Ikakhulu asihoyi kakhulu kwizixhobo ezithile zangaphakathi zePC, kwaye enye yazo yinkumbulo yeROM. Lelinye lawona malungu abalulekileyo enza ikhompyuter, kuba ingaphezulu kweqhekeza eliyimfuneko kumxokelelwano wokuqalisa ikhompyuter. Kweli nqaku siya kukuxelela Yintoni iROM Memory, iintlobo zayo kunye neempawu zayo.
Yintoni imemori yeROM?
Imemori ye-ROM okanye iphinde yahlulwe njengeMemori eFundayo kuphela sisiqwenga sogcino esisetyenziswa kwiikhompyuter kunye nezixhobo ze-elektroniki, ezivuma kuphela ukufundwa kokukhangela kodwa zingawamkeli umbhalo wakho wesandla, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ukho okanye akukho mandla okanye umthombo wamandla.
Idatha egcinwe kwimemori ye-ROM ayikwazi ukuguqulwa okanye ukuguqulwa, okanye ubuncinane kungekhona ngendlela ephazamisayo okanye elula. Isetyenziselwa ngokukhethekileyo ukuncamathisela i-firmware 2, engeyonto ngaphandle kwenkqubo enxulumene ne-hardware ethile kwaye ayinakwanela ukufuna uhlaziyo rhoqo okanye ezinye izinto eziyimfuneko ekusebenzeni kwesixhobo, njengeenkqubo eziqala ukusebenza kwikhompyuter. Uxilongo.
Kwimowudi engqongqo, iphonononga kuphela ulusu lweROM olwenziwe ngedatha egcinwe ngokungaguqukiyo, ngoko umxholo wayo awunakuguqulwa nangayiphi na indlela. Nangona kunjalo, iiROM ezintsha (ezifana ne-EPROM kunye neFlash EEPROMs) zilawula ukucinywa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye zihlelwe ngokutsha ngamaxesha amaninzi kwaye zisabizwa ngokuba "imemori yokufunda kuphela" okanye "i-ROM."
Isizathu sokuqhubeka ubafowunela kukuba inkqubo yohlengahlengiso idla ngokuba ncinci kakhulu, icotha xa kuthelekiswa, kwaye ayivumeli ukuba kubhalwe kwiindawo ezithile kwinkumbulo. Nangona i-ROM ilula, i-hardware ekhanyayo iguquguqukayo kwaye iphantsi, yiyo loo nto izikhumba ze-ROM ezindala zingabonakali kwi-hardware eveliswe emva kwe-2007.
Umsebenzi weROM
Ngokwesiseko, umsebenzi weROM yangaphakathi yekhompyuter yakho (ingakumbi kwikhompyuter) kukugcina zonke iikhowudi zesiqalo kunye neenkqubo ezigcinwe kwaye zingatshintshwa, ukuze iPC iqaliswe yonke imihla, ngamaxesha onke, kwaye ngaphandle kotshintsho. siyilayita ngendlela efanayo.
Phakathi kwemisebenzi emininzi elawula inkqubo yokuqalisa iPC eyenziwa yimemori yeROM, enye yazo ibaluleke kakhulu kwaye kukuqalisa inkqubo yokusebenza yekhompyuter. Siyazi ukuba ngaphandle kwayo, iikhompyuter zanamhlanje azinakusetyenziswa. I-ROM inoxanduva lokwenza zonke iinkqubo zokuqala zokuskena kunye nokuhlolwa, kunye neendlela ezininzi zokulawula zonke iiperipherals zokufaka kunye nemveliso.
Iintlobo zeenkumbulo zeROM
Ezi yayizii-ROMs zokuqala ezasekwa kwaye zayilwa ngenxa yokuba ii-pseudonyms zabo zichaza ukuba banesimo sokufunda kuphela sedatha egcinwe kuzo. Njengolunye uhlengahlengiso lwememori ye-ROM, banamandla okusebenza ngokuzimeleyo kumandla ombane ajikelezayo kwisixhobo ukugcina ulwazi oluqhutywe kubo, kwaye ukubunjwa kwabo kuninzi i-silicon kunye ne-silicate. Banamandla okuhambisa nokuthutha amandla ombane.
Amandla azenzekelayo ajikelezayo kwikhompyuter awabalulekanga, kodwa amaza ombane avela ngamandla ombane asafuneka ukugcina idatha.
Ngokusisiseko, kukho iindidi ezimbini zememori ezisetyenziselwa ukugcina iindlela zokuqalisa isixhobo: iyacwangciswa kwaye ayinakucwangciswa. Uhlobo lwesibini, oluqulunqwe imemori ye-ROM kunye nememori ye-PROM, ayisasetyenziswa kwintsimi ye-computing, kuba ithathelwe indawo yinkumbulo enokuthi ibhalwe ngaphezulu, oku kuthetha, uhlobo lokuqala lwememori, apho i-EPROM kunye ne-EEPROM imemori. . Iintlobo zeenkumbulo zezi:
I-ROM (Inkumbulo yokufunda kuphela)
I-ROM (iMemori yokuFunda Kuphela) ngesiNgesi, ibiqulathe imemori yokuqala yokufunda kuphela eyenziweyo. Ukugcina ulwazi, inkqubo yayisetyenziselwa ukusetyenziswa kwamacwecwe e-silicone kunye nemaski, ngoko ke imisebenzi yezandla yayingenakwenzeka. Imemori yohlobo lwe-ROM yatshintshwa yi-EPROM kunye neenkumbulo zohlobo lwe-EEPROM, apho le yokugqibela inokubhalwa ngaphezulu.
Okwangoku, ezo nkumbulo ze-ROM azisetyenziswa kwisakhiwo seekhompyuter okanye izihlanganisi zeselfowuni kuba zijongwa njengezakudala, aziguquguquki kakhulu kwaye, ukongeza ekutshintshweni, zibiza kakhulu ukuyila nokugcina. Isebenza kuphela kwizandla zeengcali ezinamava kwinkalo ye-computing. Ukuba amacandelo anokulungiswa kwaye onakaliswe ngokungenakulungiseka, oko kuya kuzisa iindleko zemali eziqhubekayo kumsebenzisi wekhompyutha.
I-PROM (Enocwangciso lokufunda kuphela inkumbulo)
Iinkumbulo ze-PROM okanye i-Programmable Read only Memory zinomgangatho okhethekileyo ababengenawo abo bangaphambi kwabo. Balawula ukucwangciswa kwaye balawule kuphela ukufunda ulwazi oludibeneyo kwaye lugcinwe kuzo. Ukudalwa kunye nokuphunyezwa kwale modeli yememori ye-ROM ibuyele kwiminyaka ye-1950. Ukusetyenziswa kwezi zinto kubandakanya ukuba i-voltage ye-volts ezilishumi elinambini (12) ukuya kwi-volts ezingamashumi amabini (20) ingaphathwa ukugcina ulwazi kwimemori, kuba ukuguqulwa okukhankanywe ngasentla. yenza amandla ombane avule umsebenzi wenkumbulo obandakanyekayo.
Ngokufanayo, imemori ye-PROM inoluhlu lweediode ezinegama elibi "ROM Programmer" kwisekethe yayo edibeneyo, kwaye iqhuba iikhowudi zokubini ukwenza inkqubo kunye nokuzalisekisa imisebenzi yayo. Kwimeko yombane ogqithisiweyo wombane, ixabiso le-binary 1 kwezi nkumbulo lihambelana nokuchasana kunye nokusebenza komsebenzi wememori, ngelixa ii-diodes zifumana ixabiso le-binary 0 xa i-overload isusiwe kwaye idlula ngoku, oko kukuthi, izinzile. njengolwelo.
Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukungonakali kwezi zixhobo kukuba i-diode inokonakala ngokukhutshwa kombane okubangelwa ukugqithisa, okubangela ukungasebenzi kunye nokuchithwa kwimarike yekhompyutheni ngenxa yeendleko zabo eziphezulu. Ezi nkumbulo azikwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezisekwe ngabasebenzisi ukugcina ulwazi lwabo.
I-EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read only Memory)
Imemori ye-EPROM yeyona nto isetyenziswa kuzo zonke izixhobo eziphathwayo ezifana neeselfowuni, iiprosesa kunye nokonwabisa kunye noomatshini bolwazi. Ikwachaza ukuba imemori yokugcina idatha inamandla kunye nomgangatho ofunekayo kwiiprogram ezininzi, ngaphezu koqwalaselo olusisiseko kunye nedatha yokufaka inokususwa kwaye iguqulwe. Isishunqulelo sememori ye-EPROM ngesiSpanish sithi “Inocwangciso kwaye Inocimeka Inkumbulo yokuFunda Kuphela”.
Banomgangatho okhethekileyo wokugcinwa kunye nokuhlelwa, okwenziwa ngendlela ekhethekileyo ngokusetyenziswa kwe-irradiation ephezulu okanye ukukhanya, oko kukuthi, njengokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, enomgangatho wamandla anamandla, ilawula ukuphazamisa nayiphi na impazamo kwimemori. kwaye ikwazi ukulungisa ezi mpazamo zikhankanywe ngasentla ngendlela elula nekhawulezayo.
EEPROM
Lo ngumzekelo wememori ye-ROM enokucwangciswa, icinywe kwaye ihlelwe ngokutsha ngamandla, engafaniyo ne-EPROM ekufuneka icinywe ngesixhobo esikhupha ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kwaye ithande ukuba ziinkumbulo ezinovakalelo.
Ngokungafaniyo nezinye ii-ROM, le nkumbulo inamandla ombane kwaye ifunda uphononongo ngalunye ngendlela egqibeleleyo ukwenza uhlolo olunzulu ukuqinisekisa ukugqitywa kwedatha. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yobuhlungu kunye nohlalutyo olunzulu lwedatha eyenziwa yile ndlela ye-ROM, ukuba idatha iphathwa kwaye ilinde ngokungalunganga, umsebenzi wayo unokucotha ngokukhawuleza. Isishunqulelo senkumbulo ye-EEPROM ngesiSpanish sithi “Inkumbulo eYonelekayo yoMbane yokuFunda Kuphela”.
EAROM
Ingumzekelo we-EEPROM kwaye ilawula ukutshintsha into enye ngexesha. Inkqubo yokubhala ishiywe lixesha kwaye ifuna amandla ombane aphezulu, ngokuqhelekileyo malunga neshumi elinambini (12) volts, kwaye iyafana isetyenziselwa igalelo lokufunda. I-EAROM ifanelekile kwizicelo ezihlala zingadingi kuphinda kubhalwe ngokuyinxenye.
I-EARM ingasetyenziswa njengesithinteli esingaguquguqukiyo ukufumana isaziso esingundoqo malunga nokumelwa kwenkqubo. Kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, i-EAROM iphakanyiswe yinethiwekhi ye-CMOS RAM kwaye ixhaswa yibhetri ye-lithium. Isishunqulelo sememori ye-EAROM ngesiSpanish sithi “Inkumbulo eFumanayo kuphela eTshintshwa nguMbane”.
Imemori yeFlash
Le nkumbulo yimodeli yamva nje ye-EEPROM eyilwe ngo-1984.
I-NAND Flash yanamhlanje inosetyenziso olusebenzayo lwendawo ye-silicon chip, ekhokelela kwii-ICs zomntu ngamnye ezinomthamo wokuya kuthi ga kwi-32 GB ukususela ngo-2007; Lo mgangatho, kunye namandla ayo omzimba kunye nokuqina, kwenze ukuba kube lula kwi-NAND Flash ukubuyisela imagnethi kwezinye izicelo (ezifana ne-USB flash drives). Inkumbulo edanyazayo ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba yiFlash ROM okanye iFlash EEPROM xa isetyenziselwa ukutshintshwa kweentlobo zeROM ezindala, kodwa hayi kwizicelo ezithatha ithuba lokukwazi ukuguqulwa ngokukhawuleza kwaye rhoqo.
isantya sokufunda
Nangona ulungelelwaniso olufanelekileyo phakathi kwesantya se-RAM kunye nememori ye-ROM itshintshile kule minyaka idlulileyo, ukusukela ngo-2.007, i-RAM ifundwa ngokukhawuleza kuneeROM ezininzi, ngoko ke imixholo ye-ROM inokudluliselwa ngokwesiqhelo kwi-RAM.
Bhala isantya
Kwiintlobo zeROM ezibhalwe ngombane, isantya sokubhala sihlala sicotha kakhulu kunesantya sokufunda. Le yokugqibela inokufuna amandla ombane aphezulu ngokungaqhelekanga, iijumpi ukuze uvule indlela yokubhala, kunye nemiyalelo ekhethekileyo yokuvula. Imemori ye-Flash ye-NAND ifikelela esona santya siphezulu sokubhala phakathi kwazo zonke iintlobo zeROM enokuphinda ilungiswe, ngelixa ubhala kwiibhloko ezinkulu zeeseli zememori, zifikelela kwi-15MB/s.
Umahluko phakathi kweROM, i-EPROM kunye neeMemori ze-EEPROM
Umahluko phakathi kwabo uchaneke kakhulu kwaye ucacile, kuba uhlobo lokuqala lwememori yeROM lusetyenziselwa kuphela ukufunda idatha yegalelo, ehambelana nedatha ephambili yenkqubo yokusebenza, kubandakanya iFramework, iFirmware kwaye, okokuqala, iBIOS ye ikhompyutha ayikwazi ukuguqula idatha okanye usetyenziso. Iinkqubo njengoqwalaselo lwangaphakathi, ngaloo ndlela kuthintela uhlaziyo lwesoftware yophuhliso olulodwa nolusebenzayo lwehardware yesixhobo.
Ngokufanayo, iimpawu ezikhankanywe ngasentla zisuswe kwi-EPROM kunye ne-EEPROM ROM, ngoko ke idatha ekhankanywe ngasentla inesimo esitsha kunye nesihlaziyiweyo, esenza ukuba sisebenze ngakumbi, kwaye inika abasebenzisi umgangatho ongcono, umzekelo, ngaphezulu. yemveli, elula kunye nokusebenza entsha. Ngokuphathelele imisebenzi yekhompyuter kunye nayo yonke isoftware ekuyo, ngokunjalo, ngenxa yomgangatho wohlengahlengiso lwedatha kunye nohlaziyo, intsebenziswano egudileyo nezinzileyo phakathi kwesoftware kunye nehardware yesixhobo inokuqhutywa. .
Ngokubhekiselele kwimemori yeROM, ekubeni idatha eya kucutshungulwa kwikhompyuter icwangciswe kwinxalenye ephambili ngokungagqibekanga, ukubhala akuvumelekanga. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba idatha ifakwe ngeprogram ehleliweyo kwimemori echaphazelekayo, zongezwa kwaye zivaliwe ukuthintela naluphi na uhlobo lokubhala, ukucima okanye ukubiwa kolwazi olugcinwe kuyo.
Ngokuchasene noko, i-ROM EPROM kunye neenkumbulo ze-EEPROM zinekhwalithi evumela inkqubo entsha kuyo, ukuba ikwazi ukuhlaziya umlawuli kunye naluphi na uhlobo lwesofthiwe ecwangcisiweyo, ifakwe kwaye igcinwe kwimemori ethethiweyo. Kwaye idatha ayicwangciswanga kwangaphambili kolu hlobo lwememori ye-ROM, evumela ukusetyenziswa okungcono, kwaye le nkumbulo inokuqondwa ngokufanelekileyo, ngokulula nangexabiso eliphantsi.
Ukuba ufumene esi sihloko sinomdla kakhulu Yintoni iROM Memory ungathandabuzi ukufaka la makhonkco alandelayo abaluleke kakhulu kuwe ofunda kakuhle.
Fumana konke malunga ne ukuhlelwa kwehardware kwaye zeziphi iindidi zabo
Ngena kwaye udibane ne Iintlobo zeemeko zePC inkcazelo yayo, iimpawu nokunye
Dibana kwaye ufumane iintlobo ze Amacandelo e-elektroniki ezikhoyo, ulwahlulo kunye nemisebenzi yazo