Ukuba ungumthengi we Irhasi yeRepsol Uya kuba nomdla wokwazi onke amathuba anokuthi le nkampani ibonelele kubasebenzisi abafumana ikontraka yenkonzo yerhasi yasekhaya, ngakumbi ezo zinxulumene nokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwesixhobo sakho. invoyisi kunye nawo onke amathuba anikezelayo, kunye nezinto ezinomdla ezifundisayo ezinxulumene nesi sihloko ezinokuthi zibe nomdla kuwe.
Amacandelo e-invoyisi yerhasi ye-Repsol
Sikwenzela uhlalutyo olupheleleyo lwe invoyisi de gesi de Repsol. I-bill ibhekiselele kuyo, xa i-bill yegesi kufuneka ihlawulwe ngenyanga, sikubonisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhlawula, ukukhuphela kunye nokujonga i-Repsol Luz y Gas bill. Siza kuphinda sichaze ngendlela elula umxholo woncedo weWizard yeNtlawulo kuquka neenkonzo online.
Ukuhlawulwa nokujongwa kweMithetho yeGesi
Kwindawo yabathengi beRepsol unokufunda ngokukhawuleza ukuba wenze njani hlawula unayo invoyisi de gesi yendalo ye Ukuphendula Umbane neGesi zinokujongwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kuxhomekeke ekubeni sinazo na ii-invoyisi ze-elektroniki okanye asinazo. Inkampani ikhupha amaxwebhu ayo egesi kwi-intanethi nakwiphepha.
Ngokungagqibekanga, abathengi beRepsol baya kufumana irisithi yephepha kwibhokisi yabo yeposi eqhelekileyo ukuba bakwindawo yaseSpain. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuvula amatyala e-elektroniki, baya kukwazi ukufumana ii-invoyisi zabo nge-imeyile kwaye bazazi iindleko zabo kwangaphambili ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka.
I-Autogas
I-AutoGas yeyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu kuluntu lwethu kwaye iyona kuphela ekhoyo namhlanje enokwenzeka ngokwenene ukuba isasazwe ngokukhawuleza nangempumelelo kuluntu.
Kwilizwekazi laseYurophu, kukho izithuthi eziphantse zibe zizigidi ezi-4 eziqhutywa yi-AutoGas. Ngaphezulu kwe-1.400 yeebhasi zedolophu zisetyenziswa kwiidolophu ze-25 zaseYurophu. Uninzi lwamazwe ajikeleze iSpain asebenzisa I-Repsol AutoGas njengendlela ekhawulezayo nelula yokuphucula umgangatho womoya osebenzayo kwiindawo ezisezidolophini kwihlabathi jikelele.
Uphuhliso lwayo olukhawulezayo namhlanje ludinga utyalo-mali oluthile kodwa kwiminyaka embalwa nje, iziphumo ezimangalisayo zifunyenwe ngokwemiqathango yokukhutshwa okupheleleyo. Ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1970, imarike yehlabathi ye-LPG yeemoto iye yaqhubeleka nokuphuhlisa ngenxa yezi zizathu zilandelayo: Ngokusisiseko, ukwahlukana koqoqosho, ukwanda kweemfuno zamandla kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo.
Ukonga ngetyala lerhasi yeRepsol
Ukwazi ukuba lithini ityala lerhasi kule nkampani kunokukunceda wonge imali. Ibhili yerhasi yeRepsol yahlulwe yangamacandelo amaninzi:
- Idatha yabathengi kunye namanqaku okubonelela: Kweli candelo, abathengi banokubonisana nedatha yabo, njenge-DNI yabo (i-Basic Identification), idilesi yeposi yokubonelela, i-CUPS kunye nenombolo yenkontileka.
- I-invoyisi iyonke yelo xesha: Olu lucazululo lwentlawulo nganye ekufuneka ihlawulwe ukuhlawula amatyala enkampani. Kwangaxeshanye, kuyimfuneko ukwahlula ezinye iikhonsepthi ezisisiseko ukuqonda amaxabiso ahlawulwe kwi-bill yegesi ye-Repsol.
- Ixesha elimiselweyo: Nokuba idliwe okanye ayityiwa, yindleko ekufuneka icingelwe. Umrhwebi uhlawulwa ngokuba nesibonelelo segesi yendalo. Libalwa njani ixesha elimiselweyo le-Repsol? Ikhomishini yexesha elimiselweyo x ixesha lolungiso (kwiiyunithi zenyanga)
- Iguquguquko: Ihambelana nokusetyenziswa kwerhasi yendalo ngexesha elithile lokuhlawula, umzekelo unyaka om-1. Zibalwa njani izinto eziguquguqukayo zeRepsol? Iindleko eziguquguqukayo zento x ukusetyenziswa kwamandla (kWh) kufuneka kuthathwe
- Irhafu kwiihydrocarbons kunye nerhafu kwixabiso elongeziweyo: ezi ziirhafu ezimbini kuzo zonke iindleko zegesi yendalo eSpain. Eyokuqala kukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwerhasi yendalo kunye nokukhuthaza irhafu ezinzileyo. Ifanelekile ukusetyenziswa kwaye ixabisa i-0,00234 euro / kWh. Okwesibini yirhafu eyongeziweyo, edla ngokusetyenziswa kwi-21% kwi-subtotal yezinto ezimbini zokuqala.
- Ufundo kunye nolwazi losetyenziso: Kwinxalenye yokugqibela yoluhlu lwerhasi yeRepsol, isixa serhasi esetyenzisiweyo ngexesha langoku lokuhlawula kunye nexesha langaphambili lokuhlawula lirekhodwa. Oku kubizwa ngokuba kukufundwa kwemitha yegesi yendalo. Ziqhutywa ngabathengisi kwaye zikhonza abathengisi ukuba bakhuphe amaxabiso achanekileyo kubathengi.
Irhasi yeNdalo ehlabathini
Irhasi yendalo (ekwabizwa ngokuba yirhasi yefosili; ngamanye amaxesha irhasi nje kwiindawo ezininzi) ngumxube wendalo wehydrocarbon ovela ngokwendalo obandakanya ikakhulu i-methane, kodwa kaninzi kubandakanya izixa ezahlukeneyo zezinye iialkane eziphezulu kwaye ngamanye amaxesha, ipesenti encinci yecarbon dioxide, initrogen, ihydrogen sulfide. , okanye i-helium.
Iyenzeka xa umaleko wezityalo ezibolayo kunye nezilwanyana zisesichengeni sobushushu obugqithisileyo kunye noxinzelelo phantsi komphezulu weplanethi kwizigidi zeminyaka. Amandla ezityalo awawafumana elangeni agcinwa njengemichiza ekwigesi. Irhasi yendalo sisibaso sefosili ngoko.
Irhasi yendalo yihydrocarbon engahlaziyekiyo esetyenziswa njengomthombo wamandla ukufudumeza, ukupheka kunye nokwenza umbane. Ikwasetyenziswa njengamafutha ezithuthi ezikhubazekileyo nanjengendawo yokutya ngemichiza xa kusenziwa iiplastiki kunye nezinye iikhemikhali eziziindalo ezibalulekileyo kurhwebo.
Ukukhutshwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwegesi yendalo yinto ebalulekileyo kwaye ikhula ekulweni nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Yirhasi yegreenhouse enamandla xa ikhutshelwe emoyeni, kwaye idala ikharbon diokside xa itshisiwe. Irhasi yendalo inokutshiswa ngokufanelekileyo ukuvelisa ubushushu kunye nombane, ikhuphe inkunkuma encinci kunye netyhefu kwindawo yokusetyenziswa xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iifosili kunye ne-biomass fuels.
Nangona kunjalo, ukukhutshwa kwegesi kunye nokuvutha, kunye nokukhutshwa okungafunekiyo ngokungahambi ngabom kulo lonke ikhonkco lokubonelela, kunokukhokelela kwi-carbon footprint efanayo, ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo.
Irhasi yendalo ifumaneka kubunzulu bamatye angaphantsi komhlaba okanye inxulunyaniswe nezinye iidiphozithi ze-hydrocarbon kwiibhedi zamalahle ezifana ne-methane clathrates. I-oyile yenye i-fossil fuel efumaneka kufutshane kunye nasecaleni kwegesi yendalo (ngamanye amaxesha ixutywe). Uninzi lwegesi yendalo yadalwa ngokuhamba kwexesha ngeendlela ezimbini: i-biogenic kunye ne-thermogenic.
Irhasi yeBiogenic yenziwa zizinto eziphilayo ezikhethekileyo kwimigxobhozo, iibhogi, iindawo zokulahla inkunkuma, kunye nentlenga engekho nzulu kwihlabathi liphela. Ngokunzulu emhlabeni, kubushushu obuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo, irhasi ye-thermogenic yenziwa ngokungcwatywa kwezinto eziphilayo.
