Uyazi Yintoni imodeli ye3D? Kulo lonke eli nqaku uza kufunda ngembali, ukusebenza kunye neempawu ezibalulekileyo zeli thuba lobuchwephesha, njengemodeli ze-3D; fumanisa yonke into esifumana yona obu bugcisa bedijithali.
Yintoni imodeli ye3D?
Yinkqubo yokwenziwa kwezinto zobuchwephesha kuyo nayiphi na into enamacala amathathu (engaphiliyo okanye ephilayo) ngenkqubo yobugcisa. Yile nto siyibiza ngokuba yimodeli ye-3D, inokuphathwa njengemifanekiso emacala mabini yinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-3D rendering, okanye isetyenziswe kwimodeli zekhompyuter zezinto ezibonakalayo, imodeli nayo inokwenziwa ngokwasemzimbeni kusetyenziswa izixhobo zokuprinta ze-3D.
Ezi milo zinokuveliswa ngesandla kwaye ukuqhubela phambili kwendalo kuyafana kakhulu nokwenza imifanekiso eqingqiweyo (kwihlabathi ledijithali), okanye zinokuveliswa ngokuzenzekelayo kusetyenziswa iskena se-3D.
Iimodeli
Inani lolu hlobo lisebenzisa uthotho lwamanqaku kwisithuba se-3D ukwenza umgaqo onemilinganiselo emithathu, kwaye wona adityaniswa zizinto zejometri (ezinje ngoonxantathu, imigca, imiphezulu, phakathi kwabanye.). Njengokuqokelelwa kwedatha (amanqaku kunye nolunye ulwazi), iimodeli ze-3D zinokwenziwa ngesandla, kusetyenziswa ii-algorithms okanye ukuskena.
Los Iimodeli ezingama-3d zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimizobo ye-3D. Ewe, ukusebenzisa kwabo idatha kwangoko kusasazeka ekusetyenzisweni kwemizobo ye-3D kwiikhompyuter, ngaphambi kokuba iikhompyuter zikwazi ukunikezela ngexesha lokwenyani, eminye imidlalo yevidiyo eyayikade isebenzisa imifanekiso yale matrices njengemithombo.
Okwangoku, iimodeli ze-3D zisetyenziswa ngoku kumacandelo ahlukeneyo. Icandelo lezonyango liqeshe iimodeli zomzimba ezineenkcukacha; Amacandelo ahlukeneyo omfanekiso we-2-D ovela kwisikena se-MRI okanye se-CT unokusetyenziswa ukwenza lo mfanekiso, ishishini lefilimu libathatha njengabalinganiswa kunye nezinto kwiifilimu zoopopayi okanye zokwenyani.
Amasebe ezenzululwazi azisebenzisa njengemodeli eneenkcukacha zokwenziwa kweekhemikhali. Umzi mveliso wokwakha ubathatha ukuba babonise iingcebiso malunga nezakhiwo kunye nokuma komhlaba ngokusebenzisa iimodeli zoyilo lwesoftware.
Isetyenziswa luluntu lobunjineli ukuyila izinto ezintsha, izithuthi kunye nolwakhiwo, kunye nabaphathi beenqwelomoya kwezinye iinjongo. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, uluntu lwenzululwazi lomhlaba luye lwaqala ukuseka iimodeli ze-3D zejoloji njengesiqhelo, Iimodeli ezingama-3d Banokuba sisiseko sezixhobo ezibonakalayo ezakhiwe ngabashicileli be-3D okanye oomatshini be-CNC.
Ukumelwa
Xa sithetha ngezi milo zi-3 D, sikwathetha ngamacandelo apha kwezi-2 zezi:
Amaqumrhu:
Ezi modeli zichaza umthamo wezinto (ezinjengamatye) ezimele zona, ziyinyani ngakumbi, kodwa kunzima ngakumbi ukuzakha, imodeli ebonakalayo isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa okungabonakaliyo, njengamayeza kunye nobunjineli. Isetyenziselwa i-CAD kunye nokusetyenziswa kombono okhethekileyo, njenge; umzobo we-ray wokulandela umkhondo, umkhondo we-ray, kunye nolwakhiwo oluqinileyo lwejiyometri.
I-Shell okanye ulwandlalo:
Ezi modeli zimele umphezulu, njengolwandlalo lwento, endaweni yevolumu yayo (njengeqokobhe elingenasiphelo). Kulula ukuzisebenzisa kuneemodeli ezibonakalayo kwaye phantse zonke iimodeli ezibonakalayo ezisetyenziswa kwimidlalo nakwimiboniso bhanyabhanya ziimodeli zokhuselo.
Inkangeleko yomzimba ubukhulu becala ichazwe yinkangeleko yayo yokwakha, emelwe ngokubanzi yimida kwimizobo yekhompyuter; kwimizimba esetyenziswe kwimizobo, umphezulu wamacala amabini yinto efanelekileyo yokufanisa, nangona le mizimba ngokubanzi ingaphindanga.
Kuba imiphezulu ayikhawulelwanga, indlela yedijithali ethe kratya iyafuneka: i-polygonal meshes (ukuya kwinqanaba elincinci lokwahlulahlula indawo), zezona zibonakalayo zixhaphakileyo, nangona iingcaciso ezisekwe kumanqaku ziye zaziwa kakhulu kule minyaka idlulileyo. Iiseti zenqanaba zizinto eziluncedo kwimiphezulu egobileyo ehamba kwiinguqu ezahlukeneyo (ezinjengamanzi).
Umgaqo olandelwayo wokuguqula ukumelwa kwento (umzekelo, indawo yokulungelelanisa inqanaba kumelo lwendawo kunye nenqaku elijikeleze ipholigoni) ibizwa ngokuba yi-tessellation. Sebenzisa eli nyathelo kwisiseko seepoligoni ezininzi ezinikezelweyo, apho into yohlulwe kubungqina ("boqobo") (umzekelo, isphere, ikhowuni, njl.). Babizwa ngokuba "ziigridi" kwaye banethungelwano loonxantathu abadibeneyo.
Iingxande ezingoonxantathu (endaweni yesikwere) ziyathandwa kuba zibonakalisa ukuba kulula ukuzisebenzisa ekunikezeleni imigca yokuskena. Ayizizo zonke iindlela zokunikezela ezisebenzisa unikezelo lwepoligoni, kwaye kule meko, inyathelo lokuchazwa kwetessellation alibandakanywanga kutshintsho olusuka kumelo olungabonakaliyo ukuya kwindawo enikezelweyo.
Inkqubo yokumodareyitha
Zintathu iindlela zokwenza imodeli:
Imodeli yePolygon -Dibanisa amanqaku (abizwa ngokuba zii-vertices) kwisithuba se-3D ukwenza i-polygon mesh. Namhlanje, uninzi lwee Iimodeli ezingama-3d Zakhiwe ngeemodeli zokumila kwepoligoni kuba ziyaguquguquka kwaye zinokuhanjiswa ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ziikhompyuter, nangona kunjalo iipoligoni zithe tyaba kwaye zininzi kuphela iipoligoni ezinokusetyenziselwa ukuqikelela umphezulu ogobileyo.
Umfuziselo wekhava: Umphezulu uchazwa sisono kwaye oku kuchaphazeleka kubunzima bamanqaku olawulo. Ukulandela kwesono kulandela (kodwa ayinyanzelekanga ukuba idibanise) la manqaku. Ukwandisa ubunzima benqaku kuya kuzisa isono kufutshane nelo nqanaba. Iindidi ze-Sinuosity zibandakanya i-non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS), amanqaku aphambili, iipatches, kunye nejometri zokuqala.
Umfuziselo wanamhlanje wemodeli ye-Utah yetiapot ephuhliswe nguMartin Newell (1975). Itapoti ye-Utah yenye yeemodeli ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimfundo yemizobo, yintoni Iimodeli ezingama-3d, Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wedijithali: Nangona i-3D eqingqiweyo yedijithali iseyindlela entsha yokumodela, sele ithandwa kakhulu kwiminyaka yayo yobukho.
Okwangoku, zintathu iintlobo zemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yedijithali: ukufuduswa, eyona isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizicelo zedijithali. Okwangoku, "ivolumu kunye ne-mosaic yedijithali", "iRolling" isebenzisa iimodeli ezixineneyo (ngamanye amaxesha iipoligoni ezininzi ziveliswa kwiindawo ezahlulwe zahlulwa), kwaye zigcina iindawo ukuze zibone iindawo ezime kuzo ngemephu enama-3 egcina iindawo ezihlengahlengisiweyo.
Umthamo osekwe ngokukhululekileyo kwiVoxel unomsebenzi ofanayo kwi-offset, kodwa xa kungekho zininzi ngokwaneleyo iipoligoni kuloo ndawo ukufezekisa i-deformation, ayizukuchaphazeleka ziipoligoni ezinyanzelisiweyo. I-tessellation yeDynamic iyafana neVoxel, kodwa isebenzisa unxantathu ukwahlula umphezulu ukugcina umphezulu ogudileyo kwaye uvumela iinkcukacha ezicocekileyo.
Ezi nkqubo ziququzelela ukuphononongwa kobugcisa ngakumbi, kuba akuyomfuneko kuphela ukukrola ubume kunye neenkcukacha ezinokubakho zemodeli, kodwa nokwenza i-topology entsha yemodeli. Ukuba isetyenziswe kwinjineli yomdlalo, i-mesh entsha iguqula ngokubanzi ulwazi oluphezulu lwe-mesh kwisisombululo sedatha okanye idatha yemephu eqhelekileyo.
Zininzi iindlela zokwenza imodeli, kubandakanya:
- eyakhayo ijiyometri eqinileyo.
- imiphezulu.
- imiphezulu yokwahlulahlula.
Iimodeli zingenziwa ngeenkqubo ezithile (umz. ICinema 4D, iFomu • Z, iMaya, i-3DS Max, iBlender, iLightwave, iModo, ukuQiniseka kokuQiniseka) okanye izinto zesicelo (umatshini wokukrola we-3D Max, iLofter). Ulwimi oluchaza imeko (njenge-POV-Ray); Kwezinye iimeko, akukho mahluko ungqongqo phakathi kwezi zigaba; Kule meko, ukumodareyitha kuyinxalenye yenkqubo yokudala imeko (umzekelo, le yimeko yeCaligari trueSpace kunye neRealsoft 3D).
Izinto ezintsokothileyo (ezinje ngezaqhwithi zesanti, amafu, kunye neerosols ezingamanzi) zimodareyithwa kusetyenziswa iinkqubo zamasuntswana kwaye zilungelelaniso lobunzima be-3D, apho zinikwe khona amanqaku, iipoligoni, ukusasazeka kweetshathi okanye iitrethi.
Thelekisa neendlela ze-2D
Iziphumo eziyinyani ze-3D ngokubanzi zifunyanwa ngaphandle kwemodeli yocingo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ayinakubonwa kwisimo sokugqibela. Ezinye iinkqubo zobugcisa bokuzoba zibandakanya amacebo okucoca anokusetyenziswa kwimizobo ye-vet ye-2D okanye kwimizobo ye-raster ye-2D kumaleko obala.
Xa kuthelekiswa nokusebenzisa iindlela ze-2D kuphela, izibonelelo zemodeli yocingo lwe3D zibandakanya:
- Ubhetyebhetye, unokubonisa ii-angles eziguqulweyo okanye imifanekiso yoopopayi ngokukhawuleza.
- Ukunikezela ngokulula, ukubala okuzenzekelayo kunye nokunikezela ngeziphumo ezifanelekileyo, akukho mfuneko yokubona okanye uqikelelo lwengqondo.
- Ukuchaneka kwefotorealism, ukunciphisa ukubakho kokungalungelelaniswa kakuhle ngenxa yempazamo yomntu, ukubaxa okanye ukulibala ukubandakanya iziphumo ezibonakalayo.
Ukuphucula enye kunye kunye, ngokwexesha, kukho amagcisa adibanise le fomu kwi-3D emva koko ajonge imifanekiso yeekhompyuter ezinikezelwe kwi-2D ngokusekwe kwimodeli ye-3D.
Imodeli yentengiso ye3D
Nokuba isetyenziselwe imodeli enye okanye ingqokelela enkulu, iisampulu ze3D kunye nomxholo onxulumene noko, njengoburhabaxa, izikripthi, zisenendawo enkulu. Iivenkile ezikwi-Intanethi zomxholo we-3D zivumela amagcisa ukuba athengise umxholo abawenzileyo, injongo yomculi kukufumana ixabiso elingaphezulu leeasethi ababezenzele iprojekthi ngaphambili.
Ngale ndlela, amagcisa angenza imali ngakumbi kumxholo wabo wakudala kwaye iinkampani zinokonga imali ngokuthenga iimodeli esele zenziwe endaweni yokuhlawula ukwenza iimodeli kwasekuqaleni. Ezi marike zihlala zohlulahlula inzuzo yazo phakathi kwabo kunye nabazobi abenza iimpahla, kwaye amagcisa ayakwazi ukufumana phakathi kwe-40% kunye ne-95% yentengiso, kuxhomekeke kwintengiso.
Kwiimeko ezininzi, amagcisa agcina ubunini be Imodeli eyi-3d; umthengi uthenga kuphela amalungelo okusetyenziswa kwaye abonise imodeli. Abanye amagcisa bathengisa iimveliso zabo ngokuthe ngqo ngamaxabiso asezantsi ezivenkileni zabo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa abalamli.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uninzi lweemarike ezikhethekileyo zeemodeli zokuprinta ze-3D ziye zavela, ezinye iimarike zokushicilela ze-3D ziyindibaniselwano yeemodeli zotshintshiselwano lwesiza, kunye okanye ngaphandle kwezakhono ze-e-commerce ezakhelweyo.
Kukho ezinye iinkqubo ezibonelela ngolu hlobo lweenkonzo ze-XNUMXD zokuprinta imifanekiso, kwaye ezi ziinkqubo ezidumileyo zokwabelana ngefayile.
Ukushicilelwa kwe-3D
Olu hlobo lwe-XNUMXD yoshicilelo yindlela yokudibanisa eyenziweyo apho izinto-ntathu zenziwe ukusuka kulwaleko oluqhubekayo lwezinto.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, inani leenkampani ezibonelela ngemodeli yento eshicilelweyo ye-3D inyukile, ezi zinto ziskenwe, zanikwa ngemilinganiselo emithathu kwinkqubo yekhompyuter emva koko zashicilelwa ngokweemfuno zabathengi.
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, imodeli ye-3D inokuthengwa kwindawo yentengiso ekwi-Intanethi emva koko iprintwe ngumntu okanye ishishini kusetyenziswa umshicileli we-3D okhoyo wentengiso, ukuze iinxalenye, kunye nezixhobo, ziveliswe ekhaya.
Iimodeli zabantu
Ukusetyenziswa kokuqala okufumanekayo kwemodeli ebonakalayo yabantu kwavela kwiwebhusayithi yeLands'End ngo-1998. I-mannequin ebonakalayo yenziwa yiMy Virtual Mode Inc, evumela abasebenzisi ukuba benze iimodeli zabo kwaye bazame kwimpahla ye-3D, kukho iinkqubo ezininzi zale mihla izixhobo ezinokusetyenziselwa ukwenza iimodeli ezibonakalayo zabantu.
Sebenzisa
Imodeli ye3D isetyenziswa kumashishini ahlukeneyo, anje ngefilimu, oopopayi kunye nemidlalo, uyilo lwangaphakathi, kunye noyilo. Zikwasetyenzisiwe kwishishini lezonyango ukumela ukwakheka kwe-anatomiki ngokudibeneyo, uluhlu olubanzi lwesoftware ye-3D ikwasetyenziswa ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe umelo lwedijithali lwemodeli yoomatshini okanye inxenye; I-CAD / CAM sisoftware esetyenziswe kolu hlobo lwamabala, ngale software awunokwakha kuphela iinxalenye, kodwa uqokelele iinxalenye kwaye ugcine imisebenzi yazo.
Iindlela zokwenza i-3D
Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokwenza umsebenzi wolu hlobo lweemodeli, kunokuba nzima, nangona kunjalo ukusebenzisa iindlela ezininzi kuya kwenza ukuba lo mkhuba ube lula kwaye usebenze ngakumbi, ke ngoko, sichaza ezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu kweli hlabathi limnandi le-3d umzekelo:
Ukulinganisa
Imodeli ye-Edge yenye indlela ye-polygonal yokudala ii-asethi ze-3D. Isekwe ekwenzeni isishwankathelo sokuqala esigcwele iiluphu ezahlukileyo ukugcwalisa okanye ukunciphisa izithuba phakathi kweempawu ezahlukeneyo zemodeli, le ndlela iluncedo kakhulu ekubumbeni ubuso babantu kuba ilunge ngakumbi kunokwenza umda wesokethi yamehlo. Ukusuka kwinto yepholigoni kunye nokugcwalisa into ngaphakathi, ikwavumela ukuba wenze ithala leencwadi elikhulu lezinto, ezinje ngamehlo, iindlebe kunye nemilebe.
Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yedijithali
Le itekhnoloji intsha, kodwa yeyokuqala ukuqaphela iiasethi zokwenyani. Le ndlela ilinganisa inkqubo yokuyila umfanekiso oqingqiweyo, kodwa inothotho lwezixhobo zedijithali, iimveliso zesoftware (iBlender, Zbrush) zinceda ukubetha izinto ngendlela eyiyo, ukuvumela ukwenziwa kweeasethi ngeejiyometri. equlathe izigidi zeepoligoni.
Izidumba
Isiseko esingalinganiyo seSiseko se-NURBS yimodeli endala yemathematics, ehlala isetyenziswa xa iimodeli zifuna ukwenza umphezulu ngendlela elula, i-NURBS mesh ayifanelekanga kwimisebenzi yokumodareyitha efana nemiphetho: endaweni yoko ixhomekeke kwimiphetho ye-3D ukukhupha amagophe nge iindawo zolawulo ezizodwa ukuvelisa imiphezulu. Indawo ichongwe sisithuba phakathi kweendawo zolawulo kunye nenqanaba elikhethiweyo lekhephu, le nkqubo yindlela efanelekileyo kakhulu nekhawulezayo yokwenza imizobo kunye nezinto ze-radial kwi-3D.
Iinkqubo zokwenza imodeli ye3D
Kukho inani elikhulu leenkqubo zokwenza imodeli, siya kuthi sikhankanye ezinye ezibalulekileyo:
IRhininoceros
Olu hlobo lwenkqubo yesiphumo se-3D lusekwe kwenye inkqubo, kwaye luyilo olujolise kwikhompyuter, lwenziwa nguRobert McNel kunye nenkampani, isekwe kwisongezo se-Autodesk seAutoCAD. Ezi zicelo zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiinkampani zoyilo lweshishini, uyilo, uyilo lwaselwandle, uninzi lwezicelo zedijithali zexesha elitsha, ezikhawulezayo kakhulu.
Umdibaniso 360
Esi sicelo sisetyenziselwa uyilo lobuchwephesha okanye lobuchwephesha, sinesakhono sokurekhoda iifom zobugcisa kwimilinganiselo emithathu, nangona zinomda kakhulu. Yinkqubo yorhwebo kakhulu, ke inokusetyenziswa kwilifu nakwiselfowuni, ngendlela enjalo, ukuba awunalo uqhagamshelo lwe-intanethi, ungayisebenzisa ngaphandle kwayo kwiprojekthi yakho.
Blender
Yisicelo sekhompyuter esisebenzisa kakhulu kolu hlobo lwesiketshi, ukukhanya, ukunikezela, oopopayi kunye nokwenza imifanekiso ye-3D. Esona sixhobo silungileyo sesicelo yindlela yokwenza umzobo, kuba kulula kakhulu ukukuqonda ukuhamba komsebenzi. Ukuba ufuna isicelo se-3D ngokungqongqo ekwenzeni iiasethi, lukhetho olufanelekileyo.
Ke le sicelo inazo zonke izinto eziyimfuneko onokuzifumana kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo yoyilo.
Le nkqubo yayiqala isasazwe simahla, kodwa ngelo xesha kwakungekho khowudi yemithombo kwaye iincwadana zazisele zifumaneka ukuthengisa. Emva koko yaba yinkqubo yesoftware.
Unokufunda inqaku elinomdla: Ezona zibuko zibalaseleyo zeVR .
