Xa Iseva ye-DNS ayiphenduli Kuyimfuneko ukufaka uhlaziyo kunye nezilungiso ukufumana isisombululo, wazi ukuba zeziphi izisombululo ngokufunda inqaku elilandelayo.
Iseva ye-DNS ayiphenduli
Ngamaxesha amaninzi sijonga xa sizama ukwenza unxibelelwano kwi-intanethi, isilumkiso esithi "iseva ye-DNS ayiphenduli". Olu lwazi lunokuvela nangaliphi na ixesha, ukuze umsebenzisi othuke ngokupheleleyo kwaye engazi ukuba enze ntoni.
Uloyiko lungena emzimbeni wethu kwaye siqala ukucinga malunga noko kwenzekileyo. Ngokukhawuleza sichwetheza amatyeli aliqela ukukhangela uhlobo oluthile lokuphendula kwikhompyuter. Nangona kunjalo akukho nto yenzekayo kwaye isikrini sihlala silumkiso. Izenzo ezahlukeneyo zinokwenziwa njengokuqalisa kwakhona i-router, imodem, ukucima izixhobo kunye nokunxibelelana kwakhona, kodwa umyalezo uyavela kwakhona.
Lixesha lokuphanda ke ukuba kutheni le nto iserver ye-DNS ingaphenduli. Ukufumanisa ukuba yintoni enokwenziwa kunye nokusombulula ingxaki, sicebisa ukuba uqhubeke ufunda eli nqaku apho siza kukunika iingcebiso.
Unokufunda inqaku elihambelana nesi sihloko ngokunqakraza kule khonkco Isebenza njani i-intanethi?, apho unokuqonda ezinye zeendlela zokusombulula olu hlobo lwengxaki.
Yintoni i-DNS?
Kwilizwe lekhompyuter ithathwa njengeseva yedomeyini apho kusekwa amagama athile kunye neekhowudi; evumela ukwenza uqhagamshelo lwe-intanethi lusebenze, ngesiNgesi (kwiNkqubo yeDomain Name System) i-DNS.
Inoxanduva lokuguqula amagama ezindawo ezikhoyo kwiwebhu, eziza kwiidilesi zamanani ezibizwa ngokuba yi-IP, zibe ziifomathi ezinamagama ahambelana neWebhu yeWebhu.
Inkqubo isasazwa kwihlabathi liphela. Ke xa sijonga kwi-intanethi, singena kwihlabathi leekhowudi ekufuneka zisuswe kwi-DNS. Ikhompyuter nganye iyakwazi ukunxibelelana neseva yohlobo lwe-DNS.
Kulapho umyalezo uyajongwa, iserver ye-DNS ayiphenduli, oko kuthetha ukuba siphambi kokusikwa kukufikelela kwi-intanethi. Umncedisi we-DNS uvumela ukumisela iidilesi ze-IP ukulawula amaphepha ngendlela, apho umsebenzisi angawaqonda ngayo.
Umsebenzi uqukethe oku kulandelayo: Xa umsebenzisi engena kwidilesi kwiinjini yokukhangela, kwangoko iseva ye-DNS yiyo elawula ukuyifumana kwinethiwekhi. Emva koko idibanisa idilesi ye-IP kwaye iyiguqule ibe ziifomathi ezigqityiweyo ezibonisa iphepha lilonke.
Njengomzekelo sinokubona ukuba sibeka idilesi ye-IP yeGoogle 70.304.899.100 kwinjini yokukhangela, iphepha lasekhaya likaGoogle liyavela ngokukhawuleza. Abaphuhlisi bakholelwa ukuba abantu babamba amagama ngcono kunamanani. Ngesi sizathu benza i-DNS server enoxanduva lokutshintsha idilesi ye-IP yegama elithile.
Nangona kunjalo, kuyathakazelisa ukwazi ukuba lonke iphepha lewebhu elikhona kwinethiwekhi linedilesi ye-IP. Oku kunje luhlobo lwenombolo yefowuni evumela iserver ukuba ikubeke kwaye ikubonise umsebenzisi.
Kutheni le nto kusilela?
Ukufumanisa oyena nobangela wesiphoso, kufuneka sigqibe ngezinto ezimbalwa. Kuqala fumana ukuba unxibelelwano luzinzile okanye luphazamisekile. Kunokubakho izizathu ezahlukeneyo zokuba unqamlezo lothumelo lwenzekile.
Unxibelelwano lunokuphazanyiswa nangasiphi na isizathu kwaye lelo nqaku apho ukukhangela isisombululo kufuneka kugxile khona. Makhe sijonge kwezinye iimeko ezinokubangela ukuba iserver ye-DNS ingaphenduli.
Indawo efihlakeleyo engaphaya
Ezi ntlobo zeefayile zihlala zingena kwikhompyuter yethu ngalo lonke ixesha sivula iphepha lewebhu. Ziyimfuneko kuba zikuvumela ukuba wenze kusebenze imiyalelo ethile ukuze iphepha livulwe ngokupheleleyo. Ngamanye amaxesha ezi fayile ziqulatha umxholo okhohlakeleyo.
Ke kubalulekile ukuba wazi ukuba loluphi uhlobo lwamaphepha avulwa kwi-Intanethi. Gcina i-firewall okanye i-firewall eza nenkqubo yokusebenza esebenzayo. Amaxesha amaninzi umyalezo othi "iseva ye-DNS ayiphenduli" unokuthintela iifayile ezithile ze-junk ekubeni zikhutshelwe.
Ukugcwala kwiiseva
Xa sisenza unxibelelwano kwiiofisi okanye kwindawo apho kukho abasebenzisi abaninzi, iserver ihlala izalisa. Oku kunokubangela ukuba unxibelelwano lunqunyelwe xa ukugcwala kwabantu kunzima kakhulu. Ezinye iiseva zineenkqubo zokhuselo ngokuchasene nokusasazeka kokuhambisa, kwaye ziyaqhubeka nokusasaza umyalezo. Qinisekisa ukuba awukho kwindawo ephezulu yezithuthi.
Unxibelelwano olubi
Unxibelelwano kungenzeka lufumaneke kwiiseva ezithile. Oku okwenxalenye yabo akuhambisi ngamandla aneleyo. Abakwazi ukuhambisa ngamandla okanye iiMbps eziyimfuneko kunxibelelwano, ngoko nangoko umyalezo "Iseva ye-DNS ayiphenduli" uyavela.
Iingxaki zendlela kunye neemodem
Kuhlala kulungile ukujonga nokucoca ezi zixhobo, ezisoloko zibhenceka eluthulini nasekufuma. Ngaphambi kokuzifaka, cinga ngendawo engenakho ukufuma nothuli. Ukuba awukalithathi elo lungiselelo, zama ukwenza ulondolozo ekugqibeleni ukuze ususe konke ukungcola okushiywe luthuli. Amaxesha amaninzi bathanda ukubambeka kwaye babangele ezi ntlobo zeengxaki.
Jonga ukuba uqhagamshelo lombane luxhunyiwe ngokufanelekileyo. Kunokwenzeka ukuba kusikwe amandla okungalindelekanga okunokonakalisa ezinye ii-microcircuits. Dibana nengcali ukuba ngaba umbane ucinyiwe kwindawo yakho.
Izisombululo
Sele siyazi ingxaki emelwe kukuvela komyalezo: i-DNS server ayiphenduli. Ukuphelisa le meko siza kubonisa izindululo ezinokuthi zibe sisisombululo kule ngxaki.
Ngaphandle kweemeko ezithi zenzeke ekugqibeleni ngomboneleli ngenkonzo, njengokuyeka usasazo ngenxa yokungahlawuli, kunye nokufumana inkonzo ngomboneleli, kunye nokwahlulwa kunye nokusilela kudluliso, inokuba yinxalenye yokukhangela isisombululo, masibone.
Qala kabusha iPC
Ngamanye amaxesha olu hlobo lwesenzo lunokubangela ukuqala kwakhona kwezinto ezithile ukwenza ubukho kwakhona kwiseva ye-DNS. Kulungile ukucima izixhobo kwaye ushiye kulindelwe malunga nemizuzu eli-10. Emva koko uyilayite kwakhona kwaye ulinde ukubona ukuba unxibelelwano luqala kwakhona.
Enye indlela kukucima ikhompyuter kwaye ubambe isitshixo "faka" umzuzu, oku kunceda ukukhulula imemori ye-RAM yeefayile ezithile. Ukuba le nkqubo ayisebenzi, sicebisa ukuba uqhubeke nokufunda ukuze ufumane esinye isisombululo.
