Iprosesa ingathathwa njengobuchopho beqiniso bekhompyutha yakho futhi okuhlukile okungahlinzekwa emakethe kuzonquma ukusebenza kwayo. Ake sibukeze lapha konke okuphathelene Amaprosesa we-AMD.
Amaprosesa we-AMD: ukukhula okuhamba kancane kwenkampani kanjiniyela
I-Los Amaprosesa we-AMD kudingeke ukuthi bahambe ibanga elide amashumi eminyaka ukuze babe yinto engathandeki ngaphakathi kwendawo yabo yemakethe ye-IT. Umbango waphakade onamagama anamandla afana ne-Intel, amacala ahlukahlukene asemthethweni nezikhubekiso ekwenziweni kwemikhiqizo yawo kudale umjikelezo wokufa kwamenyezelwa okungelona iqiniso nokuvuka okungalindelekile enkampanini. Kodwa-ke, ngalo mzuzu inkampani ibonakala ekugcineni ihlangabezana nomzuzu ongaziwa wezinkomo ezikhuluphele futhi kuyasiza ukubukeza kancane umlando wokuthi zifike kanjani lapha.
Yini i-AMD?
Isichasiso se-Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) sichaza inkampani eyasungulwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu edlule, ngo-1969, eCalifornia e-United States. Amalungu ayo, uJack Gifford, u-Edwin Turney, uJim Giles, uLarry Stenger, uFrank Botte, uSteven Simonsen, uJohn Carey noJerry Sanders, bavela ezinkampanini ezinomlando oqinile emkhakheni wamasekethe ahlanganisiwe weSilicon Valley, afana neFairchild Semiconductors. Ngakho-ke ekuqaleni, inkampani esanda kusungulwa nayo yaqala ukukhiqiza ama-logic circuits ahlanganisiwe, futhi angena, eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, imakethe yememori ye-RAM.
Ukweqa okukhulu maqondana nalokho obekungaba ikusasa labo kwezentengiso kwenzeka ngo-1977, lapho labo somabhizinisi bethatha isinqumo sokwakha i-microprocessor yabo kusuka kwikhophi eyenziwe, ngezindlela zobunjiniyela eziguqukayo, zomkhiqizo we-Intel 8080, bethi umphumela yi-AMD 8080.
Ukusuka lapho, i-AMD ibizoba matasa isebenza emhlabeni wamaprosesa, kulandela ukuhlangana kwayo kokuqala namamodeli afana no-Am2901, Am29116 no-Am293xx, aklanywe ngokukhethekile ukunwetshwa ngamanye ama-processor (ukusika kancane). Ngokushesha kuzofika iprosesa ehlukile, i-AMD 29k, edume ngokuba yi-chip ehlanganisa amayunithi wehluzo levidiyo kanye nezinkumbulo ze-EPROM.
Kepha kuze kube yileso sikhathi i-AMD ibisaxhunywe kumafomethi akopishwe kwa-Intel. Lokhu kuzoshintsha ngamamodeli esikhathi esizayo, adalwe kuqala kusuka ekuqaleni: ama-processor we-AMD K5, AMD K6 kanye ne-AMD K7, akhishwa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-90s. ibhodi nesokhethi elihlukile esakhiweni salo.
Ukulwa ne-Intel
Lesi sigaba samamodeli aso sizoba nencazelo yaso ezinkantolo Zomthetho eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, lapho i-Intel yasolwa ngokwephula isivumelwano esasayinwa ne-AMD ngo-1982. ukufunwa kwe-IBM. Ngokushesha i-Intel yahlabeka umxhwele ngokuncintisana okuphelele okwenziwa emakethe ngu-AMD ngokuzimela okufanayo futhi yenqaba ngo-86 ukudalula eminye imininingwane yezobuchwepheshe yemikhiqizo yayo.
Icala lidonse isikhathi, liphoqa i-AMD ukuthi iqagele nonjiniyela bayo ukuthi imikhiqizo ye-Intel isebenza kanjani, iphinde isebenzise indlela efihliwe ngisho nangokwengeziwe yobunjiniyela obubuyela emuva, bese ibazala ngendlela yabo. Ekugcineni, i-Intel izolahlekelwa yicala, ikhokha isigidigidi samadola ngokwephula isivumelwano, kepha isipiliyoni esibi besishiye ukunambitheka okungalungile ku-AMD, ebisazi ukuthi kufanele izifunele eyayo inyakatho ngaphandle komgwaqo we-Intel.
I-Los Amaprosesa we-AMD I-K5, i-AMD K6, ne-AMD K7 bese ziyingxenye yalowo mzamo wokuqala wokuzimela, ozoqhubeka ngempumelelo enkulu ekuqaleni kweprosesa le-K8 lekhulu lama-64, elengeze isandiso esingu-86-bit kumiyalo ye-xXNUMX. Leli qiniso lawuguqula kakhulu umlando wamaprosesa wesikhathi sawo, ngoba wonke amamodeli kusukela ngaleso sikhathi asebenzise lesi sandiso esifanayo, kufaka phakathi imishini ye-Microsoft. Futhi ekugcineni kuzoguqula amandla ne-Intel, obekuzophoqeleka ukubuyisela emuva unjiniyela ukuze athathe ifomethi entsha ye-AMD.
Imodeli yeprosesa ye-Athlon 64 X2 ka-2005 nayo izoletha enye into emisha ezodumisa i-AMD, i-dual-core, ekhulise kakhulu amandla wokusebenza komkhiqizo namandla lapho kubhekwana nemisebenzi eminingi ngasikhathi sinye.
Lesi kungaba yisibhamu sokuqala kwabanye abakhiqizi ukuqala eminyakeni edlule ukufaka ama-cores amaningi nangaphezulu kwiprosesa ukukhulisa amandla ayo, kufinyelela inani lamanje lama-processor cores angama-32. Kepha ngemuva kwale mivimbo emibili yobuholi nokusungula izinto ezintsha, i-AMD izophinde ibuyiselwe endaweni yesibili ngokufika kwe-Intel Core 2 Duo edumile.
Ama-cores amaningi nokuningi: iBulldozer fiasco
I-AMD izophoqeleka ukuthi yeqe ngisho nangaphezulu ukuze isinde kulo mncintiswano nembangi yayo engapheli, yethula iprosesa ye-Phenom yango-2007.
Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, ngo-2010, i-AMD yayizama ngisho nezinsimbi eziyisithupha zokucubungula ku-Phenom II X6 yayo, ukuthola i-Intel, eyayivele ifinyelele kuma-cores amane. Futhi-ke, kusukela ekuthengeni inkampani ekhiqiza amakhadi emidwebo i-ATI Technologies, i-AMD yaqala iphrojekthi ye-Fusion, eyayifuna ukuhlanganisa iprosesa nekhadi lemidwebo nemizila engu-16 yamadivayisi we-peripheral ku-capsule efanayo.
Kusuka kule njongo umkhiqizo we-AMD Llano wazalwa, owavumela inkampani ukuthi izibeke ngaphambi kwe-Intel okwesikhashana, ngenxa yokuguquguquka kokudalwa kwayo nezwe lemidlalo yevidiyo ye-3D PC, eyayidinga ukuhlanganiswa okukhulu kakhulu okungenzeka phakathi kwama-processor kanye nehluzo. I-Intel ayikwazanga ukuncintisana nokunikezwa kwayo kweWestmere ngabaprosesa abasebenza ngamandla aphansi futhi yavuma ukwehlulwa, ngenkathi ilungiselela ukukhishwa okulandelayo kokudala.
Lokhu kuzokwenzeka ngesizukulwane esibizwa nge-Intel processors esibizwa ngeSandy Bridge. Yize i-AMD izamile futhi ukuya ekhanda ne-tech giant ngenani elikhulu kakhulu lama-cores, umkhiqizo wayo we-2011 Bulldozer wawunamandla amancane jikelele kuneSandy Bridge, enezinhlamvu ezimbalwa kakhulu. Umphumela waba ukusebenza kwe-fiasco okuholele inkampani enkingeni yokudala neyokuhweba. Ungabuyela kanjani eringini?
Uvuko: isimangaliso sabaprosesa be-AMD Zen nabakwaRyzen
Impendulo etholwe yinkampani i-AMD ukubhekisa ekusayinweni okubili okuyisisekelo ukuphakamisa ikhanda futhi. Owokuqala kwakungumngani wakudala wale ndlu, unjiniyela uJim Keller, owaba nesandla phambilini ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ze-K8 nasekukhiqizeni i-Athlon 64s yomlando embaxambili. Ukuhlanganiswa kwakhe kabusha ngemuva kokungabikho isikhathi eside kwaba yisinqumo sokuletha ukuqina nobuchule enkampanini ebivele imile endizeni.
Okunye ukusayina, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwakunguLisa Su owayesenamandla manje, ongusomabhizinisi kanye nonjiniyela waseTaiwan owayengumholi ongenakuphikiswa we-AMD njenge-CEO yayo entsha. Umsebenzi wakhe waletha ukuqina nokuqina enkampanini okuyiyona eyenze yavuka emlotheni, ishiya amahemuhemu ngokuqothuka, ukuthengiswa nokunyamalala. Kwakungelona ize ukuthi aqokwe njenge-Executive of the Year ngo-2014 ngumagazini ohlonishwayo we-EE Times futhi waphinde wavela ngokugqamile ohlwini lwabaholi Bomhlaba Abakhulu ekushicilelweni komagazini i-Fortune ka-2017.
Isu likaLisa Su lalincike ekwehlukaneni okukhulu kwezinhloso ze-AMD. Ngaphandle kocwaningo oluthile eminyakeni eyedlule, inkampani ibigxile ekukhiqizeni ama-processor emakethe ye-PC, ishiye u-10% kuphela wemikhiqizo evela kwamanye ama-niches. Umongameli omusha uphakamise ukukhuphula leso sibalo sibe ngu-40%, asithole eminyakeni emithathu nje ngemuva kokujoyina inkampani.
Leli phesenti lalinikezelwe ezindaweni ezazibhekwa njengezesibili ezikhathini ezedlule, kepha manje seziyindawo yokukhula okungaqondakali, njengenkambu yemidlalo yevidiyo (kuma-Xbox One nasePS4 consoles), Izikhungo Zokucubungula Idatha kanye nobuchwepheshe bokucwiliswa. Le nhloso iholele inkampani ukuthi isebenze ngokubambisana nama-greats afana ne-Microsoft ne-Sony, ikhulisa umkhakha wayo wethonya.
Ukulandela le ndlela entsha yebhizinisi, imikhiqizo emisha yayizofika. Udoti omusha wokunqoba we-AMD uzobizwa ngeRyzen futhi uzosuselwa kubuciko obusha obubizwa ngeZen obakhiwe ngunjiniyela uKeller. Le mikhiqizo emisha kuzoba ngamaprosesa wesici sokuqala emakethe, anama-cores ayisishiyagalombili anamandla ngalesi sikhathi, ukubheja emandleni ngamanye kunokwandiswa kwenani.
Ukuvela kochungechunge lweRyzen kusabalale kusuka ku-2017 kuze kube manje, kuletha iminyaka engaphezu kwemine yokusebenza okuhle, impumelelo yokuthengisa, nokubuyekezwa kwe-rave, kunqoba noma yikuphi ukungabaza kokuqala ngenkampani. I-Intel isilele emuva kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi ixazulule ekuqaleni, kufanele igijimele ukuthatha izinyathelo, njengokuqasha uJim Keller iminyaka emibili.
Igama lesidlaliso uZen lokwakhiwa kwe-AMD livela, njengoba kwaziwa, kwifilosofi yamaBuddha. Kushumayela ukuzindla, amandla angaphakathi, nokwamukela ngomoya ophansi lokho okunikezwa indawo yonke. I-AMD ithole lo mzuzu wokuzilibazisa ngokuzilibazisa ngemuva kweBulldozer, yabe isinyukela phezulu ngokungapheli ngenxa yezandla zikaJim Keller noLisa Su.
Akuyona yonke into okufanele ilahleke ngokusobala emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe nowebhizinisi, inqobo nje uma ufunda indlela yokuntweza phezu kwesigqi sokuvela kwesikhathi sethu. Ungahle ube nentshisekelo yokufunda mayelana ne- Ikhadi lemidwebo le-4k.
Ungahlukanisa kanjani amaprosesa we-AMD?
Uhla olubanzi lwe Amaprosesa we-AMD Kule minyaka yokuphakama kwezobuchwepheshe kukhulu kakhulu kangangokuthi kungadida impela uma singajwayele i-jargon yolimi. Ukugqagqana kwezizukulwane namagama emlandweni wekhathalogi ye-AMD kucishe kungafinyeleleki ngezinye izikhathi, noma ngabe silahla lezo ezingasekho emakethe. Ngakho-ke sizobona uhlu olufushane lwale mikhiqizo ngendlela esheshayo yokuyikhomba.
Uma unentshisekelo ekhethekile kukho konke okuphathelene nabaprosesa bedijithali, ungakuthola kuwusizo ukuvakashela le enye indatshana kuwebhusayithi yethu enikelwe amaprosesa anamandla ngokwengeziwe Landela isixhumanisi!
Uchungechunge lwe-FX, i-Athlon neBulldozer Architecture APU
Yize iyingxenye yesikhathi esidlule se-AMD, uchungechunge lwezakhiwo zeBulldozer luyaqhubeka nokuba nempilo ende kubasebenzisi abaningi, ngenxa yokuzinza kwesakhiwo semoduli esinama-cores nangenxa yezindleko zayo eziphansi kuleli phuzu ekuthuthukisweni komhlaba wonke.
Ububanzi bokuqala obudinga ukuhlukaniswa uchungechunge lwe-FX, oluphezulu ngesikhathi senkampani, olunezinguqulo eziphakathi kwamakhokho amane nane, nesokhethi le-AM3 +. Ukuqanjwa kwamagama ezinombolo ezine ukwehlukanisa umkhiqizo ngamunye kuqukethe okulandelayo:
- Inombolo yokuqala ochungechungeni olulandela izinhlamvu ze-FX ikhombisa inani lama-cores. Isibonelo, i-FX 4350 izoba namakhokho amane, njengoba kukhonjiswe inombolo yokuqala engu-4. Okufanayo kuzokwenzeka nge-FX 6350 (ama-cores ayisithupha) kanye ne-FX 8350 (ama-cores ayisishiyagalombili).
- Inombolo yesibili ochungechungeni ngemuva kwe-FX izokhombisa uhlobo lobuciko lapho umkhiqizo wenziwa ngaphansi kwawo. Inombolo yomkhiqizo u-3 FX 8350, ngokwesibonelo, imele ukuthuthukiswa kokwakhiwa kweBulldozer okubizwa ngePiledriver.
- Inombolo yesithathu yekhodi ngemuva kwezinhlamvu ze-FX ihlobene ne-GHz, imvamisa yokusebenza kweprosesa, isizathu esiyinhloko sokuthi amamodeli we-FX agcinwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuphakama kwenombolo, kuphakama imvamisa eyisisekelo yemodeli. Ukufana kuyinkimbinkimbi ngandlela thile, kepha kwanele ukusho ukuthi imodeli yeFX 4300 inemvamisa ye-3,8 GHz-4 GHz. I-FX 4350 ngenye indlela izoba ne-4,2 GHz-4,3 GHz.
Ngamamojula amabili e-quad-core ne-FM2 / FM2 + socket, uchungechunge oludumile lwe-Athlon kufanele futhi lubuyekezwe ngokuhlukaniswa kwalo. Yize isilele emuva kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe, isasebenza impela kweminye imisebenzi eyisisekelo yekhompyutha noma yemidlalo yokudlala yedijithali. Isiqongo saso siqukethe okulandelayo:
- Inombolo yokuqala yekhodi yokuhlukanisa ngemuva kwe-X4 ikhombisa uhlobo lwezakhiwo ezisetshenzisiwe ekwakhiweni kwalo. Inombolo ngayinye ifanekisela ukwakheka okuhlukile enkampanini: inombolo engu-9 ku-Athlon X4 940 imele ukwakhiwa kwe-Excavator, i-4 ese-Athlon X4 750 iphinde ibe ukwakhiwa kwePiledriver kanti i-8 kwi-Athon X4 830 imele iSteamroller.
- Inombolo yesibili yekhodi ngemuva kweX4, ngokwengxenye yayo, ikhombisa ukushesha okuhlukile kokusebenza kwemodeli. I-Athlon X4 950, ngokwesibonelo, isebenza ngejubane le-3,5 GHz-3,8 GHz.I-Athlon X4 940 izogijima ngejubane lika-3,2 GHz-3,6 GHz.
Amaprosesa we-APU (Accelerated Processing Unit) akhiqizwe yi-AMD, anama-cores amane, amamojula amabili, i-GPU enezinhlamvu ezingama-512 kanye nesokhethi ye-FM2-FM2 +, nawo anamakhodi awo wokwahlukanisa, angafingqwa ngokulandelayo:
- Uhlamvu lokuqala nenombolo kufanekisela inani lama-cores kumodeli. I-A6, njengasendabeni ye-A6 9500 APU, izokhombisa ama-cores amabili nemodyuli ephelele, kanye nezinombolo zazo eziphansi. Esikhundleni salokho, i-A8, njenge-A8 9600 APU, izoba nezinhlamvu ezine, njengezinombolo zayo eziphezulu.
- Inombolo yokuqala imodeli isho ukwakhiwa nokwakhiwa kwemodeli. Ama-APU abhalwe ukuthi ama-6000 avela ePiledriver, ayi-7000 avela kwaSteamroller, angama-8000 avela kwa-Excavator, kanti angama-9000 avela ku-Excavator v2. Isizukulwane sasizofika, ngokulandelana okungenhla, njengeTerascale 3, GCN ne-GCN 1.2.
- Inombolo yesibili futhi ijubane lokusebenza i-GHz, enezinombolo eziphakeme ezimele amaza aphezulu.
- Kwamanye amamodeli uhlamvu K luzovela kukhodi. Lokhu kubonisa amaprosesa anethuba lokweqa ngokweqile ngokuvula isiphindaphindo.
I-AMD Ryzen processors
Amaprosesa aseRyzen, isimangaliso sangempela senkampani yakho ngenxa yendlela engazelelwe ebaphakamise ngayo emncintiswaneni ne-Intel nangenxa yekhwalithi yamanani aphansi ekwazile ukuyifaka emakethe, nayo inegama lesibizo elithile. Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zabathengi zeRyzen zihlukaniswa ngale ndlela elandelayo:
- Njengakumacala adlule, inombolo yokuqala ikhombisa inani lama-cores kumodeli. IRyzen 5 inezinhlamvu eziyisithupha, iRyzen 7 inezisishiyagalombili kanti iRyzen 3, zine.
- Inombolo yesibili ikhombisa ukwenziwa komkhiqizo. Kukhona izizukulwane ezimbili eziyisisekelo zalolu hlobo lwemodeli: i-ZEN (ekhonjiswe ngenombolo 1000) noma i-ZEN + (inombolo 2000).
- Inombolo yesithathu yijubane lokusebenza kwe-GHz, ngeRyzen 7 1800X egijima ku-3,7 GHz-4 GHz kanye neRyzen 7 1700X evalelwe ku-3,4 GHz-3,8 GHz.
- Incwadi X, ekugcineni, ikhombisa amaza asebenza kakhulu maqondana namakhodi angenayo. I-Ryzen 7 1700, ngokwesibonelo, inemvamisa yokusebenza ephansi kuneRyzen 7 1700X.
Kule vidiyo elandelayo sinikezwa umhlahlandlela olula, ophelele futhi wobusha ukuze sikwazi ukubona amabanga nezizukulwane ezahlukahlukene ze- Amaprosesa we-AMD. Isisetshenziswa sokubukelwayo nesikwazi ukukhulisa ulwazi olwethulwe kulo mbhalo.
Kuze kube manje indatshana yethu nge Amaprosesa we-AMD. Masethembe ukuthi ukuncintisana kwemakethe phakathi kwezinkampani ezahlukahlukene zokucubungula kuzoqhubeka nokusingenisa ezinkathini zobuchwepheshe eziphakeme ezingacabangeki. Sizobonana maduze