Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, ukuxhumana bekuyinto esemqoka ekuthuthukisweni kwezindawo ezahlukahlukene zomphakathi. Ubuchwepheshe abuhlukile. Kusukela kwaqalwa amakhompyutha, intuthuko seyenziwe ku izimbobo zokuxhumana, lezo ezixhumanisa umuntu nekhompyutha.
Amachweba wezokuxhumana
Ngaphambi kokuchaza ukuthi yini izimbobo zokuxhumana, kubalulekile ukuthi sazi okuncane ngomlando wayo. Ngokuphathelene nekhompyutha, umuntu angakhuluma ngezizukulwane eziyisithupha zamakhompyutha. Eyokuqala yalena itholakala phakathi kweminyaka yo-1940 esekupheleni naphakathi nawo-1950. Kodwa-ke, kwaze kwaba seminyakeni embalwa kamuva lapho kwenziwa khona imizamo yangempela yokwenza ngcono ukufakwa nokukhishwa kolwazi. Ngenxa yale mizamo, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze izimbobo zokuxhumana.
Incazelo
I-Los izimbobo zokuxhumana yilezo zindlela, noma izindlela, ezivumela ukuxhumana phakathi kwekhompyutha nezwe langaphandle. Ngokusebenzisa i-interface, ebizwa nangokuthi i-screen medium, ikhompyutha ithola idatha kusuka kuzinto ezisemkhathini ezizungezile. Kwezinye izimo, le datha, uma isicutshunguliwe, nayo ingabuyiselwa kumadivayisi ashiwo. Ngenxa yokuphothulwa kwale nqubo, izimbobo zokuxhumana zibizwa nangokuthi amachweba wokufaka / wokukhipha noma wokufaka / wokukhipha.
Ukuze le nqubo iphumelele, kufanele kuxhunyaniswe ikhompyutha nezinto ezithile. Lokhu kutholakala ngokusebenzisa imigqa yedijithali noma amaqembu ezintambo, akha ibhasi.
Umsebenzi
Kusukela encazelweni, kungaqondakala ukuthi umsebenzi we izimbobo zokuxhumana ukusebenza njengendawo yokuxhuma, evumela idatha ukuthi igeleze phakathi kwedivayisi nekhompyutha, noma okuphambene nalokho.
Izici
Kususelwa encazelweni ye- izimbobo zokuxhumana, izici ezilandelayo zingasethwa:
- Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezixhumi: owesilisa nowesilisa. Owesilisa unezikhonkwane lapho ulwazi ludluliselwa khona. Insikazi ayinazo izikhonkwane, kodwa izimbobo. Lokhu kuhambelana nenombolo yezikhonkwane zemishini isixhumi sesilisa esinazo.
- Zitholakala kubhodi yomama yanoma iyiphi ikhompyutha.
- Ziyindawo yokuxhumanisa noma yokuhlangana enamadivayisi angaphandle.
- Kusetshenziswa amasiginali kagesi, avumela ukuhamba kwedatha kuye nokubuya kukhompyutha.
- Zivame ukutholakala ngemuva kwikhompyutha. Kodwa-ke, namuhla, kujwayelekile ukuthola ezinye zazo ngaphambili.
Kube khona okuningi izimbobo zokuxhumana okukhona, ngenxa yezinguquko nentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe naku-elekthronikhi. Kodwa-ke, njengamanje, sinokulandelayo:
Imbobo yomkhiqizo
Lolu hlobo lwesixhumi ludinga igama lalo ngendlela edlulisa ngayo idatha: kancane ngakunye, ngokulandelana. Lokho wukuthi, ukudluliswa kuyis serial futhi kwenzeka ngesiteshi esisodwa sokuxhumana. Ngakho-ke, ubuthakathaka bayo obukhulu buhamba kancane.
Ngokuvamile, zimbili zazo kubhodi yomama, ebizwa nge-COM 1 ne-COM 2. Zombili zitholakala ngemuva kwebhodi lomama. Kodwa-ke, kukhona amanye amabhodi amukela izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezimbili zembobo ye-serial.
Ngenxa yobukhulu bazo, kunezikhonkwane eziyi-9 noma ezingama-25. Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu yi-D-sub, ethwala amasiginali we-RS-232 ngentambo elula.