Qala kabusha i-router
Njengeekhompyuter, ezi zixhobo zinememori encinci ye-RAM, esoloko ifumana idatha kunye nolwazi ekufuneka ilwenzile ngokukhawuleza. Yenza isenzo ngeendlela ezimbini; cima isixhobo seRouters kwaye ushiye imizuzu eli-10. Emva koko uyilayite kwakhona kwaye ujonge ukuba ungayisombulula na ingxaki.
Enye inkqubo kukucima i-router kwaye unqamule zonke iintambo. Jonga nganye kwaye nokuba kunokwenzeka ukutshintsha iintambo zonxibelelwano. Amaxesha amaninzi kunokugcwala kwaye kunxibe iingxaki kubo. Buyisela umbane emva kwemizuzu embalwa kwaye ujonge.
Qalisa isisombululo
Ukuba ingxaki iyaqhubeka, sebenzisa ingxaki yokusombulula ingxaki efunyenwe kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo yeWindows yeWindows. Kwimeko yeewindows 10, iphepha lokumiselwa kwenkqubo liyavula, emva koko sifumane isicombululi ngxaki kunye nokuphononongwa "Unxibelelwano lwe-Intanethi".
Xa ucofa kwi-troubleshooter, inkqubo ngokwayo iqala ukwenza umsebenzi othatha imizuzu embalwa. Ke ekupheleni kwenkqubo, inkqubo ngokwayo inikezela uthotho lwezisombululo, apho umsebenzisi anokwenza khona ukuze afumanise ukuba ngaba le nkqubo iyakwazi ukuzisombulula.
Nangona kunjalo sinokuqinisekisa ezinye iipropathi ezinokunceda ukusombulula ingxaki. Qaphela ukuba uqhagamshelo luzinzile kwaye ungazama nokuqinisekisa ukuba abaqhubi okanye abaqhubi bahlaziyiwe. Siyakumema ukuba ubone eli nqaku Indlela yokufaka abaqhubi? ukufunda okungakumbi malunga nesi sihloko.
Zama esinye isikhangeli
Ngamanye amaxesha isikhangeli esisisebenzisayo sinokuhambelana neengxaki ezithile. Kwenzekile ukuba ukusilela konxibelelwano kubangelwe kukuhambelana kwezixhobo zokusebenza. Ngamanye amagama, ingxelo yenkqubo yokusebenza ayihambelani nohlobo lwesikhangeli.
Jonga imodeli yekhompyuter ngokunqakraza kwi "panel yolawulo", emva koko "kwinkqubo yokhuseleko" kwaye ucinezele "system". Apho uyakufumana iimpawu zenkqubo yokusebenza ebalekayo kwikhompyuter. Jonga ukuba inkqubo yokusebenza iyahambelana nemodeli yekhompyuter.
Ukuba kunjalo, zama ukufaka isikhangeli esihambelana nekhompyuter yakho. Kukho inani elikhulu labakhangeli kwiimarike ezinokukhutshelwa simahla. Phakathi kwabo sineGoogle Chrome, iMozilla Firefox, iMicrosoft Edge, iSafari phakathi kwabanye. Ukuba unayo nayiphi na efakiweyo, zive ukhululekile ukwenza uhlaziyo olufanelekileyo.
Kodwa ukuba ikhompyuter yakho iyimodeli yangaphambi kuka-2005 engama-32-bit, sukuhlaziya nayiphi na inkqubo yokusebenza. Yiya kwiphepha elinye "leempawu zenkqubo" kwaye ucime uhlaziyo lwenkqubo, oku kuya kuvumela izixhobo ukuba zihlale zisebenza kuphela ngenkqubo efakiweyo. Yiyo loo nto ihlala izinzile kwaye ingaguqukanga ixesha elide.
Khubaza i-Firewall
Uninzi lweenkqubo ezisebenzayo zinaba bakhuseli ababandakanyiweyo ngaphakathi kwinkqubo yokhuseleko. Zisetyenziselwa ukuthintela ukonakala kwenkqubo yokusebenza ngokwayo. Kwimeko yeWindows eyona nkqubo isetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi; Kuyacetyiswa ukukhubaza iWindows firewall.
Buyela "kuseto lwenkqubo" kwaye ufumane uhlaziyo lomlilo kwicala lasekhohlo. Qhubeka nokucofa iqhosha lokukhubaza emva koko uqale kabusha ikhompyuter. Jonga ukuba i-firewall ngunobangela weserver ye-DNS engaphenduli.
Ukucoca iicache
Njengoko besitshilo ekuqaleni, indawo yokugcina i-DNS ineefayile zokugcina ukuze kungafuneki ukuba uzikhuphele kwakhona xa kuvulwa iphepha elithile kwakhona. Ezi fayile zincinci zigcinwe kwiifolda ezahlukeneyo kwikhompyuter yakho ebizwa ngokuba yi-% temp%, temp, kunye ne-Prefetch.
Kukho iindlela ezininzi ezinceda kakhulu ukucoca i-cache yeseva ye-DNS, masibone ezona nkqubo zintle, eziqala kumgaqo osetyenziswa kwikhompyuter nakwezinye apho kwenziwa khona ngomyalelo wokuyalela. Unokufunda ngakumbi ngezi zihloko ngokunqakraza kwikhonkco elilandelayo Imiyalelo yenethiwekhi
Indlela ye-1
Iifolda ekuthethwa ngazo mazicocwe kwaye mazifezekiswe ngale nkqubo ilandelayo. Qhubeka ukubeka igama elithi «phumeza» kwindawo yokukhangela yokuqala, emva koko kwiinjini yokukhangela ebonisa "phumeza" indawo enye yamagama aboniswe phezulu (% temp%, temp okanye Prefetch), emva koko ukhethe zonke iifayile ifunyanwa nganye yazo kunye nee-boleros.
Le ngxaki inokuthintela ukunciphisa ukucotha kwekhompyuter, oko kuthetha ukuba ngexesha lonxibelelwano lwe-intanethi ngokukhawuleza. Kwelinye icala, isikhangeli ngokwaso sineendlela zokuphelisa ezi cache.
Kwiphepha eliphambili leinjini yokukhangela, kuya kufuneka ubeke indawo apho kukho izixhobo, ngokubanzi sisiqwenga setyhula esifana neseemoto, okanye amachaphaza amathathu amileyo. Fumana apho kufumaneka khona i-cache. Ezi zikwafumaneka apho ikhoyo imbali yokukhangela. Cima zonke iifayile ezigciniweyo.
Indlela ye-2
Indlela esiza kuyichaza ngokulandelayo luhlobo lwesisombululo kwindalo iphela kwaye ifuna ukuphelisa yonke i-cache ekwiikhompyuter. Kuxhomekeka kwimeko yengxaki, inokusebenza ngakumbi kuneyokuqala.
Inkqubo elandelayo; Kwinjini yokukhangela ekhaya sibeka igama elithi "cmd", emva koko xa livela kwimenyu sicofa kwi icon. Ngokukhawuleza kuboniswa isikrini esimnyama apho sibonisa ukuba umyalelo wokuvula uvuliwe.
Emva kokwenza lo myalelo sibeka oku kulandelayo ngaphandle kwezicatshulwa: "ipconfig / release" kwaye ucinezela ukungena, kuvela imenyu enkulu ecoca ii-cache. Emva koko beka oku kulandelayo: "ipconfig / renew" kwaye ucinezele u- "Enter". Inkqubo iqala ukwenza umsebenzi wokucoca ezi fayile.
Ungafaka isicelo se- "ipconfig / flushdns" c "ipconfig / registerdns" yokucoca imiyalelo. Le miyalelo icwangcisiwe ukuqala kwakhona i-DNS yekhompyuter, eya kuthi ifane nohlobo lokusetha kwakhona. Yima ithutyana kwaye ujonge ukuba unxibelelwano luzinzile ngokujonga nje iscreen ukubona ukuba igama "i-DNS server ayiphenduli" alibonisi.
Ezi ntshukumo zinokunceda ukwenza ukuba inkumbulo iqhubeke ngokutyibilikayo, ikhulule indawo yememori, kwaye iphathe inani elikhulu ledatha evela kwi-Intanethi. Ukuba ingxaki isaqhubeka nale nkqubo, siyakumema ukuba uqhubeke nokufunda iingcebiso.
Sebenzisa enye i-DNS
Ukuxinana kwe-DNS inokuba sisizathu sokuba izixhobo zethu zibonise umyalezo "Iseva ye-DNS ayiphenduli". Ngesi sizathu singacebisa ukutshintsha iserver kunye nokusebenzisa umntu wesithathu. Kubalulekile ukuba wazi ukuba umboneleli ngenkonzo wethu wabela i-DNS ngokudropha.
Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye iiseva ezinokuthi zikhethwe ngumsebenzisi ngokwakhe ukuphelisa uxhulumaniso lwezithuthi. Olu hlobo lotshintsho lunokulungisa ingxaki malunga neseva ye-DNS engaphenduliyo. Inkqubo yenza utshintsho kumzila kwaye ifake ikhowudi kwiseva entsha ye-DNS, kodwa masibone ukuba yenziwa njani.
Kuqala sithatha izingqinisiso ezithile zeedilesi zeseva ze-DNS, ezikhoyo kwinethiwekhi, nganye inenombolo emele idilesi yeseva ye-DNS. Olu luhlu lulandelayo lubonisa leyo ufuna ukuyidibanisa, sibonisa ezona sizithatha njengezibaluleke kakhulu:
- IBM Quad9, 9.9.9.9
- Evel3, 209.244.0.3 kunye 209.244.0.4
- Google, 8.8.8.8 kunye 8.8.4.4
- BUKELA, i-84.200.69.80 kunye ne-84.200.70.40
- I-Verisign, i-64.6.64.6 kunye ne-64.6.65.6
- IComodo Secure DNS, 8.26.56.26 kunye 8.20.247.20
- Ikhaya le-OpenDNS, 208.67.222.222 kunye ne-208.67.220.220
- SafeDNS, 195.46.39.39 kunye 195.46.39.40
- I-OpenNIC, 96.90.175.167 kunye ne-193.183.98.154
- ISmartViper, 208.76.50.50 kunye ne208.76.51.51
- UDyn, 216.146.35.35 kunye no-216.146.36.36
- I-FreeDNS, i-37.235.1.174 kunye ne-37.235.1.177
Emva koko siqhubeka nokutshintsha idilesi ye-DNS kwikhompyuter yethu yeWindows, senza oku kulandelayo: Siya ku "Uqwalaselo", emva koko sijonge "Inethiwekhi kunye ne-Intanethi", sifumana "Guqula ukhetho lweadaptha". Emva koko sizifumana kwaye nqakraza kwiqhosha lasekunene kwaye ucofe ku "Properties".
Emva kwexesha sijonga uhlobo lwenkqubo ye-intanethi 4 (TCP / IPv4) kunye ne "Properties", emva koko sisebenzisa ezi dilesi zeseva zilandelayo. Apho sibeka khona kwaye sitshintsha iidilesi ezibonisiweyo. Njengoko uza kubona, kukho iidilesi ezibekwe ngumboneleli ngokuzithandela.
Beka kuwo nawaphi na manani avela kuluhlu olungentla. Jonga ukuba yeyiphi na icomputer oyisebenzisayo. Kwinkqubo ye-Mac kusetyenziswa le nkqubo ilandelayo: Khangela "uKhetho lweNkqubo", emva koko uye ku- "Inethiwekhi", ukhethe unxibelelwano olusetyenziswayo kwaye ucofe ku "Phambili".
Emva koko yiya kwi "DNS" isithuba kwaye ucinezele iqhosha + kwaye wongeze amanani kuludwe ebesikade silinika. Ngolu tshintsho, ngekhe uphinde ube nakho ukubona isilumkiso "Iseva ye-DNS ayiphenduli."
Ukuba ingxaki iyaqhubeka, qhagamshelana nomnikezeli wakho weenkonzo ze-intanethi ngokukhawuleza. Banezinye izixhobo ezizezinye kunye neendlela ezinokusombulula ingxaki.
Siyathemba ukuba sincede ekusombululeni ingxaki enxulumene neseva ye-DNS engaphenduliyo. Ngumnqweno wethu ukuba sibe negalelo kwinkozo yesanti kulwazi lwezixhobo ezithile ukusombulula oku kuqhekeka kunye nokusilela. Ngamanye amaxesha zibangela ukucaphuka kunye nokulibaziseka kwimisebenzi ethile.