Izingxenye noma izingxenye ezibalulekile zekhompyutha - VidaBytes

Sonke siyazi ukuthi ikhompuyutha, i-PC noma ikhompyutha ihambisana nendlela yekhompiyutha, evame ukubizwa ngayo ezintweni ezimbili ezimaphakathi, i-hardware nesofthiwe, okungukuthi, ingxenye yomzimba kanye nengxenye engaphatheki. Kodwa ingabe umsebenzisi ojwayelekile uyazi ukuthi yini izingxenye eziyinhloko zekhompyutha?, lokho kuyinhloso yethu, ukudiliza ingxenye enhle yezingxenye zekhompiyutha ngokusemandleni. Ukufanekisa lokhu ngendlela ye-didactic izindlela zayo ze-elekthronikhi nezingxenye ezizwakalayo, nokuthi zombili zihlanganiswa kanjani ukuze zixhumane futhi zicubungule zonke izinhlobo zokwaziswa okokufaka nokukhiphayo, ngendlela efana kakhulu nobuchopho bomuntu.

Yiziphi izingxenye zekhompuyutha? umhlahlandlela ophelele

Ukwazi zonke izingxenye zekhompiyutha kuwulwazi olubaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani namuhla, njengoba lesi sakhi sintuleka cishe kunoma yiliphi ikhaya emhlabeni. Ngakho-ke, akekho okhululekile ekwethuleni izithiyo ezingaba khona ngale mishini; kungaba ukuzama ukulungisa okuncane noma ukushintshwa kwezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi, noma ukuyithumela ukuthi ilungiswe uchwepheshe, lapho kuvame ukwenzeka ukuthi izingxenye zempahla yekhwalithi zishintshelwe abanye abasezingeni eliphansi.

Noma, yakha ikhompyutha yakho ngokuthenga izingxenye zomuntu ngamunye futhi wakhe i-PC yakho siqu, nakuba lokhu kuvame ukwenziwa ngochwepheshe endaweni, abazi inzuzo yokuhlanganisa eyodwa kusukela ekuqaleni kunokuthenga ikhompuyutha eyakhiwe ngaphambilini, empeleni inokuningi. inani elengeziwe elengeziwe.

Kodwa-ke, kunoma yisiphi isimo, okuhle wukwazi izingxenye noma izingxenye zekhompiyutha, futhi ungathathwa njengabaqalayo futhi bakhohliswe; njengoba unolwazi lwembangela, ungafaka isicelo noma ubuyekeze ukulungiswa noma ukwakhiwa.

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kunethuba lokuvuselela ulwazi uma kwenzeka kubusa indawo, noma ukubhalwa phansi ukuze kwaziwe ukuthi kuhlonzwe kanjani isici ngasinye, ngaphezu kokuqonda kangcono ukubaluleka kwayo nokuba wusizo kanye nenani. Njengoba kuzokwaziwa ngokunemba okukhulu uhlobo lwemishini edingekayo noma lezo zingxenye okufanele zithuthukiswe zisuka empahleni yamanje.

Futhi yini engcono ngale njongo kunokuba ube nakho konke okuthunyelwe okuhlinzeka ngomhlahlandlela ovumela umsebenzisi ukuthi azifundele mathupha ukuthi ziyini izingxenye zekhompuyutha, zichazwe ngokuningiliziwe ngokuningiliziwe kanye ne-elementi ngayinye ngokwehlukana, okuhlanganisa umsebenzi ewufezayo kukhompuyutha. . .

Ngoba ngale ndlela, bonke labo bantu abazi ngokunembile ukuthi ikhompyutha noma izingxenye zayo zangaphakathi ezihlukene zakhiwa kanjani, kusukela manje kuqhubeke ngeke babe nezaba zokuhlola imishini yabo ngokuzethemba.

Kuyafaneleka ukwenza okuhlukile ngalo mqondo, ukuthi naphezu kwamakhulu okuqukethwe, amavidiyo, izindaba, phakathi kweminye imithombo ekhuluma ngesihloko samakhompyutha, bambalwa kakhulu abaqukethe lonke ulwazi endaweni eyodwa, futhi futhi egxile kulabo basebenzisi bathatha izinyathelo zabo zokuqala endaweni yamakhompiyutha nama-PC. Laba bantu bafanelwe ulwazi oluzobanikeza ukuqonda okujwayelekile kwezingxenye zekhompuyutha kanye nomsebenzi wabo.

Ngendlela esithemba ngayo ukuthi lo mhlahlandlela osebenzayo, umsebenzisi onolwazi oluncane noma ongenalo nhlobo ngamakhompiyutha, angaba nolwazi olujulile noluthembekile ngale ndaba, olumvumela ukuba bakhe umbono ophelele mayelana nezingxenye zekhompiyutha kanye nezindaba zakamuva. , ukulungisa noma ukwakha i-PC yakho. Sekushiwo lokho, ake sehlele ebhizinisini ngaphandle kokuqhubeka kwesikhathi.

Izingxenye zekhompuyutha zangaphakathi nama-peripherals

Njenganoma yiluphi uhlelo lwekhompiyutha, ikhompuyutha yakhiwe ngamaqembu amakhulu ama-2 wezinto zikagesi, zangaphakathi nangaphandle noma ezingaphandle. Ngendlela yokuthi lokho okuvame ukwaziwa ngokuthi ikhompuyutha kuhambisane ngokuqondile nesethi yonke yamadivayisi angaphakathi agcinwe ngaphakathi kwe-chassis noma ibhokisi eliklanyelwe le njongo.

Ezingxenyeni zekhompuyutha, i-hardware yamathuluzi iyagqama, futhi enesibopho sokuphatha yonke imininingwane efakwa umsebenzisi ukuze icutshungulwe, noma lolo lwazi olulandwe ku-inthanethi. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukugcina idatha, ukudlala imidlalo, umsebenzi, ukulalela umculo, njll., okubonisa yonke into ehlobene nale misebenzi esikrinini. Ngale ndlela, kungacashunwa izingxenye zangaphakathi ezilandelayo:

I-motherboard noma i-motherboard.
CPU noma iprosesa.
I-RAM.
I-HDD.
Ikhadi lesithombe.
Ukunikezwa kwamandla kagesi.
Ikhadi lenethiwekhi.
Abanye

Izakhi ezinjalo ziyakwazi ukukhiqiza amazinga okushisa, njengoba zicushiwe futhi zisebenza ngogesi, zengezwe kumafrikhwensi amakhulu okucubungula. Ngakho-ke, zibhekwa njengezingxenye zangaphakathi:

Ama-heaters.
abalandeli.
Isiqandisi esiwuketshezi.
Abanye

Ukuze ulolonge lokhu okuthunyelwe, indlela engcono kakhulu yokuqala iwukubuyekeza imininingwane yengxenye ngayinye yekhompuyutha, kokubili lezo ezibhekwa njengezibalulekile neziyisisekelo.

