Iqembu I-Repsol I-de España inikeza amakhasimende ayo izinsizakalo ezihlukahlukene kanye nezinketho zokuhlangabezana nezidingo ezihlukahlukene uma ufuna ukwazi ulwazi oluyisisekelo mayelana amazinga de Gas y de Luz Ngaphezu kokwaziswa okuhambisanayo okusiza ukuqonda ukusebenza kwayo, le ncwadi izoba usizo kakhulu.
Ulwazi oluyisisekelo nge-Repsol Gas kanye namazinga kagesi
Imininingwane ku-invoyisi noma amazinga ngonyaka we ukukhanya de I-Repsol
Linganisa intengo Yonyaka
- Isixazululo se-inthanethi 558,70 €
- I-Night Online Repsol 531,40 €
Ukuqhathanisa kwenziwa endlini enamandla enkontileka angu-4 kW kanye nokusetshenziswa kukagesi ngonyaka okungu-3.000 kWh. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi ebusuku kuhlukaniswe nge-1200 kWh phakathi namahora athathwa njengomsebenzi omncane (40% wokusetshenziswa) kanye ne-1800 kWh (amahora aphakeme) phakathi namahora aphakeme (60% wokusetshenziswa okuphelele)
Isabelo sonyaka I-Repsol Ukukhanya kanye amazinga de Igesi
Linganisa intengo Yonyaka
- Igesi nokuningi 3.1 €218,34
- Igesi nokuningi 3.2 €491,96
Ngesilinganiso se-Gas & Más 3.1, endlini enekhishi namanzi ashiswe ngegesi yemvelo, kulinganiselwa ukuthi kufanele isebenzise cishe u-4.000 kWh ngonyaka. Ngesilinganiso esingu-3,2, ukusetshenziswa kukagesi ngonyaka endlini enekhishi, amanzi ashisayo nokushisisa kwegesi kungu-8.000 kWh.
Amanani nezimo zokunikezwa kwe-Repsol Luz y Gas Online
Izinga le-inthanethi le-Repsol Luz y Gas liyimodi egcina inani elifanayo likagesi usuku lonke, ukuze ukwazi ukuwusebenzisa noma nini, noma kuphi. Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko zokusayina intela kagesi noma yegesi nge-Repsol Luz y Gas ukuthi noma nini lapho ugcwalisa egalaji likaphethiloli lakwa-Repsol, ungathola isaphulelo kuphethiloli.
Kuthebula elilandelayo, sihlukanise inani elikhokhwa abasebenzisi, okuhlanganisa amandla enkontileka namandla asetshenzisiwe (amandla enkontileka angama-4 kW futhi ukusetshenziswa konyaka kungu-3.000 kWh).
Intengo elinganiselwe ye-Repsol Luz y Gas 2.0 Isilinganiso esiku-inthanethi e-Spain
Inani/Inani
- Amandla adliwe €387
- Amandla €171,70
- Isamba esingu-€558,70
I-Repsol 2.0 izimo zesilinganiso se-inthanethi
- Intengo yegama lamandla: 0,1290 Euro / kWh
- Intengo yesikhathi samandla: 0,1176 euros / kW ngosuku
- Intengo engaguquki amahora angama-24 ngosuku
- hhayi unomphela
- Umhlahlandlela wamahhala wokuvikela inkokhelo yonyaka owodwa Ngamandla enkontileka angaphansi noma alingana no-10 kW
- Amathuba okusebenzisa izindlela “zezithembiso zokonga” Uma ikhaya lakho noma ibhizinisi lakho lidinga ugesi ongaphezu kuka-10 kW nangaphansi kuka-15 kW, intengo izohluka.
Kuthebula elilandelayo, sibonisa isimo sangempela somsebenzisi obhalisele ugesi ongu-11 kW futhi ophehla ugesi ongu-6.000 kWh ngonyaka.
Intengo ye-Repsol Electricity and Gas 2.1A isilinganiso esiku-inthanethi
Inani Inani
- Amandla adliwe €816
- Amandla €527,17
- Isamba esingu-€1.343,17
Izimo ze-Repsol online rate 2.1A
- Ithemu yentengo yamandla: 0,1360 euros / kWh
- Intengo yesikhathi samandla: 0,1313 euros / kW ngosuku
- Intengo engaguquki amahora angama-24 ngosuku
- hhayi unomphela
- Umhlahlandlela wamahhala wokuvikela inkokhelo yonyaka owodwa Ngamandla enkontileka angaphezu kuka-10 kW nangaphansi kuka-15 kW Amathuba okusebenzisa izilinganiso zezithembiso zokonga, i-Repsol Luz y Gas ithembisa ukuthuthukisa ezinye izingcaphuno ezithola kwezinye izinkampani ngaphansi kweSavings Promise. Uma bengakwazi ukuhlangabezana nomnikelo, izinkontileka ezingapheli zenkontileka zizokhanselwa (zisebenza kuwo wonke amanani kagesi we-Repsol negesi).
Intengo nezimfuneko zezinga le-Online Night le-Repsol Luz y Gas
Izinga lobusuku be-inthanethi le-Repsol liyinani elishibhe kakhulu lenkampani lehora. Lezi zindleko zigcina amanani entengo kagesi amabili ahlukene usuku lonke, ashibhile ebusuku nasekuseni kakhulu, futhi abiza kakhulu usuku lonke, yingakho egqama.
Le ntela ingaba wusizo ikakhulukazi kubasebenzisi abagxilisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwabo kukagesi (amaphesenti angama-35 ukuya kwangu-40 okusebenzisa kwabo ugesi) ngesikhathi esikhangiswa ngentengo eshibhe kakhulu ye-kWh.
Njengoba senzile esigabeni esidlule sisebenzisa inani lentengo elingaguquki, sizokwenza isiqhathaniso ukuze sinqume inani elikhokhelwa amakhasimende akwa-Repsol ngamandla enkontileka nokusetshenziswa konyaka. Umsebenzisi ubhalisele u-4 kW kagesi futhi walungisa u-40% wokusetshenziswa kwakhe konyaka ukuze abe nesikhathi esishibhe kakhulu, okungukuthi, amahora aphakeme angaphandle (1200 kWh wokusetshenziswa kukagesi), kanti u-60% osele osetshenziswayo ukhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokuphumula. wezikhathi., okungukuthi amahora aphezulu we-kWh).
Siqinisekisile ukuthi ukuze i-Repsol Luz y Gas yenze inzuzo ngentengo yasebusuku, abasebenzisi kufanele bagxilise ingqondo cishe ku-40% wokusebenzisa kwabo ugesi ebusuku nasekuseni kakhulu. Uma udinga ukusayinela amandla angaphezu kuka-10 kW nangaphansi kuka-15 kW, amanani kagesi ngehora azoshintsha.
Amanani akhokhelwa abasebenzisi ababhalisele ugesi ongu-11 kW kungaboniswana ngawo, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla onyaka wonke okukhiqizwa ngaphandle kwamahora aphakeme kunikezwe njengo-2.400 kWh (40% wokusetshenziswa kwamandla) kanye no-3.600 kWh (60% wokusetshenziswa kwamandla). ukusetshenziswa kwamandla).
Imininingwane efanele
Iyini igesi yemvelo
Igesi yemvelo iwukubasa izinto ezimbiwa phansi njengowoyela namalahle. Kuyingxube yama-hydrocarbon, ikakhulukazi i-methane, nezinye izinto ezinegesi ezifana ne-carbon dioxide, i-nitrogen, i-hydrogen sulfide futhi, kwezinye izimo, i-helium.
Izingxube ezakhiwe ngokuyinhloko nge-methane zibizwa ngokuthi izingxube ezomile, kanti lezo eziqukethe ikakhulukazi ama-hydrocarbon afana ne-propane ne-butane zibizwa ngokuthi izingxube ezimanzi.
Ngaphambi kokuba isatshalaliswe ukuze isetshenziswe, igesi yemvelo iphathwa ukuze kukhishwe i-carbon dioxide ne-nitrogen, okwenza ingashi, kanye ne-hydrogen sulfide, igesi egqwalisayo neyingozi. Umphumela ngokuyinhloko i-methane.
I-Methane iyi-gaseous hydrocarbon plus gaseous hydrocarbon futhi ibonakala ngokuba i-molecule encane kakhulu, ehlanganisa ikhabhoni eyodwa nama-athomu amane e-hydrogen (CH4). Ilula kunomoya (emazingeni okushisa angu-15 ° C kanye nokucindezela kwama-millibars angu-1013,25, isisindo sayo esiqondile ngu-0,678 kg/m3), ayinambala futhi ayinaphunga futhi ayinabo ubuthi.
Kwakuvame kakhulu emkhathini wasendulo woMhlaba futhi cishe kwaba nesandla ekuhlanganisweni kwama-amino acid okuqala nokudala ukuphila emhlabeni wethu. Ihlanganiswe nomoya, i-methane ivutha kuphela uma ukugxila kwayo kuphakathi kuka-5 no-15%. Ngaphansi kuka-5% inani legesi yemvelo ayanele ukuqala ukusha, kuyilapho ngaphezu kuka-15% umoya-mpilo ayanele.
Emazingeni okushisa angama-15 ° C nokucindezela komkhathi, i-cubic meter ye-methane ikhiqiza amakholori angaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingu-1. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, i-cubic meter ye-methane inokuqukethwe kwamandla okulingana no-8 kg wamalahle kanye no-1,2 kg kawoyela.
UMethane
I-Methane iba uketshezi ekushiseni okubalulekile kuka -83°C kanye nokucindezela kwe-45 bar. Ukuguqulwa kwesimo se-liquid Ukuguqulwa kwesimo se-liquid kungenzeka ngokunciphisa izinga lokushisa noma ukwandisa ukucindezela. Isibonelo, ku -161°C i-methane iba uketshezi ekucindezelweni kwe-ambient.
Izinga lokushisa elibalulekile lamagesi emvelo amanzi, njenge-propane ne-butane, ahlanganisa ama-athomu e-carbon angu-3 no-4, ngokulandelana, aphakeme kunezinga lokushisa legumbi, ngakho-ke aba uketshezi ngokumane okwandisa ukucindezela.
Umsuka wegesi yemvelo
Eplanethini yethu, ama-hydrocarbon, kuhlanganise ne-methane, atholakala ikakhulukazi ezimbotsheni zamadwala akha ingxenye engaphezulu yoqweqwe lomhlaba futhi awumphumela wezinqubo zamakhemikhali nezomzimba ezenzeke phakathi nomlando woMhlaba.
Isenzo sama-atmospheric agents sibangela ukuguguleka kwezintaba izinsalela zazo, ezithuthwa emanzini, zifinyelela olwandle, lapho kufakwa khona izingqimba zesihlabathi nobumba. Ngaphezu kwemfucumfucu, izinto zomsuka wasolwandle zifakwa olwandle: usawoti omningi ngenxa yokuhwamuka, ikakhulukazi izilwane nezinto ezihlala olwandle.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngenxa yokucwebezela kukasawoti, izinsalela ziguqulwa zibe amadwala ahlangene asenezimbobo ezincane ezigcwele amanzi futhi.
izinto eziphilayo.
Ngokungaphansi kwesenzo sokuhlakazeka sama-microorganisms, lezi zinto eziphilayo ziba
ama-hydrocarbons afana ne-methane namafutha. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i-mineralization: izitshalo nezilwane ziguqulwa zibe igesi, uwoyela namalahle, futhi lawa mafutha abizwa ngokuthi "i-fossil" ngoba avela ekuvuthweni kwezitshalo nezilwane.
Indawo yendawo
Indawo yezindawo zokugcina igesi ngokusobala ikhombisa leyo kawoyela: I-Russia, i-Iran ne-Qatar ibambe cishe u-53,4% wengqikithi. Njengowoyela, ukuxhashazwa kwediphozithi yegesi kwenziwa ngendlela engajwayelekile. Isibonelo, amazwe aseMpumalanga Ephakathi akhipha igesi encane uma kuqhathaniswa nezindawo ezikhona.
Zino-40% wezindawo ezigciniwe zomhlaba futhi zikhiqiza kuphela u-16,3% wegesi yemvelo esetshenziswa ngonyaka emhlabeni wonke, kuyilapho i-US neNtshonalanga Yurophu ibonisa amazinga aphezulu okukhipha (uma kuqhathaniswa nemithombo ekhona ). Eqinisweni, i-United States, naphezu kokuba ne-4,9% kuphela yemithombo yegesi yemvelo efakazelwe emhlabeni, ikhiqiza ngaphezu kwaleyo esetshenziswa ngonyaka wegesi yemvelo, ikhiqiza ngaphezu kuka-20,7% wegesi ekhiqizwa emhlabeni.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi, uma izinga lamanje lokukhiqiza ligcinwa futhi kungekho okunye okufakwayo okutholakele, lawa mazwe
(abayi-14 endabeni yaseNyakatho Melika futhi cishe abayi-19 eYurophu) bazoqeda imali yabo egciniwe eminyakeni embalwa futhi kuzodingeka basebenzise igesi ephuma kwamanye amazwe kuphela.
Izinqolobane Zegesi
Imithombo yegesi yemvelo emhlabeni wonke ilinganiselwa ku-201.771 billion cubic metres. amazwi
Ama-reserves afaka phakathi amadiphozithi awaziwayo angaxhashazwa kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obutholakalayo ukuze kube ukonga.
Ayilona inani langempela lezinsiza ezingaphansi komhlaba ezingakaziwa isintu noma ezizokhishwa
kubiza kakhulu. Nokho, zingaba inkomba enhle yezinga lokuxhashazwa (nokuncipha) kwezinsiza. kuphelile). Uma izinqolobane ezaziwayo njengamanje zihlukaniswa ukusetshenziswa kwegesi yemvelo minyaka yonke (ngonyaka ka-2019, kwaba ama-cubic metres ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-3,444), ngesilinganiso samanje sokuxhashazwa, izindawo ezigciniwe zizophela cishe eminyakeni engama-58.