Yamukela ukuxhumeka kwamamodemu angaphandle, amakhibhodi namagundane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isebenza njenge-adaptha ukuze ikwazi ukuxhumana ngamakhompyutha amaningi.
imbobo efanayo
Njengoba igama lalo lisho, lidlulisa imininingwane ngeziteshi ezifanayo. Noma yini efanayo, idlulisa izingcezu eziningana ngasikhathi sinye, ngaphezu kolayini wokuxhumana ongaphezu koyedwa. Lesi sici senza sisheshe kunembobo ye-serial.
Imbobo ehambisanayo iyisixhumi sohlobo lwabesifazane futhi inezikhonkwane ezingama-25. Itholakala ngemuva kwekhompyutha, nakwamanye amamodeli ezansi kwechweba legundane.
Ngenxa yobulula bayo, iphrinta iyisibonelo esivelele kunazo zonke zalolu hlobo lwesixhumi. Eqinisweni, kwesinye isikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi ichweba leCentronic ngegama lesixhumi ohlangothini lwephrinta. Ibuye ivumele ukuxhumana kwesithwebuli.
Kunamanye amachweba ahambisanayo, angasetshenziswanga kancane, avumela ukuxhumana kwe-hard disk ne-CD ne-DVD reader.
Imbobo ye-USB
Kuyichweba lezokuxhumana ngokugqwesa. Ebizwa nangokuthi imbobo yendawo yonke, ukuze kube lula ukusetshenziswa kwayo futhi ngoba inohlobo olufanayo lwekhebula nesixhumi, kungakhathalekile ukuthi lwenza msebenzi muni. Ekufikeni kwayo, ukuxhumeka kwezinto ezisemaphethelweni kwakulinganiselwe.
Ngale ndlela, kusuka emvelaphi yayo, yathutha amachweba we-serial and parallel. Ingakwazi ukuxhumana cishe nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwangaphandle lwangaphandle, njenge: iphrinta, ikhibhodi, igundane, i-hard drive yangaphandle futhi, namuhla, ngisho nezingcingo eziphathwayo. Ukuxhuma ngamadivayisi wohlobo lwe-USB asebenzayo akusithinti isivinini noma ukusebenza kwawo. Isibonelo salolu hlobo lwedivayisi ngamaphrinta, nawo angamaskena namakhophi.
Isebenza njengepulagi nokudlala, okungukuthi, i-peripheral exhunyiwe ibonwa ngokuzenzakalela lapho ikhompyutha ivulwa futhi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi akudingekile ukuthi uyixhume futhi uyinqamule ngokucisha okokusebenza. Lokhu kuyinzuzo enkulu ngaphezu kwamachweba angaphambilini, ngaphezu kwejubane eliphezulu elidlulisa ngalo ulwazi.
Ngokombono, kungasetshenziswa ukuxhumana okufika ku-127 ngasikhathi sinye, konke kusebenza kusuka kukhompyutha eyodwa.
Ngokomzimba, itheku elincane kunazo zonke ngemuva kwekhompyutha. Yisixhumi ngawodwana, esinezikhonkwane ezine, noma kungahle kube nokuhlanganiswa kokuxhuma okungaphezu kokukodwa.
Isixhumi se-PS-2
Namuhla, ukuxhumana okudala kwamakhibhodi namagundane. Yisixhumi esixhuma okuningi, okulindeleke ukuthi sithathelwe indawo ngokuphelele amachweba e-USB.
Inezikhonkwane eziyisithupha futhi itholakala ngemuva kwikhompyutha. Ngokuvamile, kunezixhumi ezimbili zalolu hlobo, ezahlukaniswa ngemibala yazo. Ngenxa yamazinga okukhiqiza, itheku elibubende lisetshenziselwa ikhibhodi kanti itheku eliluhlaza lisetshenziselwa igundane.
Zombili izixhumi ziyefana ngokuphelele, uma bezingashintshaniswa ekuxhumaneni kwazo, ngeke kube nomonakalo entweni yokusebenza. Noma kunjalo, akunconywa.