Izingxenye zekhompyutha: I-Motherboard

Eyaziwa ngokuthi i-motherboard (i-motherboard) okufanele ufunde kabanzi mayelana nayo ngokuningiliziwe, njengoba iyingcwecwe emaphakathi noma ingqikithi yanoma iyiphi indlela yekhompyutha, futhi evumela ukusebenza kwezinye izingxenye zekhompiyutha. Ngokuqondile (amasekhethi kagesi axhumene) noma ngokungaqondile (izimbobo ze-USB noma ezinye izixhumi).

Iphinde ibe nesofthiwe ebizwa ngokuthi i-Bios evumela ukwenza nokuvumelanisa imisebenzi yayo ejwayelekile (ukudluliswa kolwazi, ukuphathwa kwamandla kagesi kanye nokuqashelwa kokuxhumana okungokoqobo kwezinye izingxenye zangaphandle).

Khona-ke kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi izingxenye ze-computer motherboard, okuwucezu olubalulekile lwehardware yekhompuyutha, okusho ukuthi, kungashiwo ukuthi iyi-eksisi noma ingqikithi emaphakathi yawo wonke amakhompyutha, noma okungcono, iyunithi emaphakathi lapho zonke ezinye izingcezu zihlangana khona futhi zihlangane. Eqinisweni, omakhalekhukhwini, amaphilisi namanye amadivaysi nawo anakho, nakuba ngokuvamile abizwa ngamabhodi anengqondo noma ama-PCB.

Lokhu kumadivayisi eselula, ahlukile ezingxenyeni zekhompiyutha, kudayiswa ngqo epuletini ukuze kongiwe isikhala, okuhunyushwa ngokuthi ukungabikho kwezikhala noma izikhala zokwandisa noma zokuvuselela izingxenye, njengoba kwenzeka kuma-PC edeskithophu. .

Ukubuyela emuva kancane, kungabhekisela kukhompuyutha ye-IBM eyethulwe emakethe ngo-1981, ukucasuka kwayo kwakungenxa yokuthi kwakuyibhodi le-motherboard yokuqala. Kodwa-ke, okwamanje, abakhiqizi be-motherboard abaqashelwa kakhulu emhlabeni abayona i-IBM, kodwa i-ASUS, i-MSI, i-Gigabyte, i-EVGA, i-Supercomputer noma i-Biostar ewuphawu.

Ibhodi lomama

Nakuba i-CPU iyinhliziyo yekhompuyutha, ibingeke ikwazi ukusebenza uma ibhodi lomama belingekho. Lokhu ngokuyisisekelo ingxenye ye-PCB esekelwe kumjikelezo ohlanganisiwe oxhumene nama-chips, ama-capacitor nezixhumi ezisabalele kuyo yonke indawo, emelela ikhompuyutha ngokuphelele.

Iprosesa, inkumbulo ye-RAM, ikhadi lehluzo kanye nengxenye enhle yezinto zangaphakathi zemishini ixhunywe kule nto. Incazelo yayo iyinkimbinkimbi ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezinto ezibalulekile eziqukethwe. Isici sayo esibaluleke kakhulu futhi okufanele siqondwe ukuthi sinquma ukwakheka okufanayo okungafakwa kuyo, ngaphezu kwenkumbulo ye-RAM. Njengoba kungezona zonke ezifanayo, futhi ngayinye igxile kumaphrosesa athile.

Amafomethi we-Motherboard

Isici esisodwa okufanele sigqanyiswe mayelana nebhodi lomama ukuma kwalo, njengoba inani lezindawo zokunweba kanye ne-chassis elizoyiqukatha lizoncika kulo. Ngalo mqondo, eziyinhloko zikhonjiswe ngezansi:

I-XL-ATX ne-E-ATX: zingamafomethi akhethekile afaka ukuthengwa kombhoshongo omkhulu onezikhala zokunweba eziyi-10 noma ngaphezulu. Alungele ukuhlanganiswa kwama-coolers aphelele we-liquid, amakhadi ehluzo ahlukahlukene kanye nezindawo eziningi zokugcina.
I-ATX: ngokuvamile bakala u-30,5 cm x 24,4 cm, futhi bamukele u-99% wamakesi wezisetshenziswa ezithunyelwa emakethe. Ngalesi sizathu, ingenye enconyelwa kakhulu kukho konke ukulungiselelwa kwe-Gamer noma okokusebenza kwe-Workstation.
I-Micro-ATX: inosayizi omncane, osetshenziswa kakhulu, nakuba ngokufika kwamapuleti amancane iye yasuswa kancane; Ikhonjiswe emishinini ye-salon.
I-ITX: iguqule iplanethi ngamabhodi ayo okudlala kanye nezinto zokusebenza ezinosayizi abancane kakhulu, kodwa ekwazi ukuhamba ngezinqumo ezingu-2560 x 1440p (2K) ngaphandle kwenkinga, kuhlanganise ne-3840 x 2160p (4K) efunwa kakhulu enemajini enhle kalula.

Konke okuqukethwe ngemuva kwekesi lekhompiyutha kuxhunywe ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene ebhodini lomama, inhloso yakho ukuthi ezinye izingxenye zayo zingaxhuma futhi zixhumane. Okuhlanganisa futhi amakhadi ezithombe, amakhadi omsindo, ama-hard drive, ama-optical drives, i-microprocessor (1 noma 2), inkumbulo ye-RAM, uxhumano lwe-USB noma ukunikezwa kwamandla.

Kuleli bhodi lomama unezikhala zokunweba ezidingekayo, ama-jumpers, ama-capacitor, oxhunywe ukunika amandla amanye amadivaysi nedatha, amafeni, izinto ezinciphisa ukushisa nezimbobo zezikulufu.

