Ihlabathi le-computing yabaninzi liyinkimbinkimbi kwaye ayikwazi ukuyiqonda, nangona kunjalo inomdla kakhulu kwaye namhlanje abantu abaninzi banomdla wokufunda malunga nemiba ehambelana nale ndawo yonke, kungenxa yoko namhlanje siza kuthetha malunga nokuba yintoni i-MBR, njani. umsebenzi wayo, yintoni enokusetyenziselwa yona nokunye okuninzi.
Yintoni i-MBR?
Irekhodi yesiqalo engundoqo okanye njengerekhodi yesiqalo (MBR) yaziwa ngokuxhaphakileyo ngesiNgesi iyakuba yiNgxelo yokuQalisa eyiNkosi, ichazwa njengecandelo lehard disk enoxanduva lokuchonga apho ulwahlulo olusebenzayo lunokuba kuyo, kwenye Iqela likwanguye owenza isenzo esithethiweyo ngeli xesha inkqubo yecandelo le-boot yelo candelo iqalisiwe.
Ngaphakathi kweli candelo, kunokwenzeka ukuchonga apho inkqubo yokusebenza ikhona kwaye ngale ndlela ulwazi lokuqala lunokuqaliswa, oluya kuba luphethe ukugcinwa okuphambili okanye i-RAM yekhompyutheni. Ibandakanyiwe kwirekhodi ye-master boot yitafile apho isahlulelo ngasinye sinokuchongwa, kunye nenani lezahlulo ezinokujongwa kwi-hard drive.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba xa uqalisa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-hard drive, i-BIOS ivuliwe ngokukhawuleza kwaye yenza ikopi yomxholo wonke we-MBR kwidilesi eya kuhlala igxininisekile kwimemori ukuze ikwazi ukukunika ngokupheleleyo. ulawulo. Le khowudi iqala ngokuzenzekelayo kwinkqubo yokusebenza nokuba isuka kwihard drive, isuka kwiBoot-Loader okanye isilayishi.
Umsebenzi
Nje ukuba ikhompyuter ivulwe kwaye i-BIOS ilindeleke ukuba iqhube ngaphakathi kweetshekhi zehardware ukwenzela ukuba ikwazi ukubona ukuba yintoni na i-boot medium, ngoko icandelo lokuqala le-hard drive liya kulayishwa, kwaye ngaloo ndlela i-MBR, banetafile izahlulelo okanye izahlulo zehard diski kodwa kunye nenkqubo encinci ephetheyo ebonisa indlela inkqubo yokusebenza elayishwa ngayo.
Bonke abaphathi be-boot kwimarike banamandla okuxhasa ukhetho lweenkqubo zokusebenza eziza kulandela njengoko zibekwe kweli candelo, nangona kunjalo kwimeko ye-MBR inoxanduva lokukhangela apho ulwahlulo luboniswe kwaye lungenziwa njani ngaphakathi. icandelo le-boot.
Ulwakhiwo
Ukuba kubonwa kwimbono ebonakalayo, ngokusisiseko i-MBR igxile kwi-512-byte yecandelo le-boot okanye isahlulo secandelo, lenzeka kwiikhomputha xa zihambelana ngokupheleleyo, ziyi-IBM. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, olu hlobo lwe-MBR lusetyenziswa kakhulu kwiikhomputha ze-clone, lusetyenziswa rhoqo kangangokuba imigangatho emitsha yeplatform yokwahlula kunye nokuqalisa kwakhona ifakwe kwezinye iindidi zeekhompyuter.
Ekuqaleni kweminyaka elishumi yee-80s kwihlabathi lekhompyuter yeenguqu ezinkulu okanye uhlaziyo lwaba nakho umbulelo ngokusungulwa kwePC yokuqala ye-IBM kuba ngexesha elifutshane ikwazile ukufikelela kumgangatho wokwakha owawuhambelana ngokupheleleyo, kwaye ngale ndlela. iikhompyuter ezahlukeneyo ezaye zenziwa zajika zahambelana enye kwenye. Yonke le meko yayifanelekile ngokupheleleyo kuphuhliso lwekhompuyutha yomntu.
Inkampani ye-IBM yenze ikhompyutha eyenziwe yi-architecture evulekileyo ukwenzela ukuba ezinye iinkampani okanye abavelisi beekhompyutheni bakwazi ukwakha elabo besebenzisa ulwakhiwo olufanayo, kunjalo, kodwa bahlala belawula ngokupheleleyo kwi-IBM ngenxa ye-BIOS yayo. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-XNUMX, ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo zePC ezikhululekile kwaqala ukwanda kakhulu kwaye ngale ndlela into eyaziwa namhlanje njengeClone Computer yazalwa.
Ukuba kunjalo isixhobo sogcino lwedatha sahlulwe saziiyunithi ezinengqiqo ukugcina ulwazi ngendlela yolwahlulo lwetafile yeskimu seMBR, iyakuqulunqwa ngamangeniso aphambili ayafana, kwelinye icala amangeniso okwahlula agcinwa. kwiirekhodi zelog ezandisiweyo zelog zibhalwe kwidiski yeBSD kunye neLogical Disk Manager metadata izahlulelo, kuba zimelwe ngokupheleleyo ngamangeno olwahlulo oluphambili.
Ukuqonda inkqubo yokuqalisa ikhompyuter yakho
Okwangoku iqhosha licofa ukuvula ikhompyutha, inkqubo iqhutywe ngendlela inkqubo yokusebenza elayishwe ngayo kwimemori yayo, ukususela kumzuzu wokuqala konke oku kuphunyezwa kuya kuxhomekeka kwisakhiwo sokwahlula kwe-HDD.
Kufuneka kukhankanywe ukuba kukho iindidi ezimbini zolwakhiwo lwesahlulelo ezizezi; I-MBR kunye ne-GPT nangona kunjalo isahlulelo sesahlulelo senziwe ziidrive ezintathu ezithile:
- Ubume bedatha kwidiski.
- Ikhowudi esetyenziswe ngexesha lokuqalisa, ukuba ulwahlulo luqalekisiwe.
- Kwaye ukusuka apho isahlulelo siqala kwaye siphelela phi.
Inkqubo yokuqala ye-MBR
Kufuneka kukhunjulwe engqondweni ukuba ukuba inkqubo yekhompyutheni isebenzisa isakhiwo se-MBR yokwahlula, xa iqala inkqubo yokuphumeza, i-BIOS eyimfuneko iya kulayishwa (iqondwa yi- (iNkqubo yokuNgena / i-Output System) iqulunqa i-firmware ye-bootloader.
Imisebenzi yezinga eliphantsi njengokufunda kwikhibhodi, ngenisa ukubukela ividiyo, yenza i-disk input/output, kunye nekhowudi yokulayisha i-bootloader yenqanaba lokuqala ibekwe kwi-firmware ye-bootloader. Konke oku kwenziwa phambi kokuba i-BIOS ikwazi ukubona ukuba yeyiphi na inkqubo ye-boot kwaye ngale ndlela iyakwazi ukulandela ulandelelwano lwemisebenzi yoqwalaselo lwenkqubo oluqala ngoku kulandelayo:
- Amandla ekuzivavanyeni.
- Ukukhangela kunye nokuqalisa ikhadi levidiyo.
- Umboniso weskrini we-BIOS.
- Ukwenza uvavanyo olufutshane lwememori (RAM).
- Qwalasela iplagi kunye nezixhobo zokudlala
- Ukuchonga isixhobo sokuqalisa.
Enye i-BIOS esele ikwazi ukufumanisa ukuba yeyiphi isixhobo sokuqala esisebenzayo, iqhubela phambili ukufunda ibhloko yokuqala yediski yesixhobo esikwinkumbulo yayo, le bhloko yokuqala yi-MBR kwaye inobungakanani be-512 bytes ngokulandelelanayo. , equlethe izinto ezintathu ekufuneka zingene kwesi sithuba, ezi ziqalelo zezi zilandelayo:
- Isilayishi sokuqala (440 bytes)
- Itheyibhile yokwahlula kweDiski (i-16 bytes kwisahlulo se-X 4), i-MBR ixhasa kuphela izahlulo ezine.
- Imisayino yediski (4 bytes)
Nje ukuba eli nqanaba lifikelelwe, i-MBR kungenxa yokuba itheyibhile yolwahlulo iskeniwe kodwa kunye nerekhodi yevolumu yokuqalisa (VBR) ilayishwe kwi-RAM.
I-VBR ibonakaliswe ngokuba ngumlayishi weprogram yokuqala (IPL) eyikhowudi apho inkqubo yokuqalisa iqalwa, ngokubanzi lo mlayishi wenkqubo wokuqala wenziwa ngumlayishi wenkqubo ngexesha lesibini lesigaba esilandelwa ngu Oku kuya kulayisha umsebenzi wenkqubo.
Ngaphakathi kweenkqubo ezithathwe kwi-Winona NT nakwi-Windows XP, i-IPL yenziwa ngalo naliphi na ixesha lokuqalisa kwenkqubo, ekubeni okokuqala kuyo yonke inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-NT Loader kufuneka ilayishwe ukuze emva koko ibe nokuqalwa ngayo. ukwenziwa kwenkqubo yokusebenza.
Inkqubo yokuqalisa i-GPT
Ngomzuzu xa inkqubo yokuqalisa iqhutywa ngesakhiwo sokwahlulahlula kwe-GPT, oku kulandelayo kuphunyeziwe: I-GPT isebenzisa i-Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) ukunqanda inkqubo ye-MBR kwaye ngaloo ndlela yandise ugcino kumphathi wefayile. isigaba sokuqala senkqubo.
I-interface ye-firmware eyandisiweyo edibeneyo ngaphakathi kwenkqubo iqhubela phambili kakhulu kunenkqubo eyenza i-BiOS, kuba ngayo inkqubo yefayile inokuhlalutywa, kuquka ukulayisha iifayile ngokwayo.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, xa umatshini evuliwe, into yokuqala esebenzayo yi-UEFI ukwenzela ukuba imisebenzi yoqwalaselo lwenkqubo yekhompyutha ikwazi ukwenziwa, njengale: ulawulo lwamandla, imihla yoqwalaselo kunye namanye amacandelo oqwalaselo. njengakwiBIOS.
Nje ukuba i-UEFI sele ifunde i-GPT GUID (i-Globally Unique IDentifier) itheyibhile yokwahlula, kunokutshiwo ukuba inkqubo sele ingaphakathi kweebhloko zokuqala zeyunithi ukuba zicace ngakumbi emva kwebhloko ye-0, esenayo i-MBR yeLifa. BIOS.
I-GPT ijongene nokuchaza iitafile zezahlulo zediski umlayishi wayo uqalwe kwi-EFI (Isinxibelelanisi seFirmware eyandisiweyo) yonke into ngandlela thile ichonga ulwahlulo lwenkqubo ye-EFI. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ulwahlulo lwesixokelelwano ngasinye lunabalayishi besiqalo seenkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezifakwe kwezinye izahlulo kwi-hard drive. Umphathi we-boot okanye owaziwa ngokuba yi-bootloader, nguye ophethe ukuqalisa inkqubo efana nomphathi we-boot windows, ukuze inkqubo yokusebenza ibe nokulayishwa kamva.
Izinto eziluncedo kunye nezingeloncedo ze I-MBR kunye ne-GTP
Idiski ye-MBR inamandla okwenza izahlulo ezine eziphambili.Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ukuba izahlulo ezininzi ezingakumbi ezifunekayo ukuba zenziwe, njengesahlulo sesine ukuze kuphunyezwe ulwahlulo olwandisiweyo, kufuneka lwenziwe kulwahlulo olungaphantsi. okanye iiyunithi ezinengqiqo ngaphakathi kwayo ukufezekisa le nto uyifunayo. Kwi-MBR, i-32-bit idla ngokusetyenziselwa ukubhalisa izahlulo, ekubeni nganye kuzo zivame ukukhawulelwa kubukhulu be-2 terabytes (TB) yokugcina.
Inzuzo
- Inzuzo yalo enkulu kukuba olu hlobo lwenkqubo luyahambelana neenkqubo ezininzi, ngoko akukho kuphazamiseka apho.
Iingxaki
- Zine kuphela izahlulo ezinokwenziwa ngokulandelelanayo, kodwa unakho ukukhetha ukuba nezahlulo ezingaphantsi kwisahlulelo sesi-4.
- Inomlinganiselo wesahlulelo sobukhulu obuyi-2 terabytes (TB).
- Ulwazi lokwahlula olwenziwayo luhlala lugcinwa kwindawo ethile eyi-MBR, yiyo loo nto ukuba yonakala okanye impazamo iyenzeka, idisk yonke ayifundeki kwaphela ngenxa yesi sizathu.
I-GUID Partition Table (GPT) ithathwa njengomgangatho wamva nje wokuchaza ulwahlulo lwesakhiwo se-hard drive. Ukusukela kuko konke oku ii-GUIDs okanye izichongi ezizodwa zehlabathi zithathelwa ingqalelo ukuze kuchazwe ulwakhiwo lwesahlulelo. I-GTP yinxalenye yemigangatho ye-UEFI, oko kukuthi, isekelwe kwinkqubo ye-UEFI kwaye ngale ndlela ingafakelwa kuphela kwidiski esebenzisa i-GPT, umzekelo ocacileyo woku ngumsebenzi wokuqalisa okhuselekileyo kwi-Windows 8. .
Nge-GPT inani elingaqingqwanga lezahlulo lenziwa kodwa kwiisistim ezithile zokusebenza izahlulelo kufuneka zithintelwe zibe yi-128. Kwelinye icala i-GPT ayinamda wobungakanani obukhethekileyo bokuthatha inxaxheba.
eziluncedo
- Yenziwe ngenani elingenamkhawulo lezahlulo, imida echongayo yenziwe yinkqubo yokusebenza, umzekelo, iWindows ivumela kuphela izahlulo ze-128.
- Ayinamda ngokwesayizi yesahlulelo kuba ixhomekeke kwinkqubo yokusebenza ngamaxesha onke, umda wayo ngokwawo mkhulu kakhulu kunayo nayiphi na idiski eyenziweyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
- I-GPT igcina ikopi yesahlulelo kunye nedatha yesiqalo ukuze ukwazi ukuzifumana kwakhona ukuba zonakele ngexesha lesihloko esikhulu se-GPT.
- Ungagcina amaxabiso e-cyclic redundancy hlola ukuze ukuthembeka kwayo yonke idatha yakho kuqinisekiswe, ukuba imeko yorhwaphilizo iyenzeka, i-GPT inamandla okubona iingxaki kwaye ke ibe nethuba lokufumana kwakhona idatha. ukusuka kwenye indawo kwi-drive.
Ukuhlawula
- Ukungalungi kwayo okukhulu kukuba akukho phantsi kweemeko ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe kwiinkqubo zokusebenza zakudala kuba azihambelani ngokupheleleyo kwaye ngenxa yesi sizathu iinkqubo azikwazi ukuqhutywa.
Amanyathelo okufumana ukuba idiski ine GPT okanye itafile yokwahlulahlula kwe MBR
Eyona ndlela yokuqinisekisa udidi lwesahlulelo sayo nayiphi na ihard drive eqhagamshelwe kwikhompyuter yeWindows kukusebenzisa ulawulo lwediski. Yiyo loo nto ukuqalisa ngawo onke la macandelo olawulo lwediski, uthotho lwamanyathelo kufuneka alandelwe, angala:
Ulawulo lweDiski
- Eyona nto ilungileyo onokuyenza kukusebenzisa isitshixo seWindows-R ukuvula ibhokisi yokubaleka.
- Emva kokuyivula, kufuneka ubhale igama elithi msc kwaye emva koko kufuneka uqhubeke ngokucofa iqhosha lokungena.
- Xa eli nyathelo sele liphunyeziwe, iWindows iyaqhubeka nokuskena ii-hard drives, kwaye i-pop-up window iya kuboniswa emva kokuba kudlule ixesha elithile, kuya kuba lula ukuqinisekisa uhlobo lokwahlulahlula kweediski, konke ucofa nge iqhosha lasekunene kwithayile yeDiski, ebekwe kwisiqingatha esisezantsi sojongano. Lumka kakhulu ukuba kufuneka ucofe ekunene kuphela kwiDiski 1, iDiski 2, njl. kwaye kungekhona kwizahlulo.
- Ukuqhubeka, kufuneka ukhethe iipropati ukhetho ngaphakathi kwemenyu eza kuboniswa, ilandelwa yifestile yeempawu zediski ekhethiweyo. Nje ukuba igqityiwe kufuneka utshintshele kwithebhu yevolyum kwaye ngale ndlela ubonise ixabiso leSimbo seSahlulo esingaphantsi kolwazi lwediski kwifestile ye pop-up.
Umgca wokuyalela
Enye indlela yokufezekisa oku kukusetyenziswa kwelayini yomyalelo Le nkqubo ineenzuzo ezahlukeneyo ezinokuthi ziphunyezwe kule ndlela ukuze ukwazi ukujonga idiski, kwaye eyona iphambili iya kuba kukuba inokwenziwa ngokukhawuleza okukhulu kuba iyakwazi. Zonke iidiski kunye nesimbo sokwahlula ngokuthe ngqo.
Makhe sibone inyathelo ngenyathelo ngezantsi:
- Into yokuqala ekufuneka uyenzile kukucofa iqhosha leWindows elilandelwa kukuchwetheza exe ngelixa ubambe iCtrl + Shift izitshixo ngaxeshanye ucofa iqhosha lokungena.
- Ukulandelwa koku, kuya kufuneka uqinisekise isicelo se-UAC esivulayo, ngokwenza oko kuya kubonisa iwindow ekhawulezayo yomyalelo.
- Emva koko kufuneka ubhale i-diskpart kwaye ucinezele
- Ilandelwa lolo hlobo lwediski kwaye ucinezele u-Enter kwakhona.
Emva kokuba onke amanyathelo abonakalisiweyo aqhutywe, kunokuthiwa ikholomu ye-GPT ihlolwe, apho kuya kukwazi ukubona ukuba idiski ethile yi-MBR okanye i-GPT. Ngale ndlela, kunokumiselwa ukuba i-asterisk (*) ibonwa kwikholamu, ithetha ukuba idiski isebenzisa i-GPT, ukuba ngokuchaseneyo ayinayo, ngoko isebenzisa i-MBR.
Imiyalelo yokuguqula ukusuka kwi-MBR ukuya kwi-GPT kunye nokunye
Kunokubakho imeko apho ufuna ukuguqula isakhiwo sesahlulelo seDiski ngexesha umyalezo wemposiso uphoswa xa uzama ukufaka iWindows kwidiski, umzekelo oqhelekileyo ngu "Windows ayinakufakwa okanye idiski ekhethiweyo yeye isimbo seGPT okanye iMBR isahlulelo.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba yonke le nkqubo iza kuqhutywa iya kucima yonke idata kwi hard drive, yiyo loo nto ukuba awufuni ukukwazi ukwenza njalo, kufuneka wenze ukhuphelo lwabo. okanye unokukhetha ukudlulisela ulwazi kwenye ifomathi.
Ukuguqula ukusuka kwi-MBR ukuya kwi-GPT
- Into yokuqala ekufuneka uyenzile kukufaka imidiya yokufaka iWindows le media inokuba yi-USB flash drive okanye iDVD.
- Ikhompyuter kufuneka ivulwe kwimowudi ye-UEFI.
- Ukukhetha uhlobo lofakelo olufunayo lukhuseleke ngakumbi kwaye lolwakho.
- Cofa kuzo zonke izahlulo zeyunithi kwaye ulandelwe ngokukhetha ukucima, ngalo mzuzu umyalezo ubonakaliswa kwiscreen esithi; “Ufuna ukuyifaka phi iWindows?”
- Ukuqhubeka emva kokucima i-drive indawo enye yendawo engabelwenga iya kuboniswa.
- Kufuneka ukhethe indawo eyabelwe kwaye ucofe ngokulandelayo, ngale ndlela iifestile ziya kubona ukuba ikhomputha sele iqalile kwi-UEFI ngokuzenzekelayo, iya kufomatha kwakhona iyunithi usebenzisa ifomati yediski ye-GPT kwaye emva koko iguqule. Ufakelo luqala emva koko.
Ukuguqula ukusuka kwi-GPT ukuya kwi-MBR
- Vala ikhompyuter kwaye emva koko ufake iWindows media inokuba yi-USB flash drive okanye iDVD
- Qalisa ikhompyuter kwiDVD okanye kwi-USB flash drive kwimowudi yeBIOS.
- Khetha uhlobo lofakelo lwesiko.
- Nje ukuba ubone umyalezo kwisikrini: "Ufuna ukufaka phi iWindows?". Zonke izahlulo kwi-drive kufuneka zikhethwe kwaye zicinywe.
- Xa inkqubo yokucima yenziwe, i-drive iya kubonisa indawo enye yendawo engabelwe. Yiyo loo nto kufuneka ukhethe indawo engekabelwa kwaye ucofe kokulandelayo. IiWindows ziya kubona ukuba ikhomputha yaqalwa kwimowudi ye-BIOS kwaye iya kuphinda ifomethe ngokuzenzekelayo i-drive isebenzisa ifomati yediski ye-MBR ngoko iyiguqule. Ufakelo luyakuqala emva kokwenza oko.
Ukuba eli nqaku Yintoni i-MBR? Yonke into odinga ukuyazi.Ukuba uyifumene inika umdla, qiniseka ukufunda oku kulandelayo, okunokuba kuthanda kwakho kukonke:
- Iifotocells: yintoni, basebenza njani kunye nokunye okuninzi
- Konke malunga iinkqubo zolwazi kwiinkampani