kwee-amino acid zokuqala kunye nokudalwa kobomi kwiplanethi yethu. Ixutywe nomoya, i-methane ivutha kuphela ukuba ukugxila kwayo kuphakathi kwe-5 kunye ne-15%. Ngaphantsi kwe-5% isixa segesi yendalo ayanelanga ukuqalisa ukutsha, ngelixa ngaphezulu kwe-15% i-oksijini ayanelanga.
Kwiqondo lokushisa kwe-15 ° C kunye noxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric, i-cubic meter ye-methane ivelisa ngaphezu kwe-1 amawaka eekhalori. Phantsi kwezi meko, i-cubic meter ye-methane inomthamo wamandla olingana ne-8 kg yamalahle kunye ne-1,2 kg ye-oyile.
UMethane
I-Methane iba lulwelo kwiqondo lobushushu elibalulekileyo -83 ° C kunye noxinzelelo lwe-45 bar. Ukuguqulwa kwimeko yolwelo Ukuguqulwa kwimeko yolwelo lunokwenzeka ngokunciphisa ubushushu okanye ukwandisa uxinzelelo. Umzekelo, kwi-161°C imethane iba lulwelo kuxinzelelo lwe-ambient.
Ukushisa okubalulekileyo kweegesi zendalo ezimanzi, ezifana ne-propane kunye ne-butane, ezibandakanya i-3 kunye ne-4 i-athomu ye-carbon, ngokulandelanayo, iphezulu kuneqondo lokushisa kwegumbi, ngoko ke iba lulwelo nje ngokunyusa uxinzelelo.
Imvelaphi yerhasi yendalo
Kwiplanethi yethu, ii-hydrocarbons, kuquka i-methane, zifumaneka ikakhulu kwimingxuma yamatye eyenza indawo ephezulu yomhlaba kwaye ziziphumo zeenkqubo zemichiza kunye nezomzimba eziye zenzeka ngexesha lembali yoMhlaba.
Isenzo se-agent ye-atmospheric ibangela ukukhukuliseka kweentaba ezishiyekileyo, ezithuthwa ngamanzi, zifike elwandle, apho iileya zesihlabathi kunye nodongwe zifakwe khona. Ukongeza kwi-debris, izinto zemvelaphi yaselwandle zifakwe phantsi kolwandle: iityuwa ezidlulayo ngenxa yokuphuma komphunga, kwaye ngakumbi izilwanyana kunye nezinto ezihlala elwandle.
Ngokuhamba kwexesha, ngenxa yekristali yetyuwa, intlenga iguqulwa ibe ngamatye abambeneyo asenayo imingxunya emincinci ezaliswe ngamanzi kwaye.
izinto eziphilayo.
Ngokuxhomekeke kwisenzo sokuchithwa kwee-microorganisms, ezi zinto eziphilayo ziba
iihydrocarbons ezifana nemethane kunye neoyile. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba yimineralization: izityalo kunye nezilwanyana ziguqulwa zibe yigesi, i-oyile kunye namalahle, kwaye la mafutha abizwa ngokuba yi "fossil" kuba avela kwifosili yezityalo kunye nezilwanyana.
Indawo yejografi
Indawo yogcino lwerhasi ngokucacileyo ibonisa i-oyile: iRashiya, i-Iran kunye neQatar zibambe malunga ne-53,4% yetotali. Njengeoli, ukuxhaphazwa kweediphozithi zegesi kuqhutyelwa ngendlela engafanelekanga. Umzekelo, amazwe akuMbindi Mpuma akhupha irhasi encinci xa kuthelekiswa noovimba abakhoyo.
Bane-40% yoovimba behlabathi kwaye bavelisa kuphela i-16,3% yegesi yendalo esetyenziswa ngonyaka kwihlabathi jikelele, ngelixa i-US neNtshona Yurophu zibonisa amanqanaba aphezulu okutsalwa (xa kuthelekiswa noovimba abakhoyo). Ngapha koko, iUnited States, nangona ine-4,9% kuphela yogcino lwerhasi yendalo engqiniweyo, ivelisa ngaphezulu kwerhasi esetyenziswa ngonyaka, ivelisa ngaphezulu kwe-20,7% yegesi eveliswa kwihlabathi.
