Los iintlobo zee-microprocessors Ziluthotho lwamaqhekeza ohlobo lweesekethe afunyenwe kwikhompyuter, ebavumela ukuba benze imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, kweli nqaku uza kufunda ngakumbi ngesi sihloko.
Iindidi zemicroprocessors
Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeemicroprocessors kwintengiso. Zizizixhobo ezincinci ezisebenza uku-odola iinkqubo ezenziwa kwiikhompyuter. Le misebenzi isusela ekusombululeni iingxaki ze-arithmetic kulwazi lweenkcukacha. Bacinga ukuboniswa kwedatha enxulumene nemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ekufuneka yenziwe yikhompyuter ...
Iindidi ze-microprocessors zinoxanduva lokuqondisa kunye nokulawula ukuhamba kwalo lonke ulwazi oluveliswe kwikhompyuter. Ngokukodwa kwibhodi apho imemori kunye nesiseko semodyuli zibekwe khona.
Ezizi?
IiMicroprocessors zenza ukuba amandla ekhompyuter asebenze kwaye asebenze. Xa ikhompyuter isebenza ngokugqibeleleyo kungenxa yokuba ineentlobo ezaneleyo zemicroprocessors ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Ukuvumela ukuba wenze imisebenzi ngokufanelekileyo. Izixhobo ezincinci zihlala zihlelwe ngokweendidi ezimbini okanye iinxalenye
Inye ibizwa ngokuba yi-UC okanye iyunithi yolawulo, inoxanduva lokuhambisa inani ledatha eyahlukeneyo ngekhompyuter. Icandelo lesibini lenziwe zii-ALUs okanye ii-arithmetic processing units. Evelisa iinkqubo zokwenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo enengqiqo kunye nezibalo.
Isantya sekhompyuter sixhomekeka kakhulu kwiindidi zeeprosesa. Isantya sichaphazela inani lemisebenzi enokwenziwa liqela ngexesha elinikiweyo. Ilinganiswa ngokweeyunithi zeHertz. Umzekelo, xa kusithiwa ikhompyuter yenza imisebenzi ngesantya se-1 Hz, ibonisa ukuba iyayenza ngomzuzwana omnye.
Iindidi ezikhoyo namhlanje ngokubhekisele kwisantya seekhompyuter zixhomekeka ikakhulu kwiintlobo zee-microprocessors. Xa iprosesa ikhawuleza kakhulu, imilinganiselo ibonakalisiwe kwi-GHz (Giga Hertz). Oko kubonisa ukuba yenza isigidi sokusebenza ngomzuzwana
Okwangoku kukho naliphi na inani leentlobo zemicroprocessors. Abathengi banokukhetha iindlela ezahlukeneyo. Ziyaziwa ngobukhulu bazo ngohlobo lwesantya esichazwe kwi-GHz.Ngoko ke ezona zinexabiso eliphantsi zezo ziphethe ukuqhubekeka ulwazi ngeGHz encinci.
Nangona kunjalo, kuyenzeka ukuba iindidi zemicroprocessors kwintengiso zibanzi kakhulu. Kukho zona ngobuninzi obukhulu kunye neentlobo. Emva koko, umenzi ngamnye wenza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeprosesa.
Uninzi lwee-microprocessors ezisetyenzisiweyo
Kwimarike yemicroprocessor ezona zisetyenziswayo zii-Intel kunye ne-AMD. Abavelisi beekhompyuter bamele awona mgangatho uphezulu, phakathi kwezi zimbini. Iimpawu zabenzi abakhulu bezixhobo zekhompyuter ziyahanjiswa, masibone.
Intel
Yinkampani ezinikele ekwenziweni kwemicroprocessors kunye nezinye iikhompyuter kunye nezinto zonxibelelwano. Ithathwa njengeyona iphambili kwaye ithandwa kakhulu kwihlabathi. Ikhethwe ziinkampani ezahlukeneyo zokwenza iikhompyuter. Umbono kukufumana iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeemicroprocessors eziza kubandakanywa kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo.
Iindidi ze-Intel microprocessors zakhiwe kwizinto nakwizixhobo zeekhompyuter zePentium. Ziiprosesa ezisisiseko esinye zinike ukomelezwa okukhulu ngaphezulu kweminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo. Okwangoku baya kuguqulelo lwePentium 4, kwaye iinkqubo abazenzileyo bezikwinqanaba eliphezulu.