Amabhodi, njengamandla kagesi kanye nezivalo, enziwa futhi atholakala ngamasayizi ahlukahlukene, aziwa ngokuthi izakhi zefomu. Izingxenye zekhompuyutha ezinjalo kufanele zihambisane nobukhulu ukuze zisebenze kahle.

Lokhu kungahluka kakhulu ngokuphathelene nezingxenye ezizisekelayo. Okusho ukuthi, ibhodi ngalinye liklanyelwe ukusekela i-CPU ethile kanye nohlu olulinganiselwe lwezinhlobo zememori. Ngisho namakhadi amaningi ehluzo, izinkumbulo ze-RAM, ama-hard drive kanye nezinye izinto eziphathelene nocingo ekugcineni azihambisani. Ngalesi sizathu, umkhiqizi ngamunye uphoqelekile ukuthi anikeze imihlahlandlela enembile mayelana nokuhambisana kwezingxenye zayo.

Njengamanje, amakhompyutha aphathekayo namathebulethi namakhompyutha edeskithophu anebhodi elinemisebenzi eklanyelwe ividiyo nekhadi lomsindo. Lokhu kunomthelela ekugcineni lezi zinhlobo zamakhompyutha zincane; ngenkathi ivimbela okwakhelwe ngaphakathi okunjalo ekubuyekezweni.

Futhi, lezo zindlela zokupholisa ezimbi ebhodini zingalimaza ihadiwe exhunywe kuyo. Njengesizathu sokuthi imishini esebenza kahle kakhulu njenge-CPU ephezulu namakhadi evidiyo avame ukupholiswa yimishini yokushisa, futhi izinzwa ezakhelwe ngaphakathi zivame ukusetshenziswa ukuze kutholwe izinga lokushisa futhi kuthinte i-BIOS noma isistimu yokusebenza nokwenza isivinini sabalandeli sijwayelekile. .

Incazelo ebonakalayo yebhodi lomama noma ibhodi lomama

Kukhompyutha, i-motherboard ifakwe ngaphakathi kwekesi noma i-chassis, ibheke eceleni ukuze ifinyeleleke kalula. Ilungiswa ngezikulufo ezincane ezimbalwa emigodini ebhojwe ngaphambili. Ngenkathi ngaphambili kukhona izimbobo lapho zonke izingxenye zangaphakathi zekhompyutha zixhunywe khona. Lapho isokhethi / isokhethi iqukethe iphrosesa, kanye nezikhala eziningi zokuxhuma imojuli yememori eyodwa noma amaningi.

Ukwengeza, ezinye izimbobo zomdabu ze-motherboard ziyabonwa, inhloso yazo iwukuvumela ukuxhunywa kwe-hard drive kanye ne-optical drive ngokusebenzisa izintambo neziteshi zedatha. Lapho izintambo ezincane ezingaphambili kwekesi lekhompuyutha zixhumeka ebhodini lomama ukuze uthole amandla, ukuthungela, nezibani ze-LED. Lo mthombo uhlinzekwa ebhodini ngembobo eklanyelwe wona kuphela.

Futhi, ngaphambili ebhodini kunezikhala eziningi ezikhethekile zamakhadi we-peripheral. Cishe wonke amakhadi evidiyo, amakhadi omsindo nezinye izindlela zokunweba zixhunywe kulokhu. Ngenkathi ngakwesobunxele, kukhona amachweba, akuvumela ukuthi uxhume imingcele yangaphandle yekhompiyutha, njengemonitha, ikhibhodi, igundane, izimpondo, ikhebula lenethiwekhi, phakathi kwabanye.

Kuyafaneleka ukusho ukuthi wonke amabhodi omama namuhla ahlanganisa izimbobo ze-USB futhi, ngokwandayo, amakhompyutha anamachweba afana nalokhu I-HDMI, i-USB Type C ene-Thunderbolt 3 noma i-MiniDisplayPort lapho amadivaysi ahambisanayo angaxhunywa kukhompuyutha, njengamakhamera edijithali, amaphrinta, phakathi kokunye.

Izingxenye zekhompyutha: CPU noma microprocessor

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-CPU imele ikhanda noma ubuchopho bekhompyutha, enesibopho sokuhlaziya yonke idatha ngayo ilandela i-algorithm ka-1 kanye no-0. Ichaza ama-oda futhi igcwalise imiyalo yezinhlelo ezihlelwe kumemori yayo emaphakathi kanjalo xhumanisa futhi ulawule ingxenye enhle yezingxenye, ngaphezu kwama-peripherals axhunyiwe. Isivinini sokucubungula imiyalelo yale phrosesa silinganiswa ngemijikelezo/isekhondi noma i-hertz (Hz).

Ngakho-ke, i-CPU ayilutho ngaphandle kwe-silicon chip eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu lapho izigidi zama-transistors namasekethe ahlanganisiwe afakwa kusethi yezikhonkwane ezixhuma kusokhethi webhodi lomama.

Futhi njengokungathi lokho akwanele, amasha emakethe, ngaphezu kwalawa ma-chips ngokomzimba, anamayunithi ahlukahlukene ngaphakathi abizwa ngokuthi ama-nuclei noma ama-cores. Lapho ngayinye yalezi ikwazi ukucubungula umyalelo owodwa ngesikhathi, futhi ngaleyo ndlela icubungule ama-oda amaningi njengoba kunama-cores kuphrosesa.

Izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-CPU zihlukaniswa phakathi kwezinye izici, ngesivinini namandla azo okucubungula idatha; uma iphrosesa yakho ishesha, yenza ngcono ukusebenza kwekhompyutha yakho. Njengamanje, izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zama-CPU yi-AMD ne-Intel.

I-Fan Cooler, i-CPU Fan

Noma iyiphi impahla edla amandla iyakwazi ukukhiqiza ukushisa, futhi i-CPU njengengxenye yezingxenye zekhompyutha iyayikhiqiza. Okusho ukuthi idinga ukuphola ukuze isebenze kahle. Kulokhu, indlela engcono kakhulu yokupholisa isisetshenziswa ukusebenzisa I-Fan Cooler.

Nokho, umsebenzisi kufanele aqinisekise ukuthi uthenga i-CPU/I-Cooler ehambisana nezisetshenziswa kanye Nesokhethi yayo. Lokhu, njengaleyo ekubhodi lomama ne-CPU, ithe i-cooler kumele ilingane ne-CPU kanye nesokhethi yayo.