Impela kusenezinkambu ezingaziwa ezinganweba ukusetshenziswa kwalesi siphehli sezinsalela, nokho isiphetho esisobala siwukuthi igesi yemvelo, njengowoyela, iwumthombo okuhloswe ukuthi uphele.
ukugcinwa kwegesi yemvelo
Ukugcinwa kwegesi yemvelo kudlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukunikezwa ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nokwehluka okukhulu kwesizini kwesidingo. Ukusetshenziswa kwegesi yemvelo kuphezulu kakhulu ebusika kunasehlobo, kuyilapho ukutholakala kwegesi kuzinzile
unyaka wonke
Igesi yemvelo eyinsalela ekhiqizwa noma engenisiwe ezinyangeni zasehlobo ivamise ukugcinwa kumadamu aphelile futhi ingahoxiswa ebusika lapho isidingo sisikhulu kunokunikezwa. Ukugcinwa kwegesi yemvelo kwenziwa ngohlelo lwengqalasizinda oludidiyelwe oluhlanganisa amadamu aphelile, izindawo zokucubungula igesi, iziteshi zokucindezelwa kwegesi kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza.
Ukuqoqwa kwegesi engaphansi komhlaba kudlale futhi kuyaqhubeka nokubamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni nasekusimamiseni imakethe yegesi.
Ukuqoqwa kubizwa ngokuthi okuvamile lapho kusetshenziswa amadiphozi okukhiqiza igesi ephelile noma enciphe kancane, avamile lapho kusetshenziswa amadiphozi kawoyela aphelile noma ama-aquifer aphelile, futhi akhethekile uma wenziwa emigedeni edalwe ezakhiweni zikasawoti ezingaphansi komhlaba noma ezimayini zamalahle ezingashiyiwe.
Njengamanje, ngokwesibonelo, kunezindawo eziyi-10 zokugcina igesi yemvelo e-Italy enenani eliphelele lama-cubic metres ayizigidi eziyi-16.000. EYurophu, izinkundla zokugcina zitholakala kuphela ezindaweni ezicishe ziphele nya.
Lokhu kukhetha kuwumphumela wezimpawu ze-geological zezwe kanye neqiniso lokuthi ukuchithwa kwezinye izizinda zegesi kunikeze izakhiwo ezifanele ukusetshenziswa njengezindawo zokugcina.
Ukudilizwa
Uma indawo yegesi isiphelile, ukumiswa kwezindawo zokukhiqiza kuyalandela. Imisebenzi eyenziwa phakathi nesigaba sokuhoxiswa komsebenzi ihlanganisa ukususwa ngokuphephile kwesikhungo sokwelapha ngaphambi kwesikhathi, izakhiwo zeplathifomu, izakhiwo zokucindezelwa kanye nezindawo zokuthumela ngemikhumbi ye-hydrocarbon, kanye nokususwa kwezihloko zemithombo namapayipi axhumene nezindawo zokuqoqa.
Ngemuva kokuhlakazwa kwezindawo zokukhiqiza, kuba nesigaba sokubuyiselwa kwemvelo. Izindawo lapho imithombo kanye nezinsiza zokwelashwa bezitholakala khona futhi zibuyiselwa esimweni sangaphambi kokuxhashazwa, ngokutshalwa kwamakhambi nezihlahla.
Ngokuqondene nokuhlakazwa kwezikhungo ezingasogwini, ukusebenza kuma ngokuphepha kanye nezinsiza namapayipi axhuma isiteji nezindawo zokwelashwa emhlabeni. izindawo zokwelashwa komhlaba.
Le misebenzi intekenteke kakhulu futhi idinga abasebenzi abakhethekile ukuze bagweme imithelela emibi yemvelo. Uma izinsiza sezisusiwe, kufanele kukhonjwe izindawo ezifanele zempahla engeke iphinde isetshenziswe kanye nokulahlwa kwemikhiqizo engase ingcolise.
Enye indlela yokuhoxiswa nokususwa kokufakwa ogwini ihlinzeka ngokuphinda kusetshenziswe izinkundla ezingasasetshenziswa endaweni njengezithiyo zokwenziwa, isibonelo. Eqinisweni, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi izakhiwo zokwenziwa eziningi ezibekwe emanzini avulekile ngokushesha zihlanganiswa ama- benthic macrofauna kanye nenani elikhulu lezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezithola indawo efanelekayo yokuzalana. Enye indlela ukufakwa kwezinjini zomoya zasogwini lolwandle kumapulatifomu angasasetshenziswa.
Eqinisweni, lezi zinkundla zasolwandle zingasekela izinjini zomoya ngenzuzo yokuthi zikude nogu, lapho imimoya inamandla futhi ihlala njalo, futhi lapho ingenawo umthelela omubi endaweni. Inketho yokushiya amapulatifomu olwandle engasetshenziswanga kufanele ihlaziywe ngokucophelela ngombono wemvelo kanye nomthetho.
Sebenzisa
Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi
Ngenxa yezinzuzo zayo ezihlukahlukene zezomnotho nezemvelo, eminyakeni yamuva nje igesi yemvelo iye yaba uphethiloli oyinhloko wokukhiqiza ugesi. Phakathi neminyaka yawo-70 kanye nawo-80, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kwakuqondiswe ezimbonini zamandla zamalahle nezenuzi, kodwa uchungechunge lwezici zezomnotho, ezemvelo kanye nezobuchwepheshe lubangele ukushintshela kugesi.
izitshalo ze-steam
Igesi yemvelo ingasetshenziswa njengophethiloli ezitshalweni zamandla esitimu ukuze kukhiqizwe isitimu, ngomfutho omkhulu, sishayele umshini ophehla ugesi ozungeza i-alternator. Ukwakha isitimu esinomfutho ophezulu, amanzi ashiselwa kakhulu kubhayela: lapho isiqukathi sivalwe nge-hermetically, ingcindezi yesitimu iyakhula bese iphuma igijima ibheke ku-turbine.
Uma kukhulunywa ngokusebenza kwalezi zitshalo, cishe amaphesenti angama-40 wamandla aqukethwe kuphethiloli aguqulwa abe ugesi. Ama-60% asele alahleka ngesikhathi kushintshwa amandla amakhemikhali abe amandla ashisayo, emishini kanye nakagesi.
izitshalo ze-turbo-gas
Igesi yemvelo ingasetshenziswa nasezitshalweni zamandla e-turbo. Lezi zitshalo zamandla kagesi oshisayo zisebenzisa ngokuqondile amandla akhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokushiswa kwe-methane (noma udizili) futhi zisebenze ngaphandle kwebhayela ukuguqula amanzi abe isitimu futhi ngaphandle kwe-condenser ukuguqula isitimu sibe amanzi.
Isitshalo se-turbo-gas sakhiwe
- I-compressor: imunca umoya ovela emkhathini, iyicindezele bese iwuthumela ekamelweni elivuthayo.
- Igumbi elivuthayo: kulo, ukuvutha kwenzeka phakathi komoya kanye nophethiloli (i-methane noma idizili)
- I-turbine yegesi: ingxube yomoya negesi, ekushiseni okuphezulu, ifinyelela ku-turbine lapho ukwanda
amagesi ashisiwe aphendulela ama-rotor blades bese evula i-alternator, ngaleyo ndlela akhiqize
ugesi.
Izinzuzo zezitshalo ze-turbo-gas yilezi: izindleko eziphansi zesitshalo, ukuqala kwayo ngokushesha ngisho noma kungekho amandla kunethiwekhi kanye neqiniso lokuthi lezi zitshalo azidingi amanzi okupholisa. Kungenzeka ukuzakhela noma yikuphi kude nemifula nolwandle. Okubi wukusebenza okuphansi kakhulu (okungaba ngu-30%) futhi, ngakho-ke, izindleko zamandla aphezulu kakhulu.
Izitshalo zomjikelezo ohlanganisiwe
Umjikelezo ohlanganisiwe kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obusebenza kahle kakhulu bokukhiqiza ugesi ngegesi yemvelo. Zombili zisebenzisa ukushisa okungahle kulahleke. Izitshalo zamandla omjikelezo ohlanganisiwe zisebenzisa ukushisa ezikukhiqizayo ukukhiqiza ugesi.
Lezi zinhlelo zihlobanisa isitshalo se-turbo-gas neqembu le-steam: ukushisa okuyinsalela kwentuthu ephuma ekushiseni okuyinsalela kwentuthu ephuma eqenjini le-turbo-gas kusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza umusi, okwandisa ukusebenza ngama-56%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitshalo zomjikelezo ohlangene zinezindleko eziphansi zokwakha nezokulungisa, nokuthembeka okukhulu kokusebenza.
ukuzalana
Phakathi kwezicelo ezintsha zegesi yemvelo kufanele sikhulume ngokuhlangana, okungukuthi, ukukhiqizwa okuhlangene kwamandla kagesi nokushisa. ukukhiqizwa okuhlangene kukagesi nokushisa. I-Cogeneration ukusetshenziswa okuhlangene kwamandla ayisisekelo, njengegesi yemvelo, ukukhiqiza ukushisa nogesi.
Lo mqondo usekelwe ekubuyiseleni nasekusetshenzisweni kokushisa okulahlwayo okukhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokuphehlwa kukagesi obungalahleka kwezinye izitshalo, ngaleyo ndlela kungasebenzi kahle kunokukhiqiza ugesi.
Isibonelo, injini ye-methane ikhiqiza ugesi futhi igesi ekhishwayo isetshenziswa njengomthombo oshisayo, okungukuthi, ukushisa amanzi.
Ngale ndlela, amandla kagesi namandla ashisayo akhiqizwa ngendlela ehlangene. Uma zikhiqizwa ngezinqubo ezihlukene, amanani amakhulu wamandla ayisisekelo azodingeka. Le nqubo ithuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwe
imithombo yamandla enezinzuzo ezibalulekile zezomnotho nezemvelo.
Igesi yemvelo ingamafutha anenzuzo kakhulu ngokombono wezomnotho mayelana nezicelo zokuhlanganisa izimboni nezohwebo, ngaphezu kwakho konke ngenxa yezindleko zayo eziphansi ezingaguquki kanye nokuphathwa kwayo futhi ngenxa yokuthi ingamafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi ahlanzekile.