Oku kuthetha ukuba, ukuba inqanaba langoku lemveliso ligcinwa kwaye akukho nanye idiphozithi efunyenweyo, la mazwe
(i-14 kwimeko yaseMntla Melika kwaye malunga ne-19 eYurophu) baya kubagqiba oovimba babo kwiminyaka embalwa kwaye kuya kufuneka babhenele kwigesi ephuma kumazwe angaphandle kuphela.
Oovimba berhasi
Oovimba berhasi bendalo behlabathi bafikelela kuma-201.771 eebhiliyoni zee-cubic metres. amazwi
Oovimba baquka iidiphozithi ezaziwayo ngoku ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe kusetyenziswa itekhnoloji ekhoyo yoqoqosho.
Ayibobukho bobutyebi bokwenene obungaphantsi komhlaba obungekaziwa ebantwini okanye obunokufunyanwa ngabo
ibiza kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, zinokuba luphawu oluhle lwesantya sokuxhaphazwa (kunye nokuncipha) kwezibonelelo. iphelile). Ukuba oovimba abaziwayo ngoku bahlulwe ngokusetyenziswa kwerhasi yendalo ngonyaka (ngo-2019, ifikelele kwi-3,444 yeebhiliyoni zee-cubic metres), kwinqanaba langoku lokuxhaphaza, oovimba baya kuphelelwa malunga neminyaka engama-58.
Ngokuqinisekileyo kusekho imimandla engaziwayo enokwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-fossil fuel, nangona kunjalo isigqibo esicacileyo sesokuba igesi yendalo, njenge-oyile, ngumthombo omiselwe ukuphela.
ukugcinwa kwegesi yendalo
Ukugcinwa kwegesi yendalo kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni unikezelo ukuhlangabezana nokuhluka okukhulu kwamaxesha onyaka kwimfuno. Ukusetyenziswa kwerhasi yendalo kuphezulu kakhulu ebusika kunasehlotyeni, ngelixa unikezelo lwegesi luzinzile
unyaka wonke.
Irhasi yendalo eyongezelelekileyo eveliswayo okanye engeniswe kumazwe angaphandle kwiinyanga zasehlotyeni ikholisa ukugcinwa kumadama aphelileyo kwaye inokutsalwa ebusika xa imfuno ingaphezu kobonelelo. Ukugcinwa kwegesi yendalo kuqhutywa ngenkqubo yeziseko ezingundoqo ezidityanisiweyo eziquka amadama aphelileyo, iiplanti zokulungisa igesi, izikhululo zokucinezelwa kwegesi kunye neenkqubo zokusebenza.
Ukuqokelelwa kwerhasi engaphantsi komhlaba kudlale kwaye kusaqhubeka nokudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni nasekuzinziseni imarike yerhasi.
Ingqokelela ibizwa ngokuba yinto eqhelekileyo xa kusetyenziswa iidipozithi zokuvelisa igesi ezicinyiweyo okanye ezichithiweyo, ziqhelekile xa kusetyenziswa iidiphozithi zeoyile okanye i-aquifers ephelileyo, kwaye ikhethekileyo xa iqhutywa kwimiqolomba edalwe kulwakhiwo lwetyuwa ephantsi komhlaba okanye kwimigodi yamalahle eshiyiweyo.
Okwangoku, umzekelo, kukho iindawo ze-10 zokugcina igesi yendalo e-Italy kunye nomthamo opheleleyo we-16.000 yezigidi ze-cubic metres. EYurophu, iindawo zokugcina zifunyanwa kuphela kwiindawo eziphantse ziphele irhasi.
Olu khetho luyisiphumo seempawu ze-geological zelizwe kunye nenyaniso yokuba ukuchithwa kwamanye amacandelo egesi kunikeze izakhiwo ezifanelekileyo ukusetyenziswa njengeendawo zokugcina.