Izingxenye zekhompyutha: GPU

Enye ingxenye yekhompuyutha i-GPU noma ihluzo, inhloso yazo kuwukubala noma yini ehlobene nezithombe bese uzithumela (izithombe, ukusebenzelana komsebenzisi, i-GUI) kumqaphi. Kulezi, izinhlobo eziyisisekelo ezi-2 ziyahlukaniswa: i-GPU ehlanganisiwe (iGPU) kanye ne-discrete.

Eyokuqala, njengoba igama layo liphakamisa, iyingxenye ye-CPU, okusho ukuthi ezinye zazo sezivele zine-chip ehlanganisiwe yehluzo, ngakho-ke azidingi enye i-GPU ukuxhuma kumqapha. Uma i-CPU inezithombe ezihlanganisiwe izovela ku-adaptha yesibonisi sebhodi lomama. Iphuzu layo elibuthakathaka yilezi ezihlanganisiwe zilinganiselwe kakhulu.

Zanele ukwenza imisebenzi elula efana nokucutshungulwa kwamagama, imidlalo ethile emincane nokunye okunjalo, nokho, lapho uzama ukwenza imisebenzi efuna ukulayishwa kwesithombe esifana nokunikezwa kwe-3D GPU, imidlalo yekhwalithi ephezulu, ukuhlela ividiyo, ukwakheka kwezithombe phakathi kokunye, okuhle kakhulu. i-GPU ehlukile.

I-Discrete i-GPU engeyona ingxenye ye-CPU; ngokuvamile inebhodi layo lesifunda eliphrintiwe, elingase lixhunywe ku-PCI Express slot ebhodini elikhulu.

Yini okufanele uyilinganise kuphrosesa ukuze wazi ukuthi inhle?

Uma ingxenye yokuqala futhi mhlawumbe ebaluleke kakhulu yezingxenye zekhompiyutha isichazwe, ngokusobala, ngaphandle kokuchitha okunye okusadingeka ukuthuthukiswa, kufanelekile ukubukeza isici samandla, into enenani elikhulu kubasebenzisi, ikakhulukazi kulezi zikhathi. , lapho amavolumu amakhulu olwazi acutshungulwa ku-PC.

Ngalo mqondo, indlela engcono kakhulu yokunquma ukuthi iphrosesa inamandla adingekayo, into yokuqala ukuqhubeka nokukala imvamisa esebenza ngayo, lokhu kusho, umthamo wokusebenza ongawenza ngeyunithi ngayinye yesikhathi. Futhi ngaphezu kwalesi silinganiso, kunezinye izici eziyisisekelo ngokulinganayo zokuhlola ukusebenza kwayo futhi uyiqhathanise nezinye:

Imvamisa: okwamanje ikalwa nge-Gigahertz (GHz). I-microprocessor enayo ngaphakathi kwewashi eliklanyelwe ukukhombisa inani lemisebenzi engayenza. Lapho kaningi, kuningi kubo.
ububanzi bebhasi: lokhu kunomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhombisa umthamo womsebenzi ohlinzekwa iphrosesa; uma bukhulu ububanzi bebhasi eshiwo, kukhulu ukusebenza elikwenzayo. Amaprosesa anamuhla angama-64-bit, okusho ukuthi ayakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ngezintambo ezingu-64 ezilandelanayo kanye noziro.
Inqolobane: Ngalo mqondo, uma iphrosesa inenkumbulo eyengeziwe, ama-oda amaningi angagcinwa kuwo ukuze awathathe ngokushesha. Le nkumbulo yenqolobane ishesha kakhulu kune-RAM, futhi ikhonjiswe ukugcina imiyalo ezosetshenziswa maduze.
Icubungula ama-cores nemicu: Lokhu kusho ukuthi ama-cores amaningi kanye nezintambo zokucubungula onazo, imisebenzi eminingi ongayenza ngesikhathi esisodwa.

I-Microarchitecture kanye nabakhiqizi

Esinye isici okufanele saziwe futhi esiyingxenye yezingxenye zekhompiyutha yi-microarchitecture nabakhiqizi abatholakalayo njengamanje, kanye nezakhiwo ezimakethe. Ngalo mqondo, kukhona abakhiqizi abangu-2 bamaphrosesa ekhompiyutha, futhi ngamunye wabo unokwakheka kwawo.

Lesi sakhiwo sakhiwe isethi yemiyalelo okwakhiwa ngayo iphrosesa ethile, okwamanje i-x86 ihamba phambili. Eqinisweni, le nombolo ibonakala cishe kuwo wonke ama-CPU; lapho ukwakheka okushiwo kuyinkomba yenqubo yokukhiqiza nosayizi osetshenziselwa ukusebenzisa ama-transistors. Manje ake sibone bobabili abakhiqizi abavelele emakethe yamanje:

Intel

Ingumkhiqizi wesekethe ohlanganisiwe, umsunguli ngaphezu kochungechunge lwe-x86 lama-processor anikeza i-14nm (nanometer) transistors. Ngenkathi i-Intel ibiza isibuyekezo sayo ngasinye ngegama lekhodi nesizukulwane.

Namuhla lolu hlobo lusezingeni lesizukulwane se-9 sabaphrosesa ngaphansi kwegama Ichibi Lekhofi, eyandulela iKaby Lake kanye neKaby Lake R nayo engu-14nm. Imemezele ukuthi ezinyangeni ezizayo izokhipha i-10nm Cannon Lake processors yokuqala.

AMD

Omunye umkhiqizi wamaphrosesa wengxenye yekhompiyutha oyimbangi eqondile ye-Intel yi-AMD. Isebenzisa nezakhiwo ze-x86 kumaphrosesa ayo futhi njenge-Intel iphinde ibize amaphrosesa ayo ngegama lekhodi. I-AMD namuhla inamaphrosesa angu-12nm anegama lezakhiwo zeZen+ neZen2 kanye nezinhlobo zeRyzen. Esikhathini esifushane sizoba nesakhiwo esisha se-3nm Zen7.