Uhlu olubanzi lobuchwepheshe bokuhlanganisa buyasetshenziswa njengamanje, okuhlanganisa amayunithi amancane ahlanganiswe ngaphambilini ahlanganisa zonke izingxenye ezidingekayo zesistimu yokuhlanganisa. Lezi zinhlelo zitholakala kusukela ku-2,2 kW kufika kufomethi ye-MW engamakhulu amaningana. Lezi yizimo zokukhiqiza okuncane, okusho ukukhiqizwa kanyekanye kanye nokukhiqizwa kwasendaweni kwamandla ashisayo nawogesi.
Ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bemishini emisha nesebenza kahle kakhudlwana yegesi yemvelo, ukuhlangana ndawonye
eyayisetshenziswa kuphela umkhakha wezimboni ezinkulu, isabalale ezimbonini ezincane neziphakathi nendawo kanye nengxenye yesithathu.
Ikakhulukazi, izinhlelo zokuhlanganisa zimelela ikhambi eliphumelelayo lokunciphisa izindleko zikagesi kanye nezigayo zephepha kanye nemithi, izindwangu, ukucwenga uwoyela futhi, ikakhulukazi, izimboni zepetrochemical, kanye nezibhedlela, amanyuvesi, amahhotela, izikhungo zamakhompiyutha nezitolo ezinkulu.
imboni yezokuthutha
Igesi yemvelo ingasetshenziswa futhi njengamafutha ezimotweni. Igesi yemvelo inezinzuzo eziningi ngaphezu kwamanye amafutha ezimoto: eyokuqala ukuthi ingamafutha emvelo. Eqinisweni, inokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephansi futhi ayinawo ama-hydrocarbon anephunga elimnandi, isulfure noma umthofu.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezimoto zikaphethiloli, izimoto zegesi yemvelo zikhiqiza cishe ngo-25% ngaphansi
i-carbon dioxide futhi, okubaluleke nakakhulu, azikhiphi izinhlayiya (ezenziwe izinhlayiya ezimnyama ngokwanele ukuthi zibukeke njengentuthu noma umule, kodwa zincane ngokwanele ukuba zibonakale ngesibonakhulu), i-benzene, noma amanye ama-hydrocarbon anephunga elimnandi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, akhipha i-carbon monoxide encane, ama-nitrogen oxides nama-hydrocarbon angashisiwe (lokhu
(Lawa ma-hydrocarbons angashisiwe ahlanganisa ikakhulukazi i-methane). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhishwa kwe-sulphur dioxide, imbangela eyinhloko yemvula ene-asidi, kuyinto encane. imbangela yemvula ene-asidi. Igesi yemvelo ayinayo imiphumela eyingozi empilweni yomuntu ama-hydrocarbon amaningi anayo.
Ikakhulukazi, ama-hydrocarbons asebenzayo kakhulu lapho kukhona ama-nitrogen oxides nokukhanya kwelanga angakwazi ukukhiqiza i-ozone esezingeni eliphansi, igesi engabangela ukufa ngezinga le-ozone, igesi engabangela ukucasuka ohlelweni lokuphefumula futhi ingakwazi ukukhiqiza i-photochemical smog.
I-Benzene namanye ama-polycyclic aromamatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), ngakolunye uhlangothi, abhekwa njengama-carcinogens angaba khona.
traffic imoto
Inikela kakhulu ekukhishweni okuphelele kwe-PAH ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ezimatasa, ikakhulukazi lapho ukwakheka kwethrafikhi (amalambu omgwaqo, ukuhlangana, njll.) kuphoqa izinjini zezimoto ukuthi zisebenze njalo ezimeni zesikhashana.
Ngenxa yobuchwepheshe bezinjini zamanje, ukukhishwa kwalezi zinto ezimotweni ezihamba ngegesi yemvelo kuncipha kakhulu noma
cishe engekho (njengasendabeni ye-benzene).
Kodwa-ke, ukuze kwenziwe ukuhlola okuphelele kwezimoto ezinikezwa igesi yemvelo uma ziqhathaniswa nalezo ezisetshenziswa amandla kagesi, kuyadingeka ukuhlola imithelela yemvelo kuwo wonke umjikelezo wokuphila wokuguqulwa kwamandla; okungukuthi, ukuhlaziya zonke izigaba, kuhlanganise nokukhipha, ukukhiqizwa nokuthuthwa kukaphethiloli.
Ukuhlaziywa kufanele futhi kucabangele ezinye izici, njengokutholakala kwemithombo yamandla esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. esizayo. Inhloso yalezi zifundo ukuqondisa ukusetshenziswa kufinyelele ekusetshenzisweni kahle kwemithombo yamandla, kokubili ngokombono wamandla kanye nangokombono wemvelo.
Ngaphezu kwezici ezishiwo, umjikelezo wempilo yegesi yemvelo unezinye izici ezenza kube nenzuzo enkulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinto zokubasa. Eqinisweni, igesi yemvelo ingasetshenziswa
ngokuqondile njengophethiloli ngesikhathi sokukhipha, ngemva kokucubungula okuvamile, akudingi ukucwengwa.
Ithuthwa ngoxhaxha lwamapayipi egesi axhunywe ngokuqondile eziteshini zesevisi ye-methane, futhi awanikeze ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, ngaphandle kokudinga ukugcinwa emathangeni futhi ngaphandle kokuphazamisa isiminyaminya noma ezokuthutha zomgwaqo.
Ngokungafani nezibaseli eziwuketshezi, isistimu yokugcwalisa i-refueling, njengoba iqinile, ayinakho ukulahlekelwa ngenxa yokuhwamuka. Phakathi kwamafutha ezimoto ezine ezisetshenziswayo njengamanje (uphethiloli, udizili we-LPG kanye ne-methane), i-methane iyona eshibhe kakhulu.
Ukumboza ibanga elifanayo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-methane konga kuze kufike ku-65% uma kuqhathaniswa nophethiloli, kuze kufike ku-45% uma kuqhathaniswa nodizili futhi kuze kufike ku-30% uma kuqhathaniswa ne-LPG.
IJalimane, i-Italy, iSwitzerland, iSweden ne-Austria ngamanye amazwe ase-Europe asebenzisa i-methane kakhulu.
uhlelo lwe-methane
Isistimu ye-methane yokuqhubela injini ilula. Izimoto zivame ukwakhiwa ukuze ziphehlwe yi-methane kanye nophethiloli. I-methane yethulwa emabhodleleni (atholakala emotweni) endaweni "ecindezelwe" yegesi, ngengcindezi ephezulu (200 bar). I-methane ifika, ngamapayipi akhethekile, iye kusinciphisi esiphakela ama-injection ezinjini ezivuthayo ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephansi.
Inzwa yokucindezela ithumela isignali kusibonisi sobuningi be-methane kanye nakwiphaneli kagesi elawula ama-injection kaphethiloli namavalvu okuvula nokuvala ibhodlela. Imoto ifakwe iswishi ye-methane-petroli engase isebenze noma nini.
Imoto ngokuvamile ihamba nge-methane, kodwa uma, ngenkathi ushayela, ingcindezi yegesi ngaphakathi kwamasilinda iphansi kunengcindezi encane, ukulawulwa kwenjini ye-elekthronikhi kuguqula ngokuzenzakalelayo ukusebenza kuphethiloli. Uma uphethiloli usunikiwe, umfutho osemasimini uyabuyiselwa futhi imoto iqala ukusebenza nge-methane.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuncishiswa okuphezulu kokukhipha igesi, izimoto ze-methane kufanele zisebenzise i-catalyst efanelekile ukuze kuqedwe ama-hydrocarbon ayinsalela atholakala ekushisweni kwe-methane. Eqinisweni, ama-methane oxides anzima kakhulu ukuwenza i-oxidize kunama-hydrocarbons ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuthi kuthathwe i-catalyst ebonakala ngenani eliphakeme lezinsimbi ezinhle (ezisebenza njengama-catalysts) kunama-catalyst ajwayelekile.
izinjongo zezimboni
Izimboni zisebenzisa igesi yemvelo hhayi nje ukushisa noma indawo epholile, kodwa futhi ukwenza izinqubo zokukhiqiza zisebenze kahle, zishibhile futhi zibe nemvelo. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukusetshenziswa okukhiqizayo kukhona
- imboni yokudla: ukuwoswa kwe-malt nekhofi, ukucubungula inyama (ukubhaka, isinongo se-salami), ukubhaka imikhiqizo yokubhaka (isinkwa, izinti zesinkwa, amaswidi)
- imboni ye-metallurgical: izicelo ezivame kakhulu zihlobene nensimbi nama-alloys ayo, insimbi ekhonjiwe nensimbi. Isetshenziselwa ezithandweni zokwelapha ezishisayo, ngezinqubo lapho isimo esilawulwayo sidingeka khona, njll;
- amathayela nama-ceramics: igesi isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukukhiqizwa kwamathayili namathayili, kanye nakuma-tile.
izitsha nezingilazi kanye nomkhakha wezobumba wobuciko. Emkhakheni wezitini (izitini, amathayili), okomisa nokushisa okushisa okusebenzisana negesi yemvelo kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlinzeka ngemikhiqizo ngokubukeka kobuhle obujabulisayo uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amasu. Ukusetshenziswa kwegesi kwenze "ukupheka ngokushesha" kwenzeka, kunciphisa kakhulu izikhathi zokukhiqiza;
Izinjongo ezengeziwe
- ingilazi: ukungabi khona kwezinsalela zomlilo kanye nokulawulwa okulula kwezinga lokushisa kwenza igesi ifaneleke kakhulu ukondla izithando zomjikelezo oqhubekayo wokukhiqizwa kwengilazi "yeshidi" kanye "emgodini";
– ubucwebe: ngenxa yokuguquguquka nokuhlanzeka kwelangabi, igesi yemvelo isetshenziswa kabanzi ekwakheni nasekushiseleni izinto eziyigugu;
– ukuluka: igesi yemvelo inikeza amandla adingekayo ekushefinini izinwele nasekubekeni ukushisa
- imboni yephepha: i-methane isetshenziselwa ukomisa uyinki ngokushesha.