Kwimveliso ye-oyile, irhasi ngamanye amaxesha iyatshiswa njengerhasi yeflue enokuthi ingcolise. Ngaphambi kokuba irhasi yendalo isetyenziswe njengesibaso, uninzi, kodwa ingeyiyo yonke, kufuneka ilungiswe ukuze kususwe ukungcola, kuquka namanzi, ukuhlangabezana nemigaqo yegesi yendalo enokuthengiswa.
Iimveliso zolu cwangciso ziquka i-ethane, ipropane, ibutane, i-pentanes, kunye nee-hydrocarbons ezinobunzima bemolekyuli, i-hydrogen sulfide (enokuthi iguqulelwe kwisulfure ecocekileyo), i-carbon dioxide, umphunga wamanzi, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha i-helium kunye ne-nitrogen.
Irhasi yendalo maxa wambi ibizwa ngokuba yigesi, ngakumbi xa ithelekiswa neminye imithombo yamandla, njengeoyile okanye amalahle. Nangona kunjalo, akufanele ibhidaniswe nepetroli, ehlala ishunqulelwa ngokusetyenziswa kwe-colloquial, ngakumbi kwamanye amazwe.
Historia
Irhasi yendalo yafunyanwa ngengozi kwiChina yakudala ngenxa yokombiwa kwebrine. Irhasi yendalo yaqala ukusetyenziswa ngamaTshayina malunga no 500 BC (kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwango 1000 BC). Bafumanisa indlela yokuthutha irhasi eyayiphuma emhlabeni kwimibhobho ye-bamboo ekrwada ukuya apho yayisetyenziselwa ukubilisa amanzi anetyuwa ukukhupha ityuwa kwisithili saseZiliujing eSichuan.
Ukufunyanwa nokubonwa kwegesi yendalo eMerika kwenzeka ngowe-1626. Ngowe-1821, uWilliam Hart wemba waphumelela iqula lokuqala legesi yendalo eFredonia, eNew York, eUnited States, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekusekweni kweFredonia Gas Light Company. Isixeko saseFiladelphia sidale inkampani yokuqala kamasipala yokuhambisa irhasi yendalo ngo-1836.
Ukusukela ngo-2009, ama-66.000 km³ (okanye i-8%) yetotali ye-850.000 km³) yoqikelelo oluseleyo loovimba berhasi yendalo enokufunyanwa isetyenzisiwe. Ngokusekwe kumlinganiselo oqikelelwayo wokusetyenziswa kwerhasi kwihlabathi jikelele ngowama-2015 malunga ne-3.400 km³ yerhasi ngonyaka, uqikelelo lulonke oovimba berhasi yendalo abasele bekwazi ukubuyiswa ngokwezoqoqosho baya kuhlala iminyaka engama-250 kumazinga okusetyenziswa ngoku kwaye ngaphandle kokuqwalasela ubugcisa obutsha.
Ukunyuka kwamanani okusetyenziswa ngonyaka nge-2-3% kunokwenza oovimba abafumanekayo bathathe ixesha elingaphantsi kakhulu, mhlawumbi phakathi kweminyaka engama-80 kunye ne-100 kodwa kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi.
Rainbow Six: Ukutsalwa kunye nokusasazwa
Ukususwa
Irhasi yendalo idla ngokutsalwa, kodwa ayisoloko ikhutshwa kwiindawo ezifana neoyile, ekwaziyo ukwenza okanye ukwaphula izinto. Njengeoli, igesi yendalo iyisiphumo sokuguqulwa kwezinto eziphilayo ezifakwe phantsi kweelwandle zamandulo kunye namachibi (izitya ze-sedimentary).
Ngoko ke, akukho kukhangela igesi yendalo ngaphandle kweoli, kodwa umsebenzi omnye wophando lwe-hydrocarbon: kuphela emva kokugaya amaqula okuhlola kunokwenzeka ukwazi uhlobo lwediphozithi.
Igama elithi igesi ehambelanayo lisetyenziswa xa igesi yendalo inyibilika kwioyile okanye ibandakanya umaleko ophezulu wedama; Intetho yerhasi engadityaniswanga isetyenziswa xa intsimi iqulethe irhasi yendalo ephantse ibe yindalo (umzekelo, intsimi enkulu eNorth Sea okanye eNetherlands).
Ukukhupha irhasi yendalo phantsi komhlaba kulula kakhulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo ivalelwa kunye neoli phantsi komqolo welitye. Ngenxa yoxinzelelo olukhulu, ngokukhawuleza ukugqitywa kokugaya, igesi iphuma kwaye kuyimfuneko ukuyiqondisa kwipayipi kwaye iholele kwiindawo zayo zokugqibela okanye amaziko okugcina.
Ezi zamva azikho iitanki ezifana nezo ziqulethe ioli, kodwa ziphelile iindawo zokugcina zendalo ezazikade zinegesi yendalo, ioli okanye amanzi kwaye namhlanje zisetyenziswa njengendawo yokugcina impahla.
yerhasi.
Ukucwangciswa
Ukuba irhasi yendalo ebaleni imanzi, ingena kwi-preconditioning ukwahlula imethane kwezinye iihydrocarbons ezinegesi ezifana nepropane, butane kunye ne-ethane. Ukwahlula kwenziwa lula yinto yokuba imethane iphawulwa ngobushushu obuphantsi kakhulu.
Ubungakanani beegesi ezimanzi ezikhoyo kwiimarike zanamhlanje zikhulu kakhulu, ekubeni igesi ekhutshwe kunye neoli ihlala imanzi. Nje ukuba inyibilikisiwe, iigesi ezimanzi zifakwa ebhotileni ukuze zisetyenziswe ekhaya kwizikhongozeli eziyi-10/15 kg okanye kwiibhotile ezinkulu ezisetyenziselwa ushishino.
Irhasi yemethane isasazwa ngothungelwano lwemibhobho Nangona inqabile, imethane evela kwezinye iindawo ifuna ukucocwa. Okona kungcola kuyingozi ngokungathandabuzekiyo yisulfure kuba ivelisa i<em>sulphur dioxide ngexesha lokutsha yaye xa imozulu ifumile ibangela imvula eneasidi, engunobangela wezifo zemiphunga, ukuwohloka kwezityalo nayo nantoni na echanabeke kuyo.
Maxa wambi igesi ekhutshwayo iqulethe izinto ezixabisekileyo, njengehelium, esetyenziselwa izinto ezininzi ezifana nokwenza iinqwelo-moya zibhabha ize ixutywe neoksijini kwiitanki zescuba.
Nangona ukukhutshwa kulula kunye nomgangatho wegesi yendalo njengamafutha e-fossil aphezulu (kwakhona ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga indawo), kude kube yishumi lesibini leminyaka yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, igesi yendalo yayingengombane womgangatho ophezulu wokusingqongileyo), de Kwimfazwe yehlabathi yesibini ukusetyenziswa kwemethane kwakulinganiselwe kakhulu.
Zothutho
Ukuthuthwa komgama omde werhasi yendalo kwaqala ngo-1958, xa irhasi yendalo yayingeniswa esuka eKhanada isiya eU.S. Namhlanje, irhasi yendalo ithuthwa kwimo yegesi ngemibhobho okanye ngabathwali berhasi yendalo.
Imibhobho yenza ukuba kube lula ukuthutha ubuninzi begesi yendalo ngokuthe ngqo ukusuka kwindawo yokuvelisa ukuya kwindawo yokusetyenziswa ngaphandle kokulayisha okanye ukugcinwa kwemisebenzi. Emva kokuba eyona ndlela ikhuselekileyo nesebenza ngokufanelekileyo ichongiwe, umsele uyagrunjwa ukuze kubekwe imibhobho yentsimbi edityaniswe ngaphambili.
Ukuthintela nakuphi na ukuvuza, i-weld nganye ijongwa nge-X-reyi ukujonga ukuba igqibelele. Ukuthintela ukubola, umbhobho uhlanganiswe ngoluhlu lwe-asphalt, i-tar kunye ne-synthetic resins kwaye ikhuselwe ngezixhobo ezithile zombane. Ekugqibeleni, umbhobho wegesi uyangcwatywa kwaye imbonakalo-mhlaba ibuyiselwe. Ubukho bombhobho wegesi bubonakaliswe ngeempawu ezikhethekileyo.
Rhoqo nge-100 okanye i-200 km, kufakwa izikhululo zokucinezela ukubuyisela uxinzelelo olwaneleyo lokuba irhasi yendalo ijikeleze ngesantya esingama-20 okanye ama-30 km ngeyure. Uthungelwano lwemibhobho lukwabandakanya izikhululo zokugcina apho irhasi yendalo igcinwa ifumaneka kwimeko kaxakeka.
Njengediphozithi, iidiphozithi eziphelileyo ezikufutshane nendawo yokusetyenziswa zikhethwa ukuba zisetyenziswe. Iimpawu zayo zejoloji ziqinisekisa ukhuseleko oluphezulu ngokuchasene nokuvuza okunokwenzeka.
Yonke iYurophu iwelwa yimibhobho emide yerhasi ehamba ngaphantsi komhlaba. Ngale ndlela imbonakalo-mhlaba ayonakaliswa.
Xa kungenakwenzeka ukubhenela kwimibhobho yerhasi ngenxa yokuba umgama omele ukubhulwa ugqithisile okanye indlela yolwandle emide kakhulu kufuneka ihanjwe, kusetyenziswa imibhobho yerhasi yendalo.
Xa kungenakwenzeka ukubhenela kwimibhobho yerhasi -kuba umgama omele ukugutyungelwa mkhulu kakhulu okanye kuba umde kakhulu indlela yaselwandle yokugubungela, irhasi yendalo iyanyibilika ize ithuthwe ngeenqanawa ze-LNG.
Okwangoku, i-25% yegesi yendalo ithuthwa kwiinqanawa ze-LNG.
Irhasi yendalo iyanyibilika kwi-161°C kwaye umthamo wayo uncitshiswe ngamaxesha angama-600 xa kuthelekiswa nerhasi yendalo yokuqala. Inqanawa ye-LNG ithutha umndilili we-130.000 m3 yerhasi yendalo engamanzi. igesi yendalo engamanzi, oko kukuthi, i-78 yezigidi ze-cubic metres kwimeko yegesi.
Iindleko zothutho ziphezulu kwimeko yeenqanawa ze-LNG kuba uthutho olwahlukileyo luyafuneka.
Eyokuqala yenzeka ukusuka kwintsimi ukuya elunxwemeni ngombhobho wegesi. Irhasi ke iye yenziwa ulwelo kwaye ilayishwe kwisithuthi se-LNG esixhotyiswe ngamatanki akhusela ubushushu. Okokugqibela, xa yothulwe kwi-LNG carrier, iguqulwa ibe yigesi kwaye ihanjiswe kwi-
Kukho indlela elula yokusebenzisa i-AutoGas kwisithuthi esine-injini yokutsha yangaphakathi (i-spark ignition) Iimoto zepetroli azisayi kufuna idizili. I-Repsol ibonelela ngezixhobo zokugcina ukusebenza kwesithuthi kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo, kulula ukuyifaka kunye noqoqosho.
Kwaye ikuvumela ukuba ufumane okufunekayo ukusebenzisa i-AutoGas njengomsebenzi owongezelelweyo wesixhobo sesithuthi, kungekhona emva kokutshintshwa, ngoko ke "i-fuel double", evumela abasebenzisi bayo ukuba basebenzise i-petroli okanye i-AutoGas njengamafutha. unikezelo oluhlala lulungile
Konke oku kwenza i igesi evela Repsol Yenye yezona zinto ziceliwe kakhulu eSpain. IMotor Glp nguyena kuphela umenzi wezixhobo zeLPG eSpain. Umthamo wayo wokuthengisa umalunga ne-75% yemarike yelizwe kwaye inamalungelo okumela. Ngaphezulu kweeworkshop ze-100 ziye zaqeshwa kwinqanaba likazwelonke kuwo wonke ummandla waseSpain.
Ukufakwa kwezixhobo kwi-AutoGas (itanki, i-vaporizer, inethiwekhi yombhobho, iyunithi yokulawula i-elektroniki kunye ne-injection ye-petroli yeenqwelo ze-petroli) kufuneka iqhutywe kwi-workshop egunyazisiweyo ngumenzi wezixhobo kwaye oku kufuneka kugunyaziswe ngokusemthethweni kule nto.
Umenzi "uhlaziywa ngokubanzi" kwindibano. Izixhobo zayo zisetyenziswa kwezi zithuthi zilandelayo: i-Chevrolet-Daewoo, i-Opel kunye ne-Volkswagen Group (iSitulo, i-Audi, i-Skoda kunye ne-Volkswagen). Oku kukuvumela ukuba ufake izixhobo ze-injini ye-LPG kuyo nayiphi na isithuthi sentsapho ye-autogas, ngoko ineendleko ezincitshisiweyo zezoqoqosho kwaye awudingi ukucubungula izinto kumaxwebhu aya kuthunyelwa kwi-ITV.
Ukuba lo mathiriyeli ube luncedo kuwe, sikunika olunye ulwazi oluncedisayo olunokuba nomdla kuwe.
ulwazi malunga ne I-Edp yeGas Bill
Iindaba malunga ne Ixabiso loBhaliso lwegesi kunye ne-Iberdrola
Iinyani malunga ne UMthetho oYilwayo weGesi yeNdalo