Izingxenye kusuka kukhompuyutha efakwe ebhodini lomama

Njengamanje, ama-motherboards anemisebenzi eminingi, kuyilapho enezinsiza eziningi ezazitholakala emakhadini wokunweba, lapho kungashiwo khona izingxenye ezilandelayo zekhompyutha:

Izingxenye zekhompyutha: I-BIOS

Yaziwa ngokuthi i-BIOS noma igama layo ngesiNgisi njenge-Basic Input-Output System, uhlobo lwememori ye-Flash futhi enesibopho sokusingatha uhlelo oluncane olunedatha ehlobene nokucushwa kwebhodi lomama kanye nalawo madivayisi axhumeka kuyo. .

Njengamanje, lawa ma-BIOS abizwa nge-UEFI noma i-EFI (Extensible Firmware Interface), okuyisibuyekezo esithuthuke kakhulu esifanayo, kodwa esinesithombe esibonakalayo esisezingeni eliphezulu, esivikeleke kakhulu futhi esithuthuke kakhulu sokulawula izingxenye ezixhunyiwe.

Izingxenye zekhompyutha: Ikhadi lomsindo

Ithobela idivayisi yehadiwe yangaphakathi exhunywe ebhodini lomama, elifanekiselwa ngokuvumelana namashaneli ewasebenzisayo, njenge-stereo, i-quadraphonic (umsindo ozungezile), i-MIDI (isixhumi esichwepheshile), phakathi kokunye. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukuvumela ikhompuyutha ukuthi ikhiqize kabusha imisindo (umculo, izwi noma amasignali alalelwayo) ngezipikha noma ama-headphone. Ngaphezu kokuthola umsindo ovela kumsebenzisi usebenzisa uxhumano lwemakrofoni.

Lapho uthenga i-motherboard, cishe u-100% wabo uzoba ne-chip efakwe ngaphambili enesibopho sokucubungula imisindo yekhompyutha. Ngomsebenzi wayo kungenzeka ukulalela umculo nokuxhuma ama-headphone noma imishini ye-HiFi kukhompyutha ngaphandle kokuthenga ikhadi lokunweba. Lawa makhadi asetshenziswa kakhulu ama-chips e-Realtek aphezulu anemiphumela ehlukahlukene yomsindo ozungezile nemakrofoni.

Izingxenye zekhompyutha: Ikhadi levidiyo

Ikhadi levidiyo libizwa nangokuthi ikhadi lezithombe, futhi liwumshini wehadiwe wangaphakathi oxhunywe ebhodini lomama lapho ikhompuyutha izobonisa khona izithombe esikrinini sayo. Udinga ukufaka isofthiwe ukuze utshele ikhompuyutha ukuthi isetshenziswa kanjani lelo khadi levidiyo. Ikuvumela ukuthi uguqule ukucushwa kwesithombe esivezwe kusiqapha, njengekhwalithi (incazelo ephezulu noma ephansi), usayizi, phakathi kokunye.

Izingxenye zekhompyutha: Ikhadi lenethiwekhi

Wonke ama-motherboard angabathwali be-chip elawula ukuxhumeka kwenethiwekhi kwezinto zokusebenza, kanye nembobo ehambisanayo yokuxhuma ikhebula le-router kuyo kanye noxhumo lwewebhu. Okusha kakhulu kunikeza ukuxhumana kwe-Wi-Fi kuzo. Ukuze wazi ukuthi unesiginali ye-Wi-Fi, kufanele ukhombe iphrothokholi ye-802.11 ezicacisweni zayo.

Izikhala zokunweba

Lezi zikhala ziyisihluthulelo sanoma iyiphi i-motherboard, kuzo ungafaka izinkumbulo ze-RAM, amakhadi wehluzo, ama-hard drive phakathi kwamanye amachweba noma ukuxhumana kwekhompyutha. Kuzo zonke lezi zingxenye zekhompiyutha izikhala ezinjalo zizobonwa ngokuningiliziwe.

Idivayisi yokugcina yesibili

Lo mshini uyinkumbulo yokugcina imininingwane unomphela (noma kuze kube yilapho umsebenzisi eyisusa), egqamisa imibhalo, amafomethi, izithombe, amavidiyo, ama-audios, izipele zamafayela, phakathi kokunye. Kubhekiselwa kudatha impahla engayidingi ngokushesha ukuze isebenze, kodwa ihambisana nomsebenzisi oyisebenzisa ngokuqondile.

Kulezi ungathola izinhlobo ezi-2 zemishini yokugcina yesibili: yangaphakathi (hard drive) nangaphandle (idrayivu yangaphandle, imemori khadi, i-USB, i-CD ROM, abanye).

chipset kanye nesokhethi

Njengoba ushilo, akuwona wonke amabhodi omama asekela zonke izinhlobo zamaphrosesa, empeleni, umkhiqizi ngamunye weprosesa udinga ibhodi lakhe ukuze lesi sici sisebenze. Ngezinjongo ezinjalo, ibhodi ngalinye linesokhethi elihlukile noma isokhethi, lapho amaprosesa athile kuphela angafakwa ngokuvumelana nezakhiwo zawo kanye nesizukulwane.

Isokhethi

I(ama)sokhethi wuhlobo lwesixhumi esivumela iphrosesa ukuthi ixhumane nebhodi lomama. Futhi akuyona into engaphezu kwendawo eyisikwele embiwe ngabathintwayo abancane abamukelayo abathumela idatha ku-CPU. Lapho umkhiqizi ngamunye (i-AMD ne-Intel) eneyakhe, ngakho-ke, ibhodi ngalinye lihambisana namaphrosesa athile. Njengamanje kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zesokhethi kumkhiqizi ngamunye, nakuba ezivame kakhulu kumamodeli amanje kakhulu yilezi:

Intel Sockets

I-LGA1511: iqashwe yi-Intel Skylake, i-KabyLake ne-CoffeeLake architecture, enamaphrosesa aphakathi nendawo kanye nasezingeni eliphezulu.
I-LGA2066: isebenzisa amaphrosesa angu-2 we-SkyLake-X, i-KabyLake-X kanye namaseva e-SkyLake-W, anamandla kakhulu omkhiqizo.

Amasokhethi e-AMD

I-AM4: Ziyahambisana ne-AMD Ryzen 3, 5 kanye ne-7 yesikhulumi.
I-TR4: yakhelwe ama-AMD Ryzen Threadripper processors amakhulu, anamandla kakhulu omkhiqizo.

I-Chipset

Ingxenye yezingxenye zekhompuyutha i-chipset, eyenziwe ngesethi yamasekhethi ahlanganisiwe asebenza njengebhuloho lokuxhumana phakathi kwamadivayisi okokufaka nokukhiphayo kanye nephrosesa.

Emabhodini adlule bekunezinguqulo ezi-2 zalawa ma-chipsets, ibhuloho elisenyakatho lokuxhuma i-CPU nememori kanye nezikhala ze-PCI, kanye nebhuloho eliseningizimu ukuxhumanisa i-CPU namadivayisi we-I/O. Njengamanje, kunebhuloho eliseningizimu kuphela, njengoba inyakatho iphethwe abaprosesa bamanje ngaphakathi.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukucaciswa kwayo okubaluleke kakhulu yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-PCI LANES, emele iziteshi zolwazi i-chipset engakwazi ukusekela, inani elikhulu lalezi, idatha etholakala ngasikhathi sinye ingazungeza ku-CPU. Amadivayisi afana ne-USB, PCI-Express Slots, SATA, noma amanye, anenani lama-LANES uma i-chipset incane, kuzoba nemigqa yedatha embalwa futhi okokusebenza okuncane kungaxhunywa noma kuhamba kancane.

Ngendlela efanayo, umkhiqizi ngamunye unikeza uhla lwe-chipsets oluhambisana namaprosesa alo, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kuzoba namamodeli ahlukene webanga eliphezulu, eliphakathi neliphansi, ngokusho kwamandla kanye nesivinini abanaso. Ama-chipset e-Intel ne-AMD esizukulwane sakamuva abhalwe ngezansi:

I-Intel chipsets ezinhle kakhulu

I-B360 (LGA 1511 Socket): yakhelwe amabhodi anamaphrosesa angakwazi ukugqitshwa, ngokuvamile kumakhompyutha aphakathi nobubanzi
I-Z390 (LGA 1511 Socket): iyi-chipset enamandla engeziwe avela ku-Intel yamaphrosesa anamandla futhi asebenza kahle kakhulu

Ama-chipsets amahle kakhulu we-AMD

I-B450 (Isokhethi AM4): Iphakathi nendawo, ilungele amakhompiyutha anamandla amancane nakuba inethuba le-overclocking.
I-X470 (Isokhethi AM4): Inikeza ukusebenza okuphezulu, ngaphezu kwe-LANES kanye nomthamo owengeziwe wokuxhuma kanye nokweqisa.
I-X399 (Isokhethi TR4): Ikalwe njenge-chipset ye-AMD ehamba phambili, ye-Ryzen Threadripper ephezulu.

RAM njengoba cizingxenye zekhompyutha

Enye yezingxenye ezibalulekile zekhompuyutha i-RAM (Inkumbulo Yokufinyelela Okungahleliwe), futhi ithobela isici sangaphakathi esigcinwe ebhodini lomama, umsebenzi wayo uwukulayisha nokugcina ama-oda akhishwa kuphrosesa. Le miyalo ithunyelwa kusukela kuwo wonke amadivayisi axhunywe ebhodini lomama kanye nezimbobo kukhompyutha.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le nkumbulo ye-RAM ixhumana ngokuqondile nephrosesa ukuze ikwazi ukudlulisa idatha ngokushesha, naphezu kokuthi idatha eshiwo igcinwa inkumbulo yenqolobane ngaphambi kokufika kwayo kuphrosesa.

Kwaziwa nangokuthi ukufinyelela okungahleliwe njengoba ulwazi lugcinwa ngokuguquguqukayo kumaseli amahhala futhi ngaphandle kokuhleleka okusobala. Ukwengeza, lolu lwazi aluhlali lurekhodiwe unomphela njengoba lwenzeka ku-hard disk, kodwa kunalokho luzolahleka njalo lapho okokusebenza kucishiwe.

Kule nkumbulo ebalulekile, kulula ukwazi ngokuyisisekelo izimfanelo ezi-4, umthamo wememori ku-GB onayo nokuthi yini eyengeziwe ongayifaka, uhlobo lwememori ye-RAM, isivinini sayo, kanye nohlobo lwesikhala esisebenzisayo, lokhu ngokuya ngemishini ngayinye.

Uhlobo lwe-RAM nesivinini

Njengephuzu lokuqala, izinhlobo zenkumbulo ye-RAM ezivame ukusetshenziswa namuhla ziyachazwa, nokuthi kungani isivinini sazo sibalulekile. Ngezinjongo ezinjalo, uhlobo lwenkumbulo oludingwa okokusebenza kufanele kukhonjwe. Lo msebenzi ulula, njengoba uma unekhompyutha engaphansi kweminyaka engu-4 ubudala, izokwazi ngokuqinisekile ukusekela izinkumbulo zohlobo lwe-DDR enguqulweni yayo 4, okungukuthi, i-DDR4.

Lolu hlobo lwenkumbulo enobuchwepheshe be-DDR SDRAM (i-Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic-Access Memory) ibhekisela kulezo eziye zamukelwa eminyakeni yamuva cishe kuwo wonke amakhompyutha.

Ngokuvamile, izibuyekezo zayo ezisuka kunguqulo 1 ziye enguqulweni yamanje yesi-4, ngokuvamile zikhuphula imvamisa yebhasi kakhulu, umthamo wokugcina nokunciphisa amandla kagesi okusebenza ukuze kuzuzwe ukusebenza kahle okukhulu. Namuhla kunamamojula anamandla okusebenza angu-4600 MHz, kanye ne-voltage engu-1,5 V.

Imemori ye-ROM yangaphakathi

Imemori ye-ROM ingxenye yayo, inesibopho sokugcina idatha engapheli, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi funda kuphela, lokhu kusho ukuthi umsebenzisi akakwazi ukuguqula okuqukethwe uma ulwazi selugciniwe, lungafakwa kuphela noma lukhishwe. Le nkumbulo igcina yonke into ehlobene nemiyalelo noma i-BIOS (isistimu eyisisekelo noma uhlelo lwe-boot) ehlanganisa imiyalo yokuthi umshini uqala kanjani noma ukuthi izinhlelo zisebenza kanjani, phakathi kokunye.

Inani lesitoreji nendawo yokufaka inkumbulo ye-RAM

Kuleli qophelo mayelana nezingxenye zekhompuyutha, kubhekiselwa ekhonweni lamamojula enkumbulo ye-RAM ukugcina imininingwane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuguquguquka kwevolumu yayo nomthamo wokugcina, olinganiswa ngama-Gigabytes noma ama-GB. Lawa mabhokisi njengamanje anomthamo owanele wokubamba phakathi kuka-2 GB kuya ku-16 GB, nakuba amanye ama-32 GB enziwa njengokuhlola.

Lo mthamo wememori ye-RAM ungafakwa ku-PC futhi unomkhawulo, kokubili ngenani lezikhala ibhodi lomama elinazo, kanye nenkumbulo ekwazi ukubhekana nephrosesa. Ngokuqondene nezingxenye zekhompyutha, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-Intel enesokhethi LGA 1511 kanye nalezo ze-AMD ezinesokhethi AM4, ziyakwazi ukuqondisa (ukucela ulwazi kumaseli enkumbulo) kuze kufike ku-64 GB we-DDR4 RAM, ezofakwa Amamojula ama-4 we-16 GB ngalinye kuzikhala ezi-4.

Ngenkathi amabhodi omama ane-Intel LGA 2066 namasokhethi e-AMD LGA TR4 enekhono lokubhekana nokufika ku-128 GB we-DDR4 RAM efakwe ezindaweni eziyi-8 ezinamamojula angu-16 GB ngayinye.

Lezi zikhala zokufaka ngokuyisisekelo zibhekisela kuzixhumi zebhodi lomama lapho la mamojula enkumbulo ye-RAM azofakwa khona. Kulezi, nazo, kunezinhlobo ezi-2 okwamanje, okuyilezi:

I-DIMM: ibhekisela ezindaweni ezinamabhodi omama kukhompyutha yedeskithophu (ithebula). Asetshenziselwa zonke izinkumbulo ze-DDR, 1, 2, 3, 4. Ibhasi ledatha linamabhithi angu-64 endaweni ngayinye futhi lingafinyelela kuzixhumi ezingafika ku-288 zezinkumbulo ze-DDR4.
SO DIMM: Zifana nalezo zangaphambilini, kodwa zincane kakhulu, ngoba zisetshenziselwa ukufaka izinkumbulo kuma-laptops namaseva, lapho isikhala sinqunyelwe khona. Mayelana nokusebenza kwazo, ziyafana nezikhala ze-DIMM, ezinomthamo ofanayo wenkumbulo kanye nebhasi elifanayo.

I-Dual-Channel kanye ne-Quad-Channel

Isici okungafanele singanakwa ezingxenyeni zekhompuyutha ngenxa yokubaluleka kwememori ye-RAM, amandla ayo okusebenza ku-Dual Channel noma I-Quad Channel. Lobu buchwepheshe bubhekelela iqiniso lokuthi iphrosesa inamandla okufinyelela ngesikhathi esisodwa izinkumbulo ze-RAM ezi-2 noma ezi-4.

Uma i-Dual Channel isebenza, esikhundleni sokufinyelela amabhulokhi wamabhithi wedatha angu-64, ingafinyelela kumabhithi angafika kwangu-128, noma amabhithi angu-256 ku-Quad Channel.

I-Hard Disk

Kuleli qophelo kuzobhekwa enye ingxenye ebalulekile yezingxenye zekhompyutha; Imayelana nama-hard drive kanye nokusebenziseka kwawo nokuvelela kwe-PC. Njengezimo zangaphambilini, iyidivayisi efakwe ngaphakathi kwekhompyutha, nakuba kukhona nangaphandle, ngokuvamile exhunywe nge-USB.

I-hard drive iyingxenye enamandla okugcina unomphela lonke ulwazi olulandwe kuwebhu, kungaba amarekhodi noma amafolda adaliwe, izithombe, umculo, noma okunye. Lapho okubaluleke kakhulu kuyisici esinesistimu yokusebenza efakwe lapho okokusebenza kungasetshenziswa khona.

Manje, kunezinhlobo eziningi zamadrayivu aqinile emakethe, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokwakha, ngokuqinisekile kukhona ireferensi ye-HDD noma i-SDD hard drive, ngayinye yazo izochazwa ngezansi:

Izingxenye zekhompyutha: I-HDD hard drive

Lawa madiski abhekisela kulawo asetshenziswa kakhulu kumakhompyutha. Futhi iqukethe idivayisi yensimbi engunxande nethi esindayo, futhi igcina ngaphakathi kwesethi yamadiski noma amapuleti anamathiselwe ku-eksisi evamile.

I-Said core inenjini ebenza bajikeleze ngesivinini esikhulu, okuvumela ukufunda nokubhala idatha ekhanda kazibuthe elitholakala ebusweni bepuleti ngalinye. Kungenxa yokuthi umshini ubizwa ngokuthi ama-hard drives, ngoba anama-motor angaphakathi kanye nezakhi zemishini.

Lawa madiski anobuso obuwusizo obu-2, obuklanyelwe ukugcina idatha ngo-0 no-1. Ahlukaniswa ngokunengqondo abe amathrekhi ngendlela yendandatho egxilile, amasilinda noma amathrekhi aqondaniswe ngokuqondile kumapuleti ahlukene, kanye nemikhakha noma izingcezu ze-arc lapho amathrekhi ehlukaniswa khona. amathrekhi.

Inani elikhulu lama-hard drive amandla awo amakhulu okugcina kanye nesivinini sawo esikhulu. Lo mthamo ulinganiswa nge-GB, uma uba nokuningi, uzogcina idatha eyengeziwe. Namuhla ama-hard drive afika ku-12 TB noma 16, okungaba izinkulungwane eziyi-16 GB, ayatholakala. Ngokuya ngosayizi, ungathola izinhlobo ezi-2 zamadiski:

3,5-intshi ukushayela: yizo zendabuko, lezo ezisetshenziswa kumakhompuyutha edeskithophu, futhi ngokuvamile zikala u-101,6 × 25,4 × 146 mm.
2,5-intshi ukushayela: asetshenziswa kuma-PC encwajana yezincwadi amancane, anamandla aphansi anesilinganiso esingu-69,8×9,5×100 mm.

Ngokwengxenye yayo, kukhona i-SATA, isikhombimsebenzisi sokuxhuma esisetshenziswa yilawa ma-hard drive ukuxhuma kukhompyutha ngesixhumi ku-motherboard. Inguqulo yamanje ithi SATAIII noma i-SATA 6Gbps, njengoba leli inani ledatha elikwazi ukudluliselwa ngeyunithi ngayinye yesikhathi. I-6 Gbps icishe ibe ngu-600 MB/s, nakuba ibonakala sengathi miningi, kodwa akusho lutho uma kuqhathaniswa nabanye. Nakuba i-hard drive eyimishini ingakwazi ukufinyelela isivinini esinjalo, ifinyelela ku-300 MB/s kakhulu.

Izingxenye zekhompyutha: I-SSD Hard Drive

Okokuqala, akunembile ukuyibiza ngokuthi i-hard disk, ngoba ubuchwepheshe bokugcina buhluke kulokho okusetshenziswa ama-HDD. Kulesi simo, kufanele ibhekisele kumayunithi okugcina esimo esiqinile, njengoba angamadivayisi akwazi ukugcina idatha unomphela kuma-flash memory chips, afana nalawo ememori ye-RAM.

Kulokhu, idatha igcinwe kumaseli enkumbulo enziwe amasango anengqondo e-NAND, lapho angagcina khona isimo se-voltage ngaphandle kokuthi asebenzise ugesi. Kulokhu kunezinhlobo ezi-3 zobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza, i-SLC, i-MLC ne-TLC.

Lawa mayunithi ashesha kakhulu kunama-HDD, ngoba ngaphakathi azikho izakhi zemishini noma izinjini ezithatha isikhathi ukunyakaza nokubeka ikhanda kuthrekhi efanelekile. Namuhla lezi zinhlobo zobuchwepheshe bokuxhumana zisetshenziselwa ama-SSD afana nalawo ashiwo:

I-SATA: osekushiwo ngenhla, futhi lokho kune-interface efanayo esetshenziswa ama-HDD.
I-PCI-Express: iyi-slot etholakala ku-motherboard ene-PCI-Express x4 interface ngaphansi kwe-NVMe communication protocol. Okuphinde kufinyelele isivinini esingafika ku-3.500 MB/s ekufundeni nasekubhaleni. Futhi azoba amakhadi okunweba ngaphandle kokuhlanganisa, ngokubukeka kwememori ye-RAM.
I-PCI Express x4: zingamayunithi ahlanganiswe ngokulinganayo.

Ingabe ikhadi lezithombe liyadingeka?

Nakuba ikhadi lehluzo lingadingeki ngokuqinile ukuze ube nemishini, empeleni, abanye abasebenzisi benza ngaphandle kwayo, kodwa lifaneleka njengengxenye yezingxenye zekhompiyutha. Isizathu salokhu ukuthi ngokuyisisekelo idivayisi exhuma kwenye yezindawo zokunweba ze-PCI-Express 3.0 x16 futhi inephrosesa yezithombe noma i-GPU eyenza eminye imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi yokucubungula ihluzo.

Manje, kuvame ukushiwo ukuthi akudingekile ngokuqinile njengoba cishe wonke amaphrosesa namuhla anesifunda sangaphakathi esikwazi ukuphatha idatha yesithombe, yingakho amabhodi omama anikeza amachweba we-HDMI noma we-DisplayPort, njengoba umqondo uwukuxhuma isikrini kulokhu. Abizwa ngokuthi ama-UPU (Accelerated Processing Unit) processors.

Kodwa uma kunjalo, kungani ukhetha ikhadi lezithombe? Kulula, njengoba iphrosesa yezithombe zekhadi inamandla amaningi kunamaphrosesa. Ngakho-ke, kulula kakhulu, kumidlalo, lapho ikhadi lehluzo licishe lidingeke kukhompyutha.

Abakhiqizi bamakhadi wezithombe kanye nobuchwepheshe

Njengamanje, abakhiqizi bekhadi lehluzo abangu-2 i-Nvidia ne-AMD bahlala ndawonye emakethe, lapho ngamunye wabo ehlinzeka ngobuchwepheshe obuhlukile, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi namuhla uhlobo lwe-Nvidia lunamadivayisi angcono kakhulu wehluzo emakethe, ngenxa yamandla alo.

I-Nvidia

Njengoba kushiwo, i-Nvidia okwamanje inikeza amakhadi wehluzo angcono kakhulu, nakuba kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi awawona ashibhile, kodwa ayawenza ngamamodeli awo amahle kanye nokusebenza okuhle kakhulu. Kunamamodeli angu-2 ayisisekelo alolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza amakhadi:

Ubuchwepheshe be-Turing: Iyinkumbulo yakamuva kakhulu enezinkumbulo zevidiyo ze-12nm GPU ne-GDDR6, enekhono lokufinyelela izivinini zokudlulisa ezifika ku-14 Gbps. Njengokwenza umkhondo we-ray ngesikhathi sangempela; Bakhonjwa emakethe ngemodeli yabo ye-GeForce RTX 20x.
I-Pascal Technology: ihambisana nesizukulwane sangaphambi kwe-Turing, futhi isetshenziswa kuzinqubo zokukhiqiza ze-12nm kanye nezinkumbulo ze-GDDR5; futhi ikhonjwa ngenguqulo ye-GeForce GTX 10x.

AMD

I-AMD iphinde ibe ngumkhiqizi wamaphrosesa, njengoba kukhulunywe ngawo emaphuzwini adlule, futhi yakha namakhadi wezithombe; ingxenye yamamodeli ayo yi-TOP, futhi yize ingenawo amandla amakhulu e-Nvidia, izinguqulo zayo ziyathakazelisa kubadlali bamageyimu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inikeza ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene ukwazi:

URadeon VII: ingobunye bobuchwepheshe obusha kakhulu, obunikeza inqubo yayo yokukhiqiza engu-7nm kanye nenkumbulo ye-HBM2.
I-Radeon Vega: Ingenye yamanje emakethe enezinguqulo zayo ezi-2, i-Vega 56 ne-64; ngenqubo yefekthri engu-14nm, ngaphezu kokusebenzisa izinkumbulo ze-HBM2.
I-PolarisRX: ihambisana nenguqulo yangaphambilini yamakhadi ehluzo, akhishwe ngamanye amamodeli aphakathi nendawo nasezingeni eliphansi