Okunye ukusetshenziswa
Sebenzisa emkhakheni wezohwebo
Ukusetshenziswa kwegesi ngokwezentengiselwano kuhlanganisa isiqandisi (i-conditioning nesiqandisi), izinsizakalo zokudla (zokupheka), ama-motel namahhotela (ukushisisa kwangaphakathi), izibhedlela, imisebenzi yomphakathi, nezitolo.
Ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kwawo kwamandla aphezulu, ama-air conditioner egesi yemvelo amelela enye indlela esebenza kakhulu kumasistimu kagesi endabuko.
Amasistimu kagesi asetshenziswa kokubili ukuze kuqinisekiswe amazinga aphezulu okunethezeka ezakhiweni zomphakathi (amakhaya, izibhedlela, amahhotela, izakhiwo zamahhovisi) kanye nokuhlangabezana nezidingo zomkhakha wezimboni (i-air conditioning emsebenzini, izinqubo zokukhiqiza, ukulondolozwa kokudla, njll).
Izitofu zegesi zithandwa kakhulu emkhakheni wokudlela: ngenxa yabo kungenzeka ukukala ukushisa ngendlela engcono kakhulu ngokushintsha amandla omlilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi sokupheka kuhhavini, ukushiswa kwe-methane kukhipha umhwamuko wamanzi, othambisa ukudla, uvimbele ukuthi kuphele.
Lezi zici, ngaphezu kokuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kokunikezwayo, zenza i-methane ibe umthombo owaziswa kakhulu wezinjongo zasekhaya nezomsebenzi.
izinjongo zasekhaya
Igesi yemvelo inguphethiloli oncomekayo osetshenziswa kuzo zombili izinjongo zasekhaya (izithando zegesi, ukufudumeza, amanzi ashisayo), njengoba ingewona nje kuphela uphethiloli ohlanzekile kunawo wonke, kodwa futhi iwukubonga okungcono kakhulu kwezindleko eziphansi kakhulu.
Izilinganiso zibikezela ukwanda okungama-30% kokusetshenziswa kwegesi yasekhaya ngo-2020. Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwegesi yemvelo ekhaya ukushisisa. I-35% yemindeni yaseYurophu inezinhlelo zokufudumeza ezimaphakathi ezinikeza ukushisa ezindlini ezimbalwa.
Isizukulwane esabalalisiwe
Sekuyiminyaka eminingi kukhulunywa "ngesizukulwane esabalalisiwe" kanye "nokuzenzela amandla", okungukuthi, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla ngokomzimba eduze kwabasebenzisi. Muva nje, imiqondo elandelayo ibaluleke kakhulu futhi iyisihloko:
– Ukukhululwa kwemakethe yegesi kanye nogesi kanye neqiniso lokuthi ugesi awukwazi ukuhlangabezana nesidingo esikhulu kanye nomphumela wokucisha okulindelekile.
- Inkinga yokunciphisa ukukhishwa okungcolisayo emkhathini kanye nokusekelwa komphakathi kwemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo noma leyo eyenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kwemithombo yezinto ezimbiwa phansi.
Ezinye izinto
- Amathuba, ngokukhiqiza amandla eduze nabasebenzisi, ukuhlela ukuhlangana, okubandakanya okukhulu
ukusebenza kahle kwamandla,
-ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwezokuthutha kanye nokusabalalisa kanye nokunciphisa okuphawulekayo kokukhishwa kwegesi emkhathini.
-Izindleko eziphansi zokutshala imali ngenxa yobuncane bezitshalo.
- Amathuba okufaka ugesi ezindaweni ezikude nokwenza izwe libe sengozini yokuguquguquka kwenani lamafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi
Kuya ngokuya kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthuthukisa, ngaphezu kokukhiqizwa kwamandla okuphakathi nendawo, izimboni zamandla ezincane (okungukuthi i-micro-generation), ezitholakala endaweni futhi ezakhiwe ngobuchwepheshe obuhlanganisa ukusebenza kahle nokukhipha umoya ophansi ngokutshalwa kwezimali okushibhile nokuthembeka okuhle kakhulu.
Ukwengeza, uma ukholwa ukuthi le nto ibiwusizo kuwe, ungabheka ezinye izindatshana zethu mahhala ngolwazi oluhlobene:
Ulwazi mayelana ne- Ukunikezwa kukagesi negesi kusuka ku-Iberdrola
Endesa: Bhalisa Izinkonzo Zegesi Nokukhanya
izinyathelo zokusebenzisa Ok Electricity and Ok Gas from Endesa