Ihlabathi lezinto ze-elektroniki ibiyinto yokuqala yokuba itekhnoloji ifuna ukuqhubela phambili. Kwaye le ntwasahlobo yenziwe ngamalungu amancinci afana ne-condenser. Kule post inomdla uya kuyazi ngokweenkcukacha Yintoni i-capacitor yombane?, Imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo esetyenziswa nayo kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.
I-Condenser
Ukuqala isifundo se-capacitor, siza kuqala sichaze yintoni i-capacitor. Yinto yombane, oko kukuthi, ayiwenzi umbane ngokwawo, onako ukugcina intlawulo yombane, kunye nokuwukhulula kamva. Ungamfumana njenge capacitor okanye capacitor. Intlawulo egcinwayo ngaphakathi inokubakho okanye ukwahluka kwamandla.
Ibali lokubala kwabaxhasi livela ngo-1745 xa u-Ewald Georg von Kleist waseJamani waqonda ukuba kunokwenzeka ukugcina intlawulo yombane. Oku kwavela kwingozi xa wayedibanisa umbane we-electrostatic kumthamo wamanzi owawungaphakathi kweglasi yeglasi okanye ibhotile usebenzisa intambo. Xa esusa intambo kwaye ebeka isandla sakhe kuyo.
Akukapheli nonyaka xa i-physicist yase-Dutch uPieter van Musschenbroek wayila i-capacitor eneempawu ezifanayo. Kwisikhumbuzo seyunivesithi awayesebenza kuyo wabiza le condenser "yibhotile yeLeyden."
Isebenza njani i-capacitor?
Ngoku masibone isebenza njani i-capacitor y yintoni i-capacitor. Indlela ekwazi ngayo ukugcina ukutshaja kombane kukusebenzisa amaphepha amabini enziwe ngezinto ezihambisayo, ezinje nge-tantalum, ezahlulwe zizinto ezithile zedizeli, umzekelo umoya.
Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka, kubalulekile ukuba ungadibanisi i-dielectric kunye nezinto zokwambathisa ngokupheleleyo. Oko kukuthi, zonke i-dielectric zi-insulators, kodwa oku akuthethi ukuba zonke i-insulators ziyi-dielectric. Izinto ze-dielectric zinakho ukuqhuba xa ziphantsi kwentlawulo enkulu yombane kwaye zaphula amandla e-dielectric. Ezinye zezi zinto zinokubakho: i-ceramic, iphepha, i-wax, iglasi, ioyile, phakathi kwezinye. Izinto zokwambathisa ngokupheleleyo ezo kukuba, nokuba ubiza malini na, kodwa ayizukuba ngumqhubi, umzekelo yirabha.
Ngoku, iipleyiti ngaphakathi kwe-capacitor, ezondliwa ngomthombo wamandla, ziya kuhlawuliswa ngombane kwiindawo ezilinganayo kodwa ngeempawu ezahlukileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba enye intlawulo iya kuba yinto elungileyo (+ q), kwaye enye intlawulo iya kuba nobukhulu obufanayo kodwa ngentlawulo engalunganga (-q), kwezi ntlawulo zilinganayo kodwa imiqondiso eyahlukileyo yinto ebizwa ngokuba ngumahluko kumandla okanye kumbane.
Ngokubanzi, kwii-capacitors zomoya, iphepha, i-tantalum, i-aluminium kunye neekeramiki zisetyenziswa njengezinto zokwenza i-dielectric, nazo, kwezinye ii-capacitors iiplastiki ezithile zisetyenziswa.
Ubungakanani bendawo yokugcina anayo i-capacitor okanye i-capacitor ibalwa kwiyunithi yee-Farads. Uluhlu apho uninzi lwee-capacitors zombane zifunyanwa khona ukusuka kwi-pico (pF) ukuya kwi-Micro (uF) Farads. Ubalo ukubala umthamo we-capacitor yile:
C = q/V
Kuphi:
q = yintlawulo egcinwe kwipleyiti nganye. Icandelo layo yiCoulomb (C)
V = ngumbane, ombane okanye umahluko onokubakho phakathi kwamashiti amabini okanye abaqhubi be-capacitor. Icandelo layo yiVolts (V)
Ukufaka le fomyula, ukuba sithatha ixabiso lomthwalo 1 kunye nevolthi 1, ingasinika i-1 Farad. Nangona kunjalo, lo ngumzekelo nje, njenge-capacitor yesi sikhundla ayikho kuba iya kuba nkulu ngokumangalisayo. Ukufumana umbono, ungagubungela indawo eyi-1000 m2.
Ngoku, ukuba sifuna ukwazi amandla ombane anokugcinwa sisazi intlawulo kunye neeFadads ze-capacitor, emva koko sinokuyicombulula iVoltage kulwabiwo lwangaphambili ukuba:
V = q / C.
Ukutshaja nokukhupha iCapacitor
Olunye lweempawu ze-capacitor kukuba ukuphuma kwayo kuyaqhubeka kwaye ayikhawulezi. I-capacitor inexesha lokukhupha. Le propati ivumela i-capacitor ukuba ibe nezinye izinto ezifana namaxesha kunye neefilitha kwisekethe yombane.
Xa i-capacitor ihlawuliswe ngokupheleleyo, kuxa ivumela i-voltage ukuba idlule. Xa unikezelo lwamandla luqhawuliwe, i-capacitor iqala ukukhulula ngokuthe ngcembe umbane oya kumthwalo okanye kwinto esebenzisa umbane.
Ngokubanzi, i-capacitor ihlala ilandelwa ngokuchaseneyo nezizathu zokukhusela i-capacitor. Nokuba i-capacitor inokuxhathisa okuncinci ngaphakathi, ayinamsebenzi, kwaye ukuba ukhathalelo aluthathwanga ukukhusela i-capacitor, inokulimala kwaye iqhume.
Intlawulo yeCapacitor
Ukuze uchaze ngokulula isimilo se-capacitor xa utshaja, siya kusebenzisa owona mzekelo usetyenzisiweyo ukubonisa oku:
Makhe siqwalasele isekethe apho kukho umthombo wamandla njengebhetri, isichaso esigama lingu-R1 esinoxanduva lokulawula ukuhamba kwangoku okuya kufikelela kwi-capacitor ukuyikhusela. Iswitshi esivumela i-capacitor ukuba ihlawulise okanye ikhuphe, kwaye okokugqibela, isichasi esibizwa ngokuba yi-R2 esiya kuthi simele isixhobo esidla ngoku.
Kwindawo yokuqala, sibona ukuba utshintsho lucwangciswe njani ukuze i-capacitor ikwichungechunge kunye nokuhanjiswa kwamandla kunye nokumelana, ngendlela, kufuneka sigxininise ukuba oku kuchasana kubizwa ngokuba kukuchasana nomthwalo.
Okwangoku i-capacitor ihlawuliswa ngendlela elawulwayo ngenxa yesixhathisi sokutshaja. Le indibaniselwano yesixhathisi kunye ne-capacitor ikuvumela ukuba usete ixesha esichaze ngaphambili. Oku kungenxa yokuba ukuxhathisa kuthintela ukudlula ngoku ngokukhululekileyo, ke ngoku kuthatha ixesha elide ukuhamba ngesekethe, ukuze ke idlule kwi-capacitor, kuthatha ixesha ukutshaja.
Ixesha elithathwayo ukubhatala i-capacitor linokubalwa kusetyenziswa le nxaki:
t1 = 5 x R1 x C
Kuphi:
t1: lixesha lokutshaja. Iyunithi yayo yimillisecond (me)
R1: ukuxhathisa umthwalo. Icandelo layo li-ohms (Ω).
C: ngaba kukuxhobisa amandla kwesikhundla. Iyunithi yayo yiFarads (F)
Olulinganiso lusivumela ukuba siqinisekise ukuba ukuphakama kokumelana nomthwalo kunye / okanye omkhulu kwi-capacitor ye-capacitor, kokukhona ixesha lokutshaja lide. Yintoni enokuqinisekiswa kwigrafu elandelayo.
Usenokuzibuza ukuba kuya kwenzeka ntoni ukuba asizukubeka sixhathisi somthwalo. Ngokwethiyori i-capacitor iya kuhlawulisa kwangoko. Kodwa, njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, oku akucetyiswa njengoko ii-capacitors zinokufumana i-current encinci. Ukuba siyawukhumbula umthetho ka-Ohm sinokubona ukuba:
Ndi = V / R
Kuphi:
Mna: yeyangoku. Iyunithi yayo yiAmperes (A)
V: na ombane. Icandelo layo yiVolts (V)
A: ukuxhathisa. Iyunithi yayo yi-Ohm (Ω)
Ukuba uxhathiso luye okanye lilingane no-0, oku kuya kuthetha ukuba okwangoku kuya kuba yinto engenasiphelo, okanye ubuncinci kakhulu. I-capacitor inokuxhasa ukondla kuphela okwangoku. Ngamafutshane, ukuba akukho luhlobo lokumelana nomthwalo lubekiweyo, kunokwenzeka ukuba i-capacitor ayinakumelana naleyo yangoku kwaye iyatsha.
Ngoku masicinge ukuba i-capacitor sele ihlawulisiwe, kwenzeka ntoni? Masibuyele kumthetho ka-Ohm, njengoko amandla ombane enyuka, kwaye kuba ixabiso lokunganyangeki ligcinwa, ixabiso langoku lihamba ukuya ku-zero.
Njengoko sele sazi, umsebenzi we-capacitor ukugcina umbane okanye umbane. Oku kuthetha ukuba njengoko iindleko ze-capacitor, kukho umbane ophezulu ngelo xesha. Kuba uxhathiso alitshintshi ixabiso lalo, okwangoku luye kwi-zero. Ngamafutshane, xa i-capacitor ihlawulisiwe, iziphatha njengesekethe evulekileyo okanye iswitshi ethintela indlela yangoku, nangona kuya kubakho umbane okanye amandla ombane ngelo xesha.
Ukukhutshwa kweKondenser
Ngoku makhe siveze imeko eguqulweyo. Okwangoku xa utshintsho lutshintsha indawo, kwaye i-capacitor ibekwe kuthotho kunye ne-resistor R2, i-capacitor iya kuqala ukukhupha. Kulungile, kuba uxhathiso R2 lumele ukusetyenziswa kwesekethe, kwaye oku kuxhathisa kuya kufuna ukubonelelwa xa isekethe ivaliwe kuyo. Olu nikezelo lwamandla luya kubonelelwa ngumthwali, ukukhupha umahluko onokubakho owugcinileyo.
Njengokutshaja, ukhuphelo alukho kwangoko, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe. Kwaye njengokutshaja, umlinganiso wokuqikelela ixesha lokukhutshwa ngokufanayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ixesha elithathwayo ukukhupha i-capacitor lixhomekeke kukumelana ne-R2 kunye namandla e-capacitor. Ngokunjalo, apha sihlaziya i-equation kwakhona:
t1 = 5 x R1 x C
Kuphi:
t2: lixesha lokutshaja. Iyunithi yayo yimillisecond (ms)
R2: ukuxhathisa umthwalo. Icandelo layo li-ohms (Ω).
C: kukukhuthazwa kwesikhuphisi. Iyunithi yayo yiFarads (F)
Olu hlobo lwesekethe lunokulawula, umzekelo, ixesha elikwisixhobo.
I-Condenser njengecebo lokucoca ulwelo
Esinye isicelo apho ii-capacitors zihlala zisetyenziswa njengesihluzi. Oku kunokwenzeka ngenxa yempawu yayo yokutshaja nokukhupha ngokuthe ngcembe, kwaye le nto isetyenziselwa ukucoca ukungcola kwimiqondiso okanye kumaza ombane.