Iiprosesa ezimbini ze-duo
Ziiprosesa ezinesiseko esingaphezulu kwesinye. Benza iinguqulelo ezinama-cores angama-8, oko kukuthi, avumela ulwazi ukuba lusetyenzwe ngokukhawuleza okukhulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo zisetyenziselwa imisebenzi kunye neenkqubo ezifuna ezininzi
Kutshanje, iinguqulelo zibonakala zinee-6 ukuya kuthi ga kwi-8 cores. Ilungele ukwenza imisebenzi emininzi. Xa ikhadi elinemizobo enamandla longezwa kubo. I-LLgran inamandla amakhulu kwaye isetyenziselwa ukumbiwa kwemali ebonakalayo kwinethiwekhi
Celeron
Basebenzisa ii-Intel microprocessors, ukulungiselela ukuphuhlisa izixhobo zoqoqosho. Ngamanye amagama, banesantya esincinci sokuhambisa. Nangona kunjalo, ifunwa kakuhle kwintengiso yekhompyuter. Bahambisa iimveliso zabo kwihlabathi liphela.
Isenti M
Ezi processor zincinci, zisetyenziselwa iilaptops kunye neekhompyuter ezincinci zekhompyuter. Inomgangatho wokusebenzisa iimodyuli ezininzi kwizithuba ezincinci kunye nee-microprocessors. Bayakuvumela ukuba ubeke indawo kwiikhompyuter ezinkulu ezahlukileyo kwindawo nasemsebenzini.
AMD
Le nkampani, njenge-Intel, inoxanduva lokuvelisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeemicroprocessors. Nangona iimveliso zayo zikumgangatho ophezulu ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ayinabo ubungakanani obukhuphisana nabo. Abanye abavelisi beekhompyuter baxela ukuba bashushu kakhulu.
Abanye, nangona kunjalo, bakhetha ukusebenza nezi microprocessors ngenxa yoyilo lwabo lokudibanisa kunye nokuthembeka kulungiso lolwazi. Inkampani ihambisa ezi ntlobo ze-microprocessors kwiinkampani zendibano zekhompyuter.
Ikwenzile nezixhobo ezilula ezifana nePentium. Nangona kunjalo, inethuba lokubeka iprosesa kwiimarike ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Enye inkampani eguqukayo Iindidi zee-microprocessors ze-AMD Ngu "Duron." Isebenza ngaxeshanye nale kwaye ilingana neeprosesa zaseCeleron apho i-Intel isebenza khona.
Le nkampani isebenza kwaye iphuhlise iiprosesa ngokusekwe kwiimfuno zabathengi, ukuze isicelo see-odolo kwi-AMD senziwe ngezixhobo ezineenkcukacha ezizodwa.
ISempron yinkampani enoxanduva lokuphuhlisa iishedyuli kumaqela amancinci. Inenkxaso-mali ebizwa ngokuba yiTurión kwaye bajolise kuphuhliso lweeprosesa zeelaptops kunye nezinye iipilisi. Bavame ukugqithisa kakhulu kwaye ukuthengiswa kweemarike zabo kunqunyelwe.
Enye yeenkampani ezihambisa iinkqubo zeWindows yiAthlon. Iyabanceda abaprogram beMicrosoft ngeenkcukacha ezisekelwe kuphela kwi-64-bit. Oku kubavumela ukuba bakhulise ukusebenza ngokukuko ekusebenzeni kweekhompyuter. Iyabonakala ngokuvelisa ubuntetho obukrelekrele kakhulu nobuchazwe kakuhle
Kwimarike yehlabathi yeeprosesa kukho namanye amaqela abavelisi beentlobo ze-microprocessors. Abanye basebenza kuphela kwinqanaba lendawo, oko kukuthi, bakhetha ukugcina ulawulo lonikezelo lweemarike zangaphakathi; ukulungiselela ukugcina ukuhamba kwemali.
Abanye abavelisi abasekwe eAsia umzekelo bagcina ukukhula kweentlobo zee-microprocessors kwilizwekazi liphela. Bakhetha ukusebenza kunye nabavelisi beprosesa kwela cala lehlabathi. Iimveliso zabo zikumgangatho ofanayo njenge-Intel kunye ne-AMD. Isebenza ngobugcisa obahluke ngokupheleleyo kunye nokubalulwa koyilo.
Iindidi zemicroprocessors ngesantya
Ngasinye kwezi zixhobo ze-elektroniki zinomahluko ngokubhekisele ekusebenzeni kakuhle. Inxulumene nesantya sokwenziwa kweenkqubo. Uninzi lwabavelisi bafuna ukubonelela ngowona mgangatho uphezulu kwiintlobo zemicroprocessors. Umbono kukubonelela ngokusebenza ngokukuko ngokwesantya sokuhambisa.
Umthengi uhlala eyichaza incasa yakhe ngokukhetha phakathi kweekhompyuter ezinokuthi zibonelele ngokusebenza kakuhle kunye nokusebenza. Ukufumana oku kuyimfuneko ukuba iiprosesa zikhawuleze. Le meko idale uhlobo lokhuphiswano phakathi kwabavelisi beprosesa. Apho nganye nganye ikhuphisana khona ukuseka esona santya sikhulu.
Olu khuphiswano ayilolwento elula, kukuba njengoko ixesha lihamba isantya se-intanethi kunye nokuhanjiswa kwedatha kunye nolwazi kufuneka ngokukhawuleza. Oku kuthetha ukuba iinkampani kunye neenkampani ezinkulu zifuna izixhobo ezinokuqhuba ulwazi ngokukhawuleza.
IiMicroprocessors zihlala ziguquka, abavelisi banikezela ngeemodeli ezahlukeneyo ngokweemfuno zabathengi. Ibango likhula imihla ngemihla ukuze lifumane ezona zixhobo zibalaseleyo ezivumela iinkampani ukuba zinike ukusebenza ngokukuko.
Kule meko, sinee-microprocessors ezifakwe kwiikhompyuter ezinje ngeCore 13, 14, 15, kunye ne-16. Ngokucacileyo kuyanceda ukufumana izantya zothumelo ngokulandelelana kwe-4 GHz.Abanye banokufikelela kwi-1 GHz.
Kwimeko ye-Intel, yenza enye yeekhompyuter kunye neeprosesa ezikhawulezayo kwintengiso. I-Core 19, inee-cores ezi-6 kunye nesantya esifikelela kwi-3,5 GHz.Abasebenzisi emva koko banokuthembela kwizixhobo ezikhawulezayo apho iinkqubo zenziwa ngobumnandi obunomtsalane.
Kwimeko ye-AMD, inkampani ibiphuhlisa isantya esiphezulu semicroprocessor iminyaka ethile. Usanda kufaka kwimarike kwaye wanikela kumthengi wakho i-AMD Phenom; Le microprocessor yenye yeyokuqala eyenziweyo isekwe ekubeni neicores ezininzi. Kwangelo xesha, yazisa imodeli yePhenom II kunye neAthlon II. Babenokwamkelwa okuhle kwinxalenye yabavelisi.
Kutshanje uyiqalisile, wavelisa imicroprocessor ebizwa ngokuba yiAthlon X3 kunye nePhenom X4, eneentsimbi ezine. Isantya saba processor sonyuke kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa neenguqulelo zangaphambili. Bafikelela kwi-3,2 GHz, nganye nganye inee-cores ezintandathu ezinceda ukuphucula iinkqubo.
Isiseko seMicroprocessor
Iziseko ziinkqubo zeplate apho kugcinwa khona ii-microprocessors. Kuxhomekeke kumgangatho wezinto zabo zokuvelisa, bayabanceda ukuba bandise isantya seenkqubo. Into enomdla malunga nale teknoloji kukuba ii-microprocessors azinamathele ebhodini. Zifakwe kwizidibanisi ezincinci ezivumela ukuba zisuswe kwaye zitshintshwe xa imeko ye-microcircuit isiba mbi.
Olu hlobo lweplate lukwavumela ukuba kufunyanwe kwaye kugcinwe inani elikhulu lee-microcircuits, kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemodeli. Ezinye ziqulathe indibaniselwano ye-Intel kunye ne-AMD microprocessors. Kodwa zenziwe ngokweemfuno zabathengi.
Iziseko zenziwe ngeepleyiti eziguquguqukayo kakhulu kuthathelwa ingqalelo abavelisi. Umzekelo, kukho imodeli yeZIF (iZero Insertion Force), iyasebenza kwaye iprosesa kuphela ifakwe kwigalelo ngaphandle kwemfuneko yokufaka okanye yokuqinisa nasiphi na isikrufu.
Njengale modeli, iziseko zivumela iintlobo zee-microprocessors ukuba zitshintshwe. Oko ngoku kuvumela ukunika ububanzi obungakumbi kumandla endawo kwiiprosesa. Ngaphambili, iimodeli zeLIF (zoMbane oFakelweyo oMncinci) bezisetyenziswa, ezazithambe kakhulu ukufaka, ezinye zaze zahlulahlula indawo kwaye kwafuneka ukuba itshintshwe, nto leyo ebangela ilahleko kubavelisi.
Izixhobo
Umhlaba ohlukeneyo weentlobo ze-microprocessors esivumela ukuba sazi ukuba luncedo ngaphakathi kwikhompyuter. Phakathi kweempawu ezibaluleke kakhulu esinazo:
- Zineentlobo ngeentlobo zeemodeli ezihambelana neeprosesa ezahlukeneyo.
- Bavumela ukuhlalutya iinkqubo zekhompyuter ngokwesantya esakhelweyo.
- Ezona zinexabiso eliphantsi zezona zicotha kancinci, kodwa kunye nezona zithengisa kakhulu, ngelixa ezona zikhawulezayo zibiza kakhulu kwaye zivumela inzuzo enkulu kunye nokuhlala ixesha elide.
- Zifana nekhompyuter encinci encinci yedijithali.
- Inoyilo lwayo lokuvelisa, Oko kukuthi, zenziwe nge-encapsulations esisigqubuthelo seceramic esigubungela i-silicon, sibakhusela emoyeni nasothulini.
- Ziqulathe iprosesa ye-arithmetic esombulula iingxaki zengqondo ngokukhawuleza okukhulu.
- Imemori yerejista ikuvumela ukuba ugcine umkhondo weenkqubo zakho.
- Umjelo ngamnye uvumela iprosesa ukuba ihambise ulwazi kwezinye izinto zenkqubo.
- Babizwa ngokuba yingqondo yekhompyuter. Ugcina iirekhodi kwiinkumbulo zakhe ezinokuthi ngamanye amaxesha zincede ukufumana ulwazi okanye ukusombulula ingxaki ngokulula.
Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeemicroprocessors zikwasebenza ngokuthathela ingqalelo inani lezinto. Xa zicwangcisiwe, zinceda ukugcina ulwazi phantsi kweemeko ezithile kunye nemigaqo yekhowudi yokubini. Oku kuthetha ukuba banokunikezela ngesikhundla esikhulu kwiiprosesa
CImiyalelo nganye icwangciswe kwimemori ephambili kwaye yahlelwa ngokwamanqanaba okusebenza. Ezi zigaba zezi zilandelayo:
- I-Prefetch inemiyalelo esuka kwimemori yenkqubo ukuya kwiimodyuli ezahlukeneyo zekhompyuter.
- Landa, ikuvumela ukuba uthumele ngqo imiyalelo yedikhowudi.
- I-Decoder, yimodyuli eguqulela imiyalelo ethunyelwe kwiikhowudi ezithile, kwaye emva koko yenze umsebenzi othile.
- Ukuphunyezwa kukudityaniswa komyalelo, oko kukuthi, kuyinxalenye yokuphunyezwa kwemiyalelo licandelo ngalinye lenkqubo.
- Ukubhalwa kubandakanya ukubhaliswa kunye nokurekhodwa kwesiphumo ngasinye esithunyelwe kwimemori ephambili.
Ixesha leenkqubo yile nto yenza ukuba ii-microprocessor zisebenze ngakumbi okanye zizenze kancinci. Xa ufuna ukuthenga ikhompyuter entsha, jonga ukubonwa kweprosesa.
Ngale ndlela unokumisela ukuba isantya sesixhobo sihambelana neemfuno zakho. Khumbula ukuba amaxabiso anikwa yi-GHz, ukuba ujonga ikhompyuter ngesantya esiphezulu kune-2 Ghz. Kuthetha ukuba iinkqubo zenziwa ngokukhawuleza okukhulu.
Iingcebiso
Kuhlala kulungile ukuphonononga imigaqo xa ufuna ukuthenga ikhompyuter. Zifundise kakuhle kwimiba enxulumene namandla kunye nesantya sememori ye-RAM. Izixhobo zekhompyuter, nokuba kunge-desktop okanye ziyaphatheka. Banempawu ezinokukunceda uqonde ukuba basebenza ngokukhawuleza kangakanani na.
Ngamanye amaxesha kuyadinisa kuninzi lokufunda izindululo nakubathengisi ngokwabo. Ngamanye amaxesha esona sixhobo sitshiphu siba sesona sibiza kakhulu ekuhambeni kwexesha. Nceda uqonde ukuba izinto ezifakiweyo kunye nezixhobo aziwona mgangatho ubalaseleyo.
Kukho amathuba okuba iintlobo ze-microprocessor eziyicwangcisileyo zingabonakali zilungile. Kwixesha elide, kuya kufuneka wenze ukulungiswa ukufuna ukulungiswa kwenkqubo.
Kwelinye icala, ukuba uneqela apho ukusebenza kulindeleke khona. Yiya nje kwiipropathi zekhompyuter kwaye ujonge useto lweprosesa yakho. Jonga amanqaku kunye nemodeli apho ikhompyuter yakho yenziwe khona.
Jonga isantya se-microprocessors, ekufuneka ilandelwe nge-1,3 Ghz, kwaye sele uyazi ukuba inamazinga angaphezulu kwe-2,2 Ghz, ineqela elisebenza kakuhle.
Ukuba unqwenela ukufumana ulwazi oluthe kratya olunxulumene nolu hlobo lwetekhnoloji, siyakumema ukuba undwendwele iprofayile yethu ngokunqakraza kwezi linki zilandelayo: