Xa kuqhutywa nayiphi na inkqubo, nokuba idala inkampani, ihlaziya uMthetho woMgaqo-siseko wenye esele yenziwe; Ukudala intsebenziswano, namhlanje ixhaphake kakhulu, kuyimfuneko ukwenza iinkqubo ezithile. Apha siza kubona amanyathelo okuyenza kwiMercantile Registry eVenezuela, siyakumema ukuba ufunde ngakumbi ngezi nkqubo.
Mercantile Registry eVenezuela
Njengoko sele sichazile, xa kufuneka ukuba yenze inkampani ethile ngaphakathi kweeparameters zomthetho, amanyathelo athile kufuneka alandelwe kwi-Mercantile Registry eVenezuela, ngokukodwa kuba ngumba osikhathazayo. Phakathi kwezi nkqubo kukubhaliswa ngokufanelekileyo kwegama, kufuneka liqinisekiswe ngaphambili ukwenzela ukuba lingahambelani nolunye ubhaliso lwelinye iziko, ishishini esele likhona.
Onke amaxwebhu asemthethweni ayimfuneko ukuze kuqhutywe ubhaliso olufanelekileyo kunye neenkqubo kufuneka zihanjiswe; Enye yale mfuno kukucinywa kwexabiso elihambelana neerhafu kunye nokuvunyelwa ngokusemthethweni okulandelayo kobhaliso, ukwenzela ukuba inkampani entsha iqhutywe kwaye ilungiselelwe ngokufanelekileyo ukuqala kwemisebenzi yorhwebo.
Isishwankathelo sembali esifutshane
Ukuze uqonde ukuba iRegistry yeMercantile injani eVenezuela namhlanje, kuyafuneka ukuba sithathe ukhenketho lwembali ukuze sazi imvelaphi yayo, utshintsho kunye nendaleko eye yaba nayo ekuhambeni kwexesha kwaye nokuba ziyintoni na. izigaba ezahlukeneyo. Sinokuthi iVenezuela ikopishe umzekelo wamanye amazwe malunga nendlela iRegistry yeMercantile kufuneka iqhutywe ngayo.
Ukuqala kwezinto ezandulelayo ngokubhekiselele kwiRegistry yezoRhwebo esaziyo ukuba kusikhokelela ngokuthe ngqo kumaxesha aphakathi, apho abathengisi ngokwabo baqala ukudibana, baququzelele kwaye benze into ebizwa ngokuba yi "Liber Mercatorum". Uxwebhu oluthethiweyo lujongene noluhlu lwabo bonke abarhwebi abenza imisebenzi yorhwebo. Ukubhaliswa kuyo bekukade kukuzikhethela kwaye esona sizathu siphambili sokubhalisa yayikukufumana izibonelelo ezinikezelwa yintsebenziswano.
Ngeli xesha inani leenguqu zezomthetho zifakwe kwiminyaka ye-1953 ukuya kwi-1984, ngelo xesha indlela eyenziwa ngayo namhlanje iqala ukusondela kwi-Mercantile Registry.
Phakathi kweenguqu ezifakelwe kuyo, singakhankanya ezinye, ezi:
Kusekwe ngokugqibeleleyo ukuba onke amashishini abhalisiweyo ngawentengiso.
Kufuneka ubhalise kwiRegistry Mercantile ukuze wenze imisebenzi yorhwebo.
Ukwenza ubhaliso kuguqula iqela elinomdla libe liqumrhu elisemthethweni.
Imbali emfutshane yerejista yorhwebo
Ngomnyaka we-1862, iRegistry yeMercantile iqala okokuqala eVenezuela ngohlaziyo lweKhowudi yoRhwebo. Imisebenzi ebalulekileyo okanye ephambili yayikhawulelwe kunxibelelwano kunye nokusekwa kwamaxwebhu athile awayenxulumene nezivumelwano zokulingana phakathi kwabatshatileyo kunye nokuba nerekhodi lezivumelwano phakathi kwabantu kunye neenkampani.
I-Mercantile Registry eVenezuela ine, phakathi kwabanye, umsebenzi, njengoko igama layo libonisa, ukubhalisa abathengisi okanye abantu abanamashishini; Ikwazalisekisa umsebenzi wokurekhoda iziganeko kunye nokusebenzisana okusemthethweni okwenzeka ngexesha lokurhweba kwezorhwebo.
Nangona kunjalo, kulungile ukuthetha ukuba ayisebenzi ngokwahlukileyo okanye yodwa, yathi iRegistry kufuneka isebenze kwaye igcinwe ngokubambisana ne-National Vehicle Registry, iRegistry Property Registry, ejongene nokubhaliswa kweempawu zorhwebo kunye namalungelo obunikazi; i-Air Registry, iRegistry ephantsi, ejongene nokugcinwa, ukubhaliswa kunye nokulawulwa kwe-real estate; ngokunjalo noBhaliso lweSizwe lwezoKhuseleko.
Ubunzima bokubhalisa inkampani eVenezuela namhlanje
Njengoko besitshilo ngaphambili, iVenezuela ngoku lelinye lamazwe ehlabathi anobunzima obuninzi kunye neengxaki xa kuziwa ekudaleni inkampani. Kwi-2015, i-Doing Business magazine iqhube isifundo malunga nesi sihloko; kwaye kuphononongo olunjalo, iVenezuela ichazwa phakathi kwamazwe alishumi anelona nani likhulu leengxaki zoqoqosho, kunye nokuphazamiseka kwe-bureaucratic xa kubhaliswa inkampani.
Kwelinye icala sinombono wezoqoqosho kwaye inkalo yokwenza yonke inkqubo idla ngokubiza kakhulu. Kulo mba, ixabiso elimalunga ne-49.9% kufuneka lihlawulwe ngokwengeniso yomntu ngamnye ngenjongo yokubhalisa ishishini.
Amanyathelo okubhalisa inkampani eVenezuela
Kufuneka sithathele ingqalelo ukubaluleka kwendawo kunye nendlela yokusebenza kweeofisi ezifanelekileyo zokuqhuba iRegistry Mercantile, kuba iofisi nganye inegunya okanye ukuzimela ukubonisa iimfuno kunye namaxwebhu ayimfuneko ekusekweni kwamaxesha anokuthi thatha ixesha ukwenza le nkqubo.
Ngaphambi kokuba iqela elinomdla liye kwi-Mercantile Registry ukuze liqhube inkqubo, kufuneka libe noMthetho woMgaqo-siseko wenkampani, uthe isenzo kufuneka sibe nolwazi olulandelayo:
Igama leKhampani.
Isizathu sorhwebo okanye umthambo oza kwenziwa.
Ukucaciswa kwedatha yomnini, amaqabane okanye abanini-zabelo: amagama apheleleyo, ikhadi lesazisi, inombolo ye-RIF; ipesenti yenkampani ehambelana nelungu ngalinye.
Umhla kunye nendawo eyakhiwe kuyo kunye nalapho iBhodi yokuqala yabaLawuli yenziwa khona.
Idilesi yendawo yerhafu.
Iinkcukacha zomkomishinala kufuneka zichazwe.
Umhla wokumiselwa kokuvalwa kwezemali.
ISaid Constitutive Act kufuneka ixhaswe ligqwetha elinelayisenisi. Emva kokuba uxwebhu lwenziwe, isicelo sinokufakwa kuyo nayiphi na iofisi ye-Mercantile Registry yelizwe.
Ngokumalunga noku kuchazwe ngasentla, kufuneka kulandelwe uthotho lwamanyathelo esiya kuwahlahlela ngezantsi, ukuze umfundi azigcine engqondweni, ezizezi:
Kuya kufuneka uye kuyo nayiphi na iofisi yoBhaliso lweMercantile ukuze ugcine igama lakho. Elinye icandelo lengcebiso kulo mba kukuba ube noyilo ngokhetho lwakho, njengoko iirejistri ezithile zinokuba nemirhumo enxulumene nokuqinisekisa ukuba igama likhona.
Ke okukhona usenza uyilo, kokukhona amathuba okuba igama olikhethileyo lingasetyenziswa. Ngokukwanjalo, kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ngexesha loncedo kuya kuboniswa iindlela ezintathu.
Nje ukuba senze eli nyathelo likhankanywe ngasentla, iRegistry ngokwayo kufuneka ibonise ixesha ekufuneka sihambe ngalo kwakhona ukuze sazise ukuba kukho nayiphi na inketho eshiywe ingagqitywanga; okanye baya kwenza umnxeba ngenjongo yokwazisa ukuba inkqubo yegama yamkelwa ukuze ibe ligama elisemthethweni leshishini eliza kwenziwa ngumfaki-sicelo.
Kwimeko apho akukho nanye kwezi zintathu iinketho ezinikiweyo ifanelekileyo, ezinye izinto ezintathu ezinokwenzeka kufuneka zizanywe ngegama elikhankanyiweyo; Le nkqubo inokuzanywa amaxesha amaninzi njengoko kuyimfuneko de igama elingabhaliswanga liphunyezwe. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ube nobuchule kunye neenketho ezivezwa ngumntu onomdla.
Xa kukho into enokwenzeka, ukucinywa okuhambelanayo kufuneka kwenziwe kwicandelo lamagama kwithuba lenyanga enye.
Ngokunjalo, igqwetha liyafuneka ukuze liyile uMthetho woMgaqo-siseko kunye nedatha yobunyani obutsha bomthetho. Kwimeko apho akukho ngcali yezomthetho eyaziwayo, kukho ukhetho lokuyifumana kwiiofisi zeMercantile Registry ngokwayo kunye nokubhala uxwebhu.
Emva kwenyathelo lokudala uMthetho woMgaqo-siseko kwaye sele uyiliwe, uxwebhu oluqhotyoshelweyo lufakwe negama elaligcinwe ngaphambili, iikopi ezintathu zeefotokopi zeRejistri yoLwazi lweRhafu (RIF) kunye namakhadi ezazisi zamaqabane, umnini. kunye nabaninizabelo, phambi koBhaliso lweMercantile.
Kutheni iRejistri yoRhwebo ibalulekile?
Ngokumalunga nombuzo okhankanywe ngasentla, sinokuthi inkqubo yokubhaliswa kweshishini ikhokelela kwinani leenzuzo kumashishini, phakathi kwezi, i-Registry entity isebenza njengomthombo wolwazi malunga namashishini kunye nemimiselo yomthetho kunye nezoqoqosho ekufuneka zizaliseke. ukuze ukwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ngaphakathi kwesakhelo somthetho, esichazwe nguRhulumente.
Ngokutsho koMyalelo opapashwe kwiGazethi esemthethweni enguNombolo 37.333 kwinqaku layo le-49, kunqunywe ukuba injongo ephambili yeRegistry Mercantile ikwiinkalo ezininzi, ezizezi:
Ukubhaliswa kwabantu abanomdla abanqwenela ukwenza imisebenzi yorhwebo ngokuhambelana nemimiselo yomthetho. Oku kubandakanya umsebenzi kunye nekhontrakthi emisela urhwebo ngokomthetho ngokwawo.
Ngokunjalo, ukuhlaliswa kunye nokubhaliswa kwamashishini angaphandle azimisele ukwenza umsebenzi worhwebo ngaphakathi kweli lizwe.
Ngendlela efanayo, iRegistry Mercantile inesibophelelo sokwenza iincwadi zamashishini zibe semthethweni. Ikwajongene nokunika iinkcukacha eziyimfuneko ukuze kwenziwe ubhaliso ngempumelelo. Ngendlela efanayo, eminye imisebenzi emincinci esekwe ngumthetho.
Izixhobo
Ngokubhekiselele kwesi sihloko, sinokukhankanya ubukho beempawu ezininzi ezibalulekileyo zeRejistri yeMercantile, esiyimisela ukucaca komfundi, ezizezi:
Iqumrhu elisemthethweni: Njengoko igama layo libonisa, liqinisekisa kwaye linika ukuthembeka kumaziko ahlukeneyo abhalisiweyo kuwo ngokubhekiselele kurhulumente, kwinqanaba lendawo yonke yeriphabliki. Oku kuya kuvumela abo babhalisiweyo ukuba baxhamle zonke izibonelelo, ukhuseleko kunye nenkxaso enikezelwa ngumthetho ekwenzeni imisebenzi yorhwebo.
IQumrhu eliLawula iNtengiso: Ngokufanayo, iRegistry yeMercantile inomsebenzi wokunxibelelana nabo bafuna imisebenzi, iinyani, izenzo kunye nokuthengiselana okusemthethweni okunxulumene nabo. Oku kuchazwe kwinqaku le-215 leKhowudi yoRhwebo.
Iziko likarhulumente: eli qumrhu likwinkonzo yabo bonke, nangona kunjalo ubukhulu becala lelabarhwebi. Ngokunjalo, umvuzo usebenza njengokuzinceda hayi ngenjongo yokuvelisa ubutyebi kwabanye abantu.
Inkonzo yokuzimela ngaphandle kobuntu obusemthethweni: I-Mercantile Registry liziko likarhulumente le-Ofisi yoMphathiswa we-Interior and Justice, nangona kunjalo inokuzimela ngokumalunga nempahla elawula ingeniso abayenzayo, ngenxa yeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezenziwayo.
Ukugqwesa kwenkqubo yokuqinisekisa kunye nephepha lobuqu: Xa ubhalisa inkampani okanye ishishini, iimpawu kunye neendlela zokuqhutywa kweshishini kufuneka nazo zichazwe. Nangona kunjalo, irekhodi lisenokungafani nohlobo lwemisebenzi yokurhweba oyenzayo. Nangona kunjalo, okubalulekileyo sisikhokelo somthetho malunga nenkcazo eyenziwe ngexesha lokubhalisa.
Nawuphi na umsebenzi owenziwe yiMercantile Registry uyasebenza kwaye uchanekile: Oku kusekwe kwinqaku lama-58 loBhaliso loLuntu kunye noMthetho weNotari, omisela oku kulandelayo: "Umxholo wobhaliso uthathwa njengochanekileyo kwaye usemthethweni, kodwa ubhaliso aluqinisekisi izenzo ezingenanto kunye neekhontrakthi."
Kufuneka kwakhona sazise umfundi, njengolwazi olunomdla, ukuba ukubhaliswa kwamaxwebhu kunokwenzeka ngeendlela ezimbini okanye iintlobo, ezi:
esisiseko
Babhekisela ekubhaliseni amaxwebhu ngendlela yokuba bafumane ubume bomthetho phakathi kwamaqela abandakanyekayo.
izibhengezo
Ngokumalunga nabaqulunqi, izibhengezo zinika iinkcukacha malunga nesenzo okanye imeko enenjongo yomthetho, kunokuba inkcazo yesenzo ngokwayo. Ngaphakathi kwezi nkcukacha, amaxwebhu asekwe kumanqaku e-4, i-5 kunye ne-6 ngokumalunga noko kusekwe kwinqaku le-19 leKhowudi yoRhwebo inokunikwa.
Ngokombono wababhali abaliqela, iziphumo ezithile ezibalulekileyo ezinxulumene nokubhaliswa koxwebhu kwiRejistri yeMercantile zikhankanyiwe, malunga noku singakhankanya oku kulandelayo:
Nangona inkampani esemthethweni ibhalisiwe, ayithathwa njengesemthethweni de kube iRegistry yeMercantile yenziwe kwaye ukupapashwa kobhaliso kuye kwenziwa. Kwenzeka okufanayo kunye nokuguqulwa kwemimiselo, ekubeni ivunyiwe ngokuhambelana nemimiselo yenqaku le-19 kunye ne-221 yekhowudi yorhwebo.
Zeziphi iincwadi ezivaliweyo?
Onke amaziko okanye amaqumrhu orhwebo enza imisebenzi yokwenza ingeniso kufuneka abe nothotho lweencwadi ukuze agcine ulawulo nokubhalisa ucwangciso-mali olufanelekileyo kunye nobume be-asethi namatyala ngamaxesha onke.
Olu luxanduva olusekwe yiKhowudi yoRhwebo ngokwayo ukuze kwenziwe ubalo-mali lube lula kwaye luqheleke ngakumbi, ngakumbi kumashishini athile anemali echatshazelwa ngokuthe ngqo kuqoqosho lwelizwe. Ishishini ngalinye malibe nezi ncwadi ze-accounting zilandelayo: incwadi yemihla ngemihla, i-general ledger kunye ne-inventory book.
Ukongeza koku ngasentla, kufuneka kwakhona babe neencwadi ezifanelekileyo zemibutho ngokuhambelana nemimiselo yenqaku le-260 yeKhowudi yoRhwebo.
Ezi ncwadi sizikhankanye apha ngasentla zingahlelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: incwadi yabanini-zabelo, incwadana yemizuzu yomlawuli kunye nemizuzu yentlanganiso. Ngokunjalo, ishishini ngalinye linamathuba okuba libe nelinye inani leencwadi ezongezelelweyo ukuba liyibona iyimfuneko; Kunokuthiwa kuthethwe njengabancedisi ukwenzela ukunika lula kunye nentuthuzelo kwimisebenzi yorhwebo eyenziwayo, ehlala ekhumbula ukuba iiparamitha eziyimfuneko zihlangene nazo.
Ukunika umzekeliso omkhulu kumfundi, siza kuthi ngokufutshane kwaye sichaze zonke iincwadi eziyimfuneko ekusetyenzisweni okunyanzelekileyo ngamashishini xa esenza umsebenzi wawo kunye nemisebenzi yorhwebo, zezi:
Incwadi yedayari: kuyo, ingxelo ibhalwe ngokubhaliweyo ngokolandelelwano oluthile lwazo zonke izinto ezenziwayo kwijenali. Amanye amaqumrhu orhwebo abhala kule ncwadi isimbuku esifunyenwe ngokuthengisa ekupheleni kosuku; ichaza iimali zizonke zengeniso efunekayo, nokuba kungodluliselo, ngamanqaku entengiso okanye ngemali.
Ileja: iya kusebenza njenge-backup yencwadi ebizwa ngokuba yiDiary, apho ii-akhawunti zabantu okanye izinto zirekhodwa ngokwe-debit kunye nekhredithi. Ulandelelwano ngokolandelelwano lwamaxesha ngomhla kufuneka lungqamane nalolo luvela kwincwadi yemihla ngemihla kwaye kuya kwenzeka kwakhona ukujonga ii-akhawunti zomntu kunye nezobuqu ngaphandle kokudwelisa umsebenzi ngamnye owenziweyo, njengoko kusenziwa kwincwadi yemihla ngemihla.
Incwadi yoluhlu: apha ukugcwala kweempahla ezithengiswayo, kubandakanywa neekhredithi, zichazwe kwaye zinqunywe. Ngokunjalo, ifezekisa ukugcinwa kwembali yemithombo, izixhobo kunye nezinye iziko lorhwebo elinalo. Kwakhona kuvumela ukufezekiswa koqikelelo lwexabiso lokwenene leshishini okanye into efanayo, ukwazi ukuba yintoni umzuzu we-akhawunti jikelele yorhwebo.
Kule ncwadi, ukuphelela kwezinto ezingenayo kunye namagqabi kufuneka abhalwe, ukwenzela ukuba ngamaxesha onke asethi okwenene akhoyo abonakaliswe.
Iincwadi eziNcedisayo ekufuneka zifakwe kwiRejistri yeMercantile eVenezuela
Ngokumalunga noku, amashishini anokukhetha ukuba neeNcwadi eziNcedisayo, kolu didi singakhankanya: incwadi ye-inventri, incwadi yenkcazo-ntetho, incwadi yokukopa ngembalelwano, incwadi yesalathiso, incwadana yevawutsha, iincwadi zembalelwano kunye nencwadi yesitampu.
Kwincwadi yevawutsha, njengoko igama layo lisitsho; Idata yazo zonke iivawutsha kunye neerisithi ezinxulumene neziko elisemthethweni zifakiwe, ezinje: idatha yeerisithi zokufumana iimpahla, idatha yeerisithi zenkonzo, iivawutsha zentlawulo yerhafu, iivawutsha zee-invoyisi ezikhutshwe ngabahambisi, phakathi kwabanye. abanye.
Ngawaphi amasebe enawo?
Uninzi lweeRegistries zokuQala zeMercantile, ezikummandla welizwe, zinesakhiwo esifanayo sombutho, nangona kunjalo zineeyantlukwano zabo ukuba ngamnye unokuzimela ukugqiba ukuba umbutho, ukusebenza kunye nolwakhiwo luya kuba njani.
ISebe lolawulo, unikezelo kunye nezibalo: Le yiofisi ejongene nokwenza uqikelelo lwerhafu yemali, ukuphuhliswa kweefom zokurhoxiswa kwimeko nganye eveziweyo kunye namalungelo okubhalisa adibaniswa namaqumrhu asemthethweni aphantsi kolawulo lwayo.
iSebe leeNkcukacha eziBalulekileyo: inomsebenzi wokudala nokugcina iifayile ezahlukeneyo zamaziko asemthethweni abhaliswe kwikomkhulu.
ISebe loBonelelo: apha kuza zonke izicelo zedatha yamva nje eyenziwe ngabasebenzisi, apho iimfuno ezifakiweyo zichazwe kwaye zidweliswe ekudalweni kwemiqulu.
iSebe loFakelo: Amaxwebhu amatsha okanye ezo zitshintshiweyo kwifayile yeenkampani zorhwebo esele zenziwe zongezwa kwaye zicutshungulwe kuyo. Ikwaxhotyisiwe kwakhona ukuba ikhuphe iikopi ezifotokotshiweyo eziqinisekisiweyo ezibhaliswe njengeziceliweyo.
Isebe loonobhala: Kuyo, iinkqubo ezinxulumene namaxwebhu aya kunikwa zenziwa. Bakwanembopheleleko yokuba amaxwebhu abonise utyikityo lwabo bonke abantu ababonakala kuwo.
iSebe lokuphonononga umthetho: Kweli sebe, amaxwebhu aqinisekisiwe kwaye kufuneka aqinisekiswe ukuba ayahlangabezana neemfuno ezifanelekileyo ezimiselwe ngumthetho karhulumente ukwenzela ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukufaneleka kwawo kunye nokuba afanelekile ukubhaliswa okulandelayo okanye ukuqhotyoshelwa kwiifayile. Uninzi lwabasebenzi abasebenza kweli sebe baphonononga amagqwetha, ezi ngcali zixhotyiswe ngokupheleleyo ukuba zihlole amaxwebhu afanelekileyo.
Umfundi unokuphonononga kwakhona:
Njani Faka isicelo seKhadi eWalmart Ngokulula
I-BNC: iBalance Enquiry Ngokukhawuleza nangokulula