Isixhumi se-RJ-45
Iyaziwa ngegama lesixhumi se-Ethernet, futhi kusukela ekuqaleni yayenzelwe ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zenethiwekhi yendawo. Njengamanje, iyasetshenziswa lapho ikhompyutha ingahambelani namanethiwekhi angenantambo, noma lapho singenakho ukufinyelela kumanethiwekhi e-Wi-Fi.
Isici sayo esiyinhloko ukuthi idatha idluliswa ngohlobo olufanayo lwebhendi eyamukelwa ngalo, okungukuthi, ukudluliswa kwalo yi-base band. Kuyinto yokuxhumana okuphephe kakhulu futhi okuzinzile kunalokho okukhiqizwa izintambo ze-coaxial. Ibuye inikeze ukusebenza okuphezulu kunokuxhumeka okuningi okungenantambo.
Ayinayo indawo ethile ngaphakathi kwebhodi lomama. Noma kunjalo, kuvamile ukuyithola ngaphezu kwezixhumi ze-RCA, ngemuva kwekhompyutha. Ngokuvamile, i-motherboard inembobo eyodwa kuphela enjalo.
Isixhumi se-RCA
Yisixhumi esizinikezele kumadivayisi wohlobo lwangaphandle olubukwayo. Iqukethe izixhumi ezimbili zabesilisa nabesifazane, ezingabonakala ngemibala yazo. Ephuzi isetshenziselwa ividiyo ehlanganisiwe, ebomvu ebomvu yesiteshi somsindo ohlangothini lwesokudla. Kuzinhlelo ze-stereo, umbala umnyama noma umhlophe esiteshini sohlangothi lwesobunxele. Okubi kakhulu ukuthi izintambo ezihlukile ziyadingeka ngohlobo ngalunye lwesiginali esikhishiwe.
Lezi zixhumi zitholakala ngemuva kwebhodi lomama. Ividiyo eku-slot yekhadi levidiyo nomsindo kusikhala sekhadi lomsindo.
Isixhumi se-VGA
Ifana netheku le-serial, kepha esikhundleni sezikhonkwane inezimbobo, zihlelwe ngemigqa emithathu. Itheku lokuxhumana elijwayelekile, lapho i-monitor ixhunywe khona ekhadini levidiyo lekhompyutha. Itholakala nakumaphrojektha nakumathelevishini encazelo ephezulu.
Mhlawumbe, ukuntuleka kokusekelwa kwabanye abaprosesa kuyisizathu sokuthi kungani kuthathelwe indawo izixhumi zohlobo lwe-DVI noma lwe-HDMI.
Yize itholakala ngemuva kwebhodi lomama, indawo yayo ethize incike kumodeli yebhodi lomama. Okuvame kakhulu ukukuthola ngaphansi kwetheku le-serial.
Isixhumi se-DVI
Ibe ngumlandeli we-analog technology VGA port, futhi ithathelwe indawo ngandlela thile izixhumi ze-HDMI. Idlulisa amasiginali wevidiyo edijithali ngaphandle kokulahleka kolwazi, ngokuyixhuma esikrinini se-LCD. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isithombe asilahli ikhwalithi ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwaso. Lokhu kungaba ukuxhumana okukodwa noma okubili.
Isixhumi se-HDMI
Ivumela ukuxhumana kwamadivayisi we-multimedia wencazelo ephezulu, okudale ukuthi isuse kalula isixhumi se-DVI. Empeleni, imvelaphi yayo ivela ekubonakaleni kwezinqumo zezithombe ze-HD ne-Full-HD, ezingcono kakhulu kune-DVI.
Itholakala kubhodi yomama futhi, ngasikhathi sinye, ekhadini lemidwebo yekhompyutha.
Imbobo yeFirewire
Isici sayo esiyinhloko ukudluliswa kwevolumu enkulu yedatha ngejubane elikhulu. Ivumela ukuxazulula izinkinga zokuxhuma nezesivinini, isekhona ethekwini le-USB 1.
Amakhamera wevidiyo nemishini yevidiyo ixhunywe kuleli chweba, okuvumela ukuxhumana nokushintshaniswa kwevidiyo yedijithali. Itholakala kubhodi yomama yekhompyutha, kepha kunezinhlobo zazo, kuya ngomkhiqizi.
Isixhumi se-IrDA
Isici sayo esiyinhloko yikhono lokuxhuma ngaphandle kwentambo. Ngokuvamile, isetshenziswa kwimishini ephathekayo. Iqale njengohlobo loxhumano lwe-infrared, kepha ngokushesha yathathelwa indawo amadivayisi we-bluetooh. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ekusebenzeni kwayo, izakhi bezidingeka ukuthi zitholakale ngaphansi kwemitha elilodwa ukusuka komunye nomunye.
Kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi zonke izimbobo zokuxhumana ezichazwe lapha zibhekisa emachwebeni angokoqobo. Kodwa-ke, kuyadingeka ukuthi kushiwo ubukhona bamachweba abonakalayo.
Amachweba abonakalayo
Umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko ukwaba ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zenethiwekhi nezinsizakalo ezisebenza ngasikhathi sinye kukhompyutha. Ivumela ithrafikhi engenayo yolwazi ngenethiwekhi, kube lula ngezinhlelo zokusebenza.
Ukunikezela imbobo yenethiwekhi ebonakalayo kuyasiza lapho ikhompyutha ingenawo amachweba wehadiwe, noma lapho enayo inganele. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kunciphisa inani lezintambo ezixhunywe kwikhompyutha.
Kanye imininingwane ngayinye izimbobo zokuxhumana, okulandelayo kungaphethwa:
Iziphetho
Ngemuva kokubuyekezwa kwezici ezibaluleke kakhulu, kubhekiswa kufayela le- izimbobo zokuxhumana, uthola okulandelayo:
- I-Los izimbobo zokuxhumana ziyizindlela otholakala ngazo ukuxhumana phakathi kwekhompyutha kanye cishe nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwedivayisi yomngcele. Ukuxhumeka okuvame kakhulu kunikezwa ngamaphrinta, ikhibhodi, igundane, imodemu yangaphandle, phakathi kwabanye.
- Amachweba we-serial agcina ukuxhumeka kwejubane eliphansi kumaphrinta angaphandle nakwimodemu.
- Amachweba afanayo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, avumela ukuxhumana phakathi kwamadivayisi amaningi ngasikhathi sinye. Lapha ungabona ukuthi kanjani xhuma ama-monitors amabili kwi-laptop
- Amachweba e-USB yizixhumi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu futhi ezishesha kakhulu, ezivumela ukuxhumeka ngasikhathi sinye kwamadivayisi ayi-127.
- Amachweba we-PS-2 ayizixhumi ze-quintessential zokuxhuma amakhibhodi namagundane.
- Isixhumi se-RJ-45 senzelwe kuphela ukuxhumana kwamanethiwekhi asendaweni we-Intanethi.
- Isixhumi se-RCA senzelwe ukuxhuma namadivayisi we-audiovisual.
- Isixhumi se-VGA sixhuma ikhadi lemidwebo yekhompyutha kusiqaphi.
- Isixhumi se-DVI sivumela ikhwalithi yesithombe ukuthi isetshenziswe kakhulu.
- Isixhumi se-HDMI sisho ukuhanjiswa kwevidiyo nencazelo ephezulu.
- I-Firewire port ivumela ukuxhumeka kwamadivayisi wevidiyo kukhompyutha.
- Isixhumi se-IrDA, okwamanje esingasetshenziswanga, sisetshenziselwa ukuxhumana ngeso lefoni.
Ekugcineni, sinikela ngezincomo zokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwefayela le- izimbobo zokuxhumana.
Izincomo
- Iningi le izimbobo zokuxhumana zinokusetshenziswa okubucayi. Ngakho-ke, ukunakekelwa okwedlulele kufanele kuthathwe lapho uwaxhuma ukugwema ukulimaza izikhonkwane.
- Ngaphambi kokuxhuma amachweba kukhompyutha, kufanele sihlole ukuthi ayinamandla yini.
- Ukuqinisekisa isivinini esikhulu ekusebenzeni kwamachweba, njenge-USB, kunconywa ukwenza ukuvuselelwa ngezikhathi ezithile.
- Uma singayazi imininingwane esemqoka yezobuchwepheshe nokusebenza kwanoma iyiphi ye- izimbobo zokuxhumana. Ngaphambi kokuthatha isinqumo ngokuthenga kwakho, kungcono ukufuna usizo olukhethekile.