Ukuphelisa
Xa indawo yegesi iphelile, ukuyekiswa kwezibonelelo zemveliso kulandela. Imisebenzi eqhutywe ngexesha lesigaba sokuphelisa ugunyaziso ibandakanya ukususwa ngokukhuselekileyo kweplanti yonyango lwangaphambili, izakhiwo zeqonga, izakhiwo zokucinezela kunye nezixhobo zokuthumela nge-hydrocarbon, kunye nokususwa kwemithombo yamanzi kunye nemibhobho edibanisa neendawo zokuqokelela.
Emva kokuchithwa kwezixhobo zemveliso, kukho isigaba sokubuyiselwa kokusingqongileyo. Iindawo apho amaqula kunye nezibonelelo zonyango zibekwe kwakhona kwaye zibuyiselwe kwiimeko zangaphambili zokuxhatshazwa, ngokutyalwa kwemifuno kunye nemithi.
Ngokuphathelele ukuchithwa kwezixhobo ze-offshore, imisebenzi yamisa ngokukhuselekileyo kunye nezixhobo kunye nemibhobho edibanisa iqonga kunye nezixhobo zonyango emhlabeni. amaziko onyango lomhlaba.
Le misebenzi ibuthathaka kakhulu kwaye ifuna abasebenzi abakhethekileyo ukunqanda ifuthe elibi lokusingqongileyo. Nje ukuba izibonelelo zisusiwe, iindawo ezifanelekileyo kufuneka zichongwe kwizinto ezingenakuphinda zisetyenziswe kunye nokulahla iimveliso ezinokuthi zingcolise.
Enye indlela yokuphelisa ugunyaziso kunye nokususwa kofakelo olungaphandle kolwandle ibonelela ngokuphinda kusetyenziswe amaqonga angasasetyenziswayo kwindawo njengemiqobo eyenziweyo, umzekelo. Enyanisweni, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuba izakhiwo ezininzi ezenziweyo ezibekwe emanzini avulekileyo ngokukhawuleza zifakwe kwi-benthic macrofauna kunye nenani elikhulu leentlobo zeentlanzi ezifumana indawo yokuhlala efanelekileyo yokuvelisa. Enye indlela kukufakelwa kweeinjini zomoya ezikude nonxweme kumaqonga angasasetyenziswayo.
Enyanisweni, la maqonga aselwandle anokuxhasa ii-injini zomoya ngenzuzo yokuba zikude nonxweme, apho imimoya inamandla kwaye ingaguquguquki, kwaye apho ingenayo impembelelo embi kwimbonakalo yomhlaba. Inketho yokushiya amaqonga aselwandle engasetyenziswanga kufuneka ihlalutywe ngononophelo ngokwembono yendalo esingqongileyo kunye nomthetho.
Sebenzisa
Imveliso yamandla ombane
Ngenxa yeengenelo zayo ezahlukahlukeneyo kwezoqoqosho nakwimekobume, kwiminyaka yakutshanje irhasi yendalo iye yaba yeyona nto iphambili ekuveliseni umbane. Ngexesha leminyaka yoo-70 kunye no-80, imveliso yamandla yayijoliswe kumaziko ombane wamalahle nawenyukliya, kodwa uthotho lweemeko zoqoqosho, okusingqongileyo kunye nobuchwepheshe bubangele utshintsho olubhekiselele kwirhasi.
izityalo zomphunga
Irhasi yendalo ingasetyenziswa njengamafutha kwizityalo zamandla omphunga ukuvelisa umphunga othi, kuxinzelelo oluphezulu, uqhube i-injini yomoya ejikeleza ialternator. Ukwenza umphunga woxinzelelo oluphezulu, amanzi ashushu kakhulu kwibhoyila: xa isikhongozelo sitywinwe ngokwe-hermetically, uxinzelelo lomphunga luyanda kwaye ubaleka ukuya kwi-injini yomoya.
Ngokubhekiselele ekusebenzeni kwezi zityalo, malunga ne-40% yamandla aqulethwe kumafutha aguqulwa abe ngumbane. I-60% eseleyo ilahlekile ngexesha lokuguqulwa kwamandla ekhemikhali abe yi-thermal, mechanical kunye namandla ombane.
izityalo ze-turbo-gas
Irhasi yendalo nayo ingasetyenziswa kwizityalo zamandla e-turbo. Ezi zityalo zamandla ombane we-thermoelectric zithatha ngokuthe ngqo amandla ombane avelisiweyo ngexesha lokutsha kwe-methane (okanye i-diesel) kwaye isebenze ngaphandle kwebhoyila ukuguqula amanzi abe ngumphunga kwaye ngaphandle kwe-condenser ukubuyisela umphunga emanzini.
Isityalo se-turbo-gas senziwe
-Icompressor: ifunxa umoya ovela emoyeni, iyicinezele kwaye iyithumele kwigumbi lokutsha.
– Igumbi lokutsha: ukutsha phakathi komoya kunye namafutha (imethane okanye idizili) kwenzeka kuyo.
-Iinjini yegesi: umxube womoya kunye negesi, kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu, ufikelela kwi-injini yomoya apho ukwandiswa komoya.
Iigesi ezitshisiweyo zijika iiblades ze-rotor kwaye emva koko zisebenze i-alternator, ngaloo ndlela ivelisa
umbane
Iingenelo zezityalo ze-turbo-gas zezi: iindleko eziphantsi zesityalo, ukuqala kwayo ngokukhawuleza nokuba akukho mandla kwinethiwekhi kunye nenyaniso yokuba ezi zityalo azidingi amanzi okupholisa. Kunokwenzeka ukuzakha naphi na nokuba kude nemilambo nolwandle. Ukungalungi kukusebenza okuphantsi kakhulu (malunga ne-30%) kwaye, ke, ixabiso eliphezulu kakhulu lamandla.
Izityalo zomjikelezo odibeneyo
Umjikelo odibeneyo kunye neenkqubo zokudibanisa zezona teknoloji zisebenzayo ukuvelisa umbane kwigesi yendalo. Zombini zisebenzisa ubushushu obuqhele ukulahleka. Amaziko ombane omjikelo odityanisiweyo asebenzisa ubushushu ababuvelisayo ukuvelisa umbane.
Ezi nkqubo zinxulumanisa isityalo se-turbo-gas neqela lomphunga: ubushushu obushiyekileyo bomsi ophuma kubushushu obushiyekileyo bomsi ophuma kwiqela le-turbo-gas busetyenziselwa ukuvelisa umphunga, okwandisa ukusebenza ngama-56%. Ukongezelela, izityalo zomjikelezo odibeneyo zineendleko eziphantsi zokwakha kunye nokugcinwa, kunye nokuthembeka okukhulu kokusebenza.
ukuzalana
Phakathi kwezicelo ezintsha zegesi yendalo kufuneka sikhankanye ukudibanisa, oko kukuthi, ukuveliswa okudibeneyo kwamandla ombane kunye nobushushu. imveliso edibeneyo yombane kunye nobushushu. I-Cogeneration kukusetyenziswa okudibeneyo kwamandla okuqala, njengegesi yendalo, ukuvelisa ubushushu kunye nombane.
Ingcinga isekelwe ekufumaneni nasekusetyenzisweni kobushushu obusetyenzisiweyo obuveliswe ngexesha lokuveliswa kombane obuya kulahleka kwezinye izityalo, ngaloo ndlela bungasebenzi kakuhle kunokuvelisa.
Ngokomzekelo, i-injini ye-methane ivelisa umbane kunye nokukhutshwa kwegesi ephumayo kusetyenziswa njengomthombo we-thermal, oko kukuthi, ukufudumeza amanzi.
Ngale ndlela, amandla ombane kunye ne-thermal energy aveliswa ngendlela edibeneyo. Ukuba beziveliswa ngeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo, kuya kufuneka izixa ezikhulu zamandla aphambili. Le nkqubo ilungiselela ukusetyenziswa kwe
imithombo yamandla enenzuzo ebalulekileyo kwezoqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo.
Irhasi yendalo yeyona nto inenzuzo enkulu ngokwembono yezoqoqosho ngokubhekiselele kwishishini kunye noshishino lokuvelisa usetyenziso, ngaphezu kwayo yonke loo nto ngenxa yeendleko zayo ezisezantsi ezizinzileyo kunye nolawulo nangenxa yokuba iyeyona mafutha efosili ecocekileyo.
Uluhlu olubanzi lweetekhnoloji zokuhlangana zisasetyenziswa okwangoku, kubandakanywa iiyunithi ezincinci ezihlanganiswe kwangaphambili ezibandakanya onke amacandelo ayimfuneko enkqubo yokudibanisa. Ezi nkqubo zifumaneka ukusuka kwi-2,2 kW ukuya kumakhulu aliqela efomati ye-MW. Ezi ziimeko zokuveliswa kwe-micro, oku kuthetha ukuba ngaxeshanye kunye nokuveliswa kwendawo yamandla okushisa kunye nombane.
Enkosi kuphuhliso lwetekhnoloji yee turbines zerhasi zendalo ezintsha nezisebenzayo ngakumbi, ukuhlangana
eyayisetyenziswa kuphela licandelo lemizi-mveliso elikhulu, isasazeka kumashishini amancinci naphakathi kunye necandelo lesithathu.
Ngokukodwa, iinkqubo zokudibanisa zimela isisombululo esisebenzayo sokunciphisa iindleko zombane kunye nezixhobo zephepha kunye neyeza, i-textile, i-oyile yokucocwa kunye, ngokukodwa, i-petrochemical industries, kunye nezibhedlele, iiyunivesithi, iihotele, amaziko ekhompyutheni kunye neendawo zokuthenga.
ishishini lezothutho
Irhasi yendalo isenokusetyenziswa njengamafutha ezithuthi. Irhasi yendalo ineengenelo ezininzi kunezinye izibaso zezithuthi: eyokuqala kukuba sisibaso sendalo. Enyanisweni, inomxholo wekhabhoni ephantsi kwaye ayinayo i-hydrocarbons enuka kamnandi, isulfure okanye ilothe.
Xa kuthelekiswa neemoto zepetroli, izithuthi zegesi yendalo zivelisa malunga ne-25% ngaphantsi
ikharbon diokside kwaye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, azikhuphi iinxalenye (ezenziwe ngamasuntswana amnyama ngokwaneleyo ukuba abonakale njengomsi okanye umsizi, kodwa zincinci ngokwaneleyo ukuba zibonwe kuphela ngemicroscope), ibenzene, okanye ezinye iihydrocarbons ezinevumba elimnandi.
Ukongeza, zikhupha icarbon monoxide encinci, initrogen oxides kunye neehydrocarbons ezingatshiyo (ezi
(Ezi hydrocarbons zingatshiyo ziquka ikakhulu imethane.) Ngaphezu koko, ukukhutshwa kwesulfure dioxide, unobangela oyintloko wemvula eneasidi, akukho nto. unobangela wemvula eneasidi. Irhasi yendalo ayinayo imiphumo eyingozi kwimpilo yabantu ukuba iihydrocarbons ezininzi zinayo.
Ngokukodwa, i-hydrocarbons esebenzayo kakhulu phambi kwe-nitrogen oxides kunye nokukhanya kwelanga kunokuvelisa i-ozone ephantsi, igesi enokubangela ukufa kwinqanaba le-ozone, igesi enokubangela ukucaphukisa kwinkqubo yokuphefumla kwaye inokuvelisa i-photochemical smog.