Ukuba sithatha isekethe yokuqala njengomzekelo, kodwa kule meko ngokutshintsha kombane okwangoku. I-capacitor iya kuqala ukutshaja ide ifikelele kumthamo wayo omkhulu wokugcina, emva koko ukuhamba kwangoku kuya kuyeka kwaye umthwalo uza kuqala ukubonelelwa ngumbane okhoyo kwi-capacitor. Ngokukhawuleza nje ukuba i-capacitor iqala ukukhupha, umbane uyaqhubeka nokutshaja kwakhona i-capacitor ngaphandle kokulinda ukuba ikhuphe ngokupheleleyo.
Oku kunokuba lula ukuqondwa:
Njengoko ubona, umbane wamandla atshintshayo uyisinusoidal kwaye ngenxa yepropathi ye-capacitor kunokwenzeka ukulungisa amaza ngokubonelela ngokuthe ngqo. Oku kuluncedo kakhulu ekuboneleleni ngombane kusetyenziswa iikhompyuter. Izixhobo ezininzi azinakho ukusebenza ngokutshintshana okwangoku kodwa ngoku ngokuthe ngqo kwaye kulapho amandla okungena angena njengomlamli. Ewe, ezi zinto zonikezelo lwamandla zinamacandelo amaninzi ukufezekisa le njongo.
Iindidi zeeCapacitors
I-capacitors okanye ii-capacitors zinokuhlelwa ngokwahlukeneyo. Emva koko, siza kuqala ngokuhlela ii-capacitors ngohlobo lwazo lwe-dielectric:
Ngenxa ye-dielectric yayo
Abaxhasi bahlelwa ngokwe dielectric abanayo. Kukho izinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi-electrolytic capacitors, zezo zinobumbano, oko kukuthi, banesiphelo esifanelekileyo okanye "umlenze" kunye nesiphelo esibi. Ukuba zidityanisiwe nokubuyela umva umva, i-capacitor iya konakala.
Ezi zixhobo ze-electrolytic capacitors, ngokungafani nezinye i-capacitors kukuba zisebenzisa i-liquid ionic conductive. Olu lwelo sisisombululo semichiza, esihlala senziwe nge-boric acid okanye i-sodium borate ene-ethylene glycol iswekile. Oku kulwelo kungena endaweni yelinye lamacwecwe ahambayo okanye amaphepha e-condenser.
Ngokungafaniyo ne-electrolytic capacitors, ii-capacitors ezinomoya, iiceramics, iphepha, okanye ezinye njenge-dielectric yazo, azinaseti. Ukongeza, banamacwecwe amabini ngaphakathi kwaye akukho lulwelo lwangaphakathi.
Zombini ezi ntlobo zeekhaphethi zinezicelo zazo, ngenxa yoko khange kwenzeke ukubeka endaweni yazo ii-capacitors nangona zinee-dielectri ezahlukeneyo.
Isishwankathelo, kukho ii-condensers:
- Umbane
- Iseramikhi
- Kwiphepha
- Yomoya
- Isiguquli esiguqukayo
Elungisiweyo okanye eyahlukileyo
Njengama-resistors, kukho ii-capacitors ezinomthamo omiselweyo kunye nee-capacitors ezinokuhluka ngokwamandla azo. Oku kuphunyezwa ngokulungelelanisa umsantsa phakathi kwamacwecwe awo kusetyenziswa iqhina, njenge-potentiometer okanye isichasisi esiguqukayo.
Ngokwemo yayo
Iitshintshi zinokwahluka kuyilo lwazo, idiski esele ikho, iperile kunye neetyhubhu zokuhambisa, njengoko kubonisiwe ngezantsi ngokulandelelana.
Ikhowudi yeeCapacitors
Kukho ezinye ii-capacitors ezibonisa ixabiso lomthamo wazo ngetafile yemibala, efana kakhulu naleyo isetyenziswa ziimeko zokuxhathisa.