I-Benzene kunye nezinye ii-polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons (PAHs), kwelinye icala, zithathwa njengezona zinokubangela umhlaza.
ukuhamba kwemoto
Inegalelo elikhulu kwimbuyekezo ye-PAH ekhutshwayo kwiindawo ezixakekileyo zasezidolophini, ngakumbi xa ubume bezithuthi (izibane zendlela, iindawo ezidityanisiweyo, njl.njl.) zinyanzela iinjini zeemoto ukuba ziqhube rhoqo kwiimeko ezidlulayo.
Enkosi kubuchwephesha beenjini zangoku, ukukhutshwa kwezi zinto kwizithuthi ezihamba ngerhasi yendalo kuncitshiswe kakhulu okanye
phantse ukungabikho (njengakwimeko yebenzene).
Nangona kunjalo, ukwenza uphononongo olupheleleyo lweemoto ezixhaswa yirhasi yendalo xa kuthelekiswa nezo zinikwa amandla ngamafutha emveli, kuyafuneka ukuvavanya iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo kuwo wonke umjikelo wobomi benguqu yamandla; oko kukuthi, ukuhlalutya zonke izigaba, kubandakanywa ukutsalwa, ukuveliswa kunye nokuthuthwa kwamafutha.
Uhlalutyo kufuneka luthathele ingqalelo ezinye izinto, ezifana nokufumaneka kwemithombo yamandla kwixesha elizayo. kwixesha elizayo. Injongo yolu phononongo kukukhokela usetyenziso ngokubhekiselele kusetyenziso olusebenzayo lwemithombo yamandla, ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga amandla nakwindawo yokusingqongileyo.
Ukongeza kwiimpawu ezikhankanyiweyo, umjikelo wobomi begesi yendalo unezinye iimpawu ezenza kube luncedo ngakumbi xa kuthelekiswa namanye amafutha. Enyanisweni, igesi yendalo inokusetyenziswa
ngokuthe ngqo njengamafutha ngexesha lokukhutshwa, emva kokucubungula okuqhelekileyo, akufuni ukucocwa.
Ithuthwa ngothungelwano lwemibhobho yegesi edityaniswe ngokuthe ngqo kwizikhululo zenkonzo ye-methane, kwaye ezinikezela ngokungenasiphazamiso, ngaphandle kokufuna ukugcinwa kwiitanki kwaye ngaphandle kokuchaphazela i-traffic okanye ukuthuthwa kwendlela.
Ngokungafaniyo neefutha ezingamanzi, inkqubo yokufaka i-refueling, iqinile-noxinzelelo, ayinalahleko ngokwenyani ngenxa yokumka komphunga. Phakathi kwamafutha ezithuthi ezine asetyenziswayo ngoku (ipetroli, i-LPG yedizili kunye ne-methane), imethane yeyona inexabiso eliphantsi.
Ukugubungela umgama ofanayo, ukusetyenziswa kwemethane konga ukuya kutsho kuma-65% xa kuthelekiswa nepetroli, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-45% xa kuthelekiswa nedizili ukuya kuthi ga kwi-30% xa kuthelekiswa neLPG.
IJamani, iItali, iSwitzerland, iSweden kunye neOstriya ngamanye amazwe aseYurophu asebenzisa i-methane kakhulu.
inkqubo yemethane
Inkqubo yemethane yokuqhubela injini ilula. Izithuthi ziqhele ukwakhelwa ukuba zigalelwe ngemethane kunye nepetroli. I-methane ifakwe kwiibhotile (ebekwe kwisithuthi) kwi-"compressed" gaseous state, kuxinzelelo oluphezulu (200 bar). Imethane ifika, ngemibhobho ekhethekileyo, ukuya kwisinciphisi esondla ii-injector zeenjini zokutsha zangaphakathi kuxinzelelo oluphantsi.
Inzwa yoxinzelelo ithumela umqondiso kwisalathisi sobungakanani bemethane kunye nepaneli yombane elawula ii-injector ze-fuel kunye ne-valve yokuvula kunye nokuvala ibhotile. Isithuthi sixhotyiswe nge-methane-petroli switch enokuthi isebenze nanini na.
Isithuthi sihlala sihamba nge-methane, kodwa ukuba, ngelixa uqhuba, uxinzelelo lwegesi ngaphakathi kweesilinda lungaphantsi koxinzelelo oluncinci, ulawulo lwe-injini ye-elektroniki luguqula ngokuzenzekelayo ukusebenza kwipetroli. Emva kokuba i-petroli inikezelwe, uxinzelelo kwi-cylinders luyabuyiselwa kwaye imoto iqalisa ukuhamba kwi-methane.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuncitshiswa okuphezulu kokukhutshwa kombhobho, izithuthi zemethane kufuneka zisebenzise i-catalyst efanelekileyo ukuphelisa ii-hydrocarbons ezishiyekileyo eziphuma ekutshisweni kwemethane. Ngapha koko, i-methane oxides inzima kakhulu ukuyikhupha kune-hydrocarbons kwaye ke ngoko kuyafuneka ukwamkela i-catalyst ephawulwa sisixa esiphakamileyo sesinyithi esinembeko (esebenza njengezinto ezishukumisayo) kunezixhasi eziqhelekileyo.
iinjongo zoshishino
Imizi-mveliso isebenzisa irhasi yendalo kungekuphela nje ukufudumeza okanye ukupholisa okusingqongileyo, kodwa nokwenza iinkqubo zemveliso zisebenze ngakumbi, zingabizi mali ininzi kunye nendalo. Olona setyenziso lubalulekileyo lunemveliso
-Ishishini lokutya: ukuqhotsa i-malt kunye nekofu, ukulungiswa kwenyama (ukubhaka, i-salami yesinongo), ukubhaka iimveliso zokubhaka (isonka, izinti zesonka, iilekese)
- imboni ye-metallurgical: ezona zicelo zixhaphakileyo zihambelana nentsimbi kunye ne-alloys yayo, intsimbi kunye nentsimbi. Isetyenziselwa kwiziko lonyango lwe-thermal, kwiinkqubo apho kufuneka khona umoya olawulwayo, njl.
iithayile kunye neeseramikhi: irhasi isetyenziselwa ikakhulu ukuveliswa kweethayile kunye neethayile, ngokunjalo nakwiziko.
izitya kunye neglasi kunye necandelo lobugcisa beseramikhi. Kwintsimi yezitena (izitena, iileyile), ukomisa kunye nokutshiza okutshisayo okusebenzayo kunye negesi yendalo kwenza kube lula ukubonelela ngeemveliso ngenkangeleko emnandi yobuhle xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela. Ukusetyenziswa kwegesi kuye kwenza "ukupheka ngokukhawuleza" kunokwenzeka, ukunciphisa kakhulu amaxesha okuvelisa;
Iinjongo ezongezelelweyo
- iglasi: ukungabikho kweentsalela zokutsha kunye nokulawulwa lula kweqondo lokushisa kwenza irhasi ifaneleke kakhulu ukondla imijikelo eqhubekayo yokuvelisa "ishidi" kunye neglasi "emgodini";
- ubucwebe: ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo kunye nokucoceka komlilo, igesi yendalo isetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa kunye ne-welding yezinto ezixabisekileyo;
– ukuluka: igesi yendalo inika amandla afunekayo ekuchebeni iinwele kunye nokubeka ubushushu
– ishishini iphepha: imethane isetyenziselwa ukomisa ngokukhawuleza inki.
Olunye usetyenziso
Ukusetyenziswa kwicandelo lezorhwebo
Ukusetyenziswa kwerhasi kurhwebo kubandakanya ukufakwa efrijini (i-conditioning kunye nefriji), iinkonzo zokutya (ukupheka), iimotels kunye neehotele (ukufudumeza kwangaphakathi), izibhedlele, imisebenzi yoluntu kunye neentengiso.
Ngombulelo kumandla abo aphezulu, i-air conditioners yegesi yendalo ibonisa eyona ndlela isebenzayo kwiinkqubo zombane eziqhelekileyo.
Iinkqubo zombane zisetyenziselwa zombini ukuqinisekisa amanqanaba aphakamileyo okuthuthuzela kwizakhiwo zoluntu (amakhaya, izibhedlele, iihotele, izakhiwo zeofisi), kunye nokuhlangabezana neemfuno zecandelo lezoshishino (i-air conditioning emsebenzini, iinkqubo zokuvelisa, ukugcinwa kokutya, njl njl).
Izitofu zegesi zithandwa kakhulu kwicandelo lokutyela: ndiyabulela kubo kunokwenzeka ukulinganisa ukushisa ngendlela efanelekileyo ngokuhluka kobunzima bomlilo. Ukongezelela, ngexesha lokupheka kwi-oven, ukutshiswa kwe-methane kukhulula umphunga wamanzi, othambisa ukutya, ukuthintela ukuba kumiswe.
Ezi mpawu, ukongeza ekuqinisekiseni ukuqhubeka kobonelelo, zenza imethane ngowona mthombo uxatyisiweyo weenjongo zasekhaya nezobuchwephesha.
iinjongo zasekhaya
Irhasi yendalo yeyona nto ibalaseleyo yamafutha esetyenziselwa iinjongo zasekhaya (iziko lerhasi, ukufudumeza, amanzi ashushu), njengoko ingeyiyo kuphela awona acocekileyo kuzo zonke izibaso zefosili, kodwa ikwangowona mbulelo uluncedo kwiindleko eziphantsi.
Uqikelelo lubone kwangaphambili ukunyuka kwe-30% yokusetyenziswa kwegesi yasekhaya ngo-2020. Ukusetyenziswa kwegesi yendalo yasekhaya kukufudumala. Iipesenti ezingama-35 zeentsapho zaseYurophu zineenkqubo zokufudumeza ezisembindini ezibonelela ngobushushu kwizindlu ezininzi.
Isizukulwana esabiweyo
Kwiminyaka emininzi kukho intetho "ngesizukulwana esabiweyo" kunye "nokuveliswa kwamandla", oko kukuthi, ukuveliswa kwamandla emzimbeni kufutshane nabasebenzisi. Kutshanje, la magama alandelayo aye abaluleke ngakumbi kwaye anomxholo:
– Ukukhululwa kwemarike yegesi kunye nombane kunye nenyaniso yokuba umbane awukwazi ukuhlangabezana nemfuno ephezulu kunye nesiphumo sokucima okucwangcisiweyo.
- Ingxaki yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kokungcola emoyeni kunye nenkxaso yoluntu kwimithombo yamandla evuselelweyo okanye ezo ziphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwemithombo yefosili.
Ezinye izinto
-Into enokwenzeka, ngokuvelisa amandla kufutshane nabasebenzisi, ukucwangcisa ukuhlanganiswa, okubandakanya okukhulu
ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla,
-ukunciphisa ilahleko yezothutho kunye nokusabalalisa kunye nokunciphisa okubonakalayo kokuphuma kwi-atmosfera.
-Ixabiso eliphantsi lotyalo-mali ngenxa yobukhulu obuncinci bezityalo.
-Ithuba lokufakela umbane kwiindawo ezikude kunye nokwenza ilizwe libe sengozini yokuguquguquka kwexabiso lamafutha e-fossil
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuphuhlisa, ukongeza kwimveliso yamandla ephakathi, izityalo ezincinci zamandla (oko kukuthi i-micro-generation), ezibekwe kwintsimi kwaye zakhiwe ngobuchwepheshe obudibanisa ukusebenza kunye nokukhutshwa okuphantsi kunye notyalo-mali oluphantsi kunye nokuthembeka okugqwesileyo.
Ukongeza, ukuba uyakholelwa ukuba le nto ibiluncedo kuwe, ungajongana namanye amanqaku ethu simahla ngolwazi olunxulumeneyo:
Ulwazi malunga ne unikezelo lombane kunye negesi evela kwi-Iberdrola
Endesa: Bhalisa Iinkonzo zegesi kunye nokukhanya
amanyathelo okusetyenziswa Ok uMbane kunye negesi e-Ok esuka e-Endesa