Ikhowudi yombala
Umbala wokuqala ubonakalisa ixabiso lowokuqala, owesibini lowesibini, owesithathu ngumboniso ophakamisa ukuya kwi-10, oko kukuthi, u-10 uya kuphakanyiswa kwinani elimele umbala wesithathu. Umbala wesine ubonakalisa ipesenti yokwahluka, oko kukuthi, kunokuba, umzekelo, i-10% ngaphezulu okanye i-10% kwixabiso elibonisa amandla. Okokugqibela, umbala wesihlanu ubonisa umbane wokutshaja okanye ombane. Zonke ezi capacitors zinee-picofarads kwiyunithi nganye.
Ixabiso lemibala liza kwitafile yentengiso elandelayo:
Ikhowudi yaseJapan
Kukho olunye uhlobo lwekhowudi lokuchonga amandla okwenza amandla luhlobo lwekhowudi ebizwa ngokuba yikhowudi yaseJapan okanye ikhowudi 101. Le khowudi inamanani amathathu abonakalayo kwi-capacitor.
Amanani amabini okuqala enza inani ekufuneka liphindaphindwe nge-10 eliphakanyiswe kwinani lesithathu, ukugcina i-picofarad njengeyunithi. Njengokuba:
Esi capacitor sinekhowudi yeenombolo ezili-104. Ke indlela yokubala umthamo wale capacitor yile:
10 X XUMUMX4 = 100000 pF = 0,1 uF
Ikhowudi yeAlphanumeric
Kukho enye ikhowudi yokuchonga izinto kunye nomthamo we-capacitor, esebenzisa indibaniselwano yoonobumba kunye namanani. Zininzi iindlela zokubonisa le khowudi edibanisa amanani kunye noonobumba, kwaye ziyahluka kakhulu kangangokuba kungafanelekanga ukuba uzifunde, ke kuyacetyiswa endaweni yoko ukuba ubonane neDatasheet yomenzi.
Abaphathi bee-series kunye nokufana
Njengama-resistors, isikhundla se-capacitors kwichungechunge okanye ngokuhambelana senza ukuziphatha kwi-capacitance epheleleyo. Masiqale ukujonga into eyenzekayo xa ii-capacitors zikuluhlu.
Abaphathi beeChungechunge
Xa ii-capacitors zikwichungechunge, amandla e-capacitor nganye enza ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Ukulingana kuvela:
Vt = V1 + V2
Kuphi:
Vt: ombane iyonke
I-V1: i-voltage ye-capacitor yokuqala
V2: Umbane we-capacitor yesibini
Masibuyele kwi-equation ukubala amandla e-capacitor:
C = q/V
Kuphi:
q = yintlawulo egcinwe kwipleyiti nganye. Icandelo layo yiCoulomb (C)
V = ngumbane, ombane okanye umahluko onokubakho phakathi kwamashiti amabini okanye abaqhubi be-capacitor. Icandelo layo yiVolts (V)
Kwaye kunokwenzeka ukucacisa i-V ngale ndlela ilandelayo:
V = q / C.
Ngoku, ukuba sithatha indawo ye-V nganye ye-capacitor nganye kwisekethe ngentetho yangaphambili, siyifumana;
1 / C = 1 / C1 + 1 / C2 + 1 / C3… 1 / Cn
Ii-Capacitors ezifanayo
Kule meko, kuba ii-capacitors zihambelana, i-voltage efunyanwa yi-capacitor nganye iyafana naleyo yonikezelo lwamandla, ke kufuneka:
Vt = V1 = V2 = V3… Vn
Phi
Vt: itotali iyonke okanye ngumthombo
I-V1: I-Voltage ye-capacitor yokuqala
V2. Umbane we-capacitor wesibini
I-V3: I-Voltage ye-capacitor yesithathu
Kwakhona, ukuba sibuyela kwintetho esivumela ukuba siqikelele ixabiso levolthi ngokomthwalo kunye nexabiso lesikhundla:
V = q / C.
Kwaye siyaqhubeka nokutshintsha i-V nganye ye-capacitor nganye yesekethe ngentetho yangaphambili, sifumana ukuba:
C = C1 + C2 + C3… + Cn
Sebenzisa iCapacitor
I-capacitor yenye yezona zinto zisisiseko ze-elektroniki. Phantse akunakwenzeka ukukhankanya isixhobo namhlanje esingafuniyo ii-capacitors kuyilo lwaso. Okulandelayo siza kukhankanya ezinye zezona zicelo zixhaphakileyo apho i-capacitor ifunyenwe khona.
- Iibhetri kunye neenkumbulo: Ndiyabulela kumthamo wayo wokugcina, kunokwenzeka ukubeka ii-capacitors ezininzi ngaxeshanye ukonyusa umthamo wokutshaja.
- Amacebo okucoca: Zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuthungelwano lombane kuba zinokuphelisa ukungqubana kunye nengxolo evela kwinethiwekhi, okanye kwimeko yokubuyela umva, ukuze iiharmonics eziveliswe ziinethiwekhi zombane zangaphakathi zicocwe ngaphambi kokubuyela kwinethiwekhi. Kuqhakamshelwano, amandla ayo okucoca asetyenziswa kakhulu ukuseka ii-frequency band kunye nokunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa uphazamiseko.
- Imithombo yamandla: Ukutshaja kwayo ngokuthe ngcembe kunye nokuziphatha okukhutshwayo kuvumela ukulungiswa kwamaza, oko kubalulekile kumandla okuguqula amaza atshintshanayo abe yimisinga ethe ngqo, kuba uninzi lwezixhobo zombane zisebenza ngaphakathi ngoku, kodwa inkonzo yombane isebenza ngoku kutshintshana okwangoku. Kungenxa yoko le nto imithombo yamandla iyimfuneko ekusebenzeni kwezixhobo, kwaye phakathi kwezinto eziyenzayo, i-capacitor idlala indima engenakubuyiselwa.
- Iadaptha zokuthintela: I-Capacitors inokukhupha kwaye ihlawulise amandla ngamaxesha amade, kwaye oku kuvumela ukumelana nokudibana kunye namanye amacandelo, ukuze iisekethe ezimbini ezinemida eyahlukeneyo zinokudityaniswa okanye zisebenze kunye.
Nangona kunjalo, ezi zezimbalwa zezinto ezimbalwa onokuzisebenzisa. Abaphathi banezicelo kwi-elektroniki, iinethiwekhi ezinkulu zombane, unxibelelwano ngocingo kunye nabanye. Ukusuka kwiikhompyuter zethu, iiselfowuni, iifriji, iiwotshi zedijithali, oomabonakude kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi, zinee-capacitors ngaphakathi kuzo njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yeseti eyenza kwaye inike ubomi kwizixhobo okanye kwizixhobo.
Izigqibo
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-elektroniki namhlanje kubaluleke kakhulu kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla kangangokuba akunakwenzeka ukuba siphile kwihlabathi apho kungasekhoyo. Kwaye eli lizwe likhulu lobuchwepheshe obuphambili liqala kwiziseko zalo ezithobekileyo njengoko kunjalo kwicandelo ngalinye eliyinxalenye yeelektroniki.
Le yimeko ye-capacitor, icandelo elenziwe ngezinto ezilula kakhulu, nto leyo eyenza ukuba libe linye lezinto ezisisiseko ze-elektroniki, kodwa kungenxa yokuziphatha kwayo ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba kungafunyanwa kuzo zonke izixhobo ze-elektroniki ezikhoyo .
Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, ukuqhubela phambili kwezinto ze-elektroniki kuye kwaba ngumqhubi osisiseko oye wahlahla indlela yokuqhubela phambili kwetekhnoloji kumacandelo ahlukeneyo. Kwaye nangona i-condenser iyodwa ayiloncedo xa idityaniswe nezinye izinto, izixhobo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinje nge Amakhadi ememori e-RAM, iikhompyuter, iirobhothi, iiselfowuni, iiselfowuni, iiseva nokunye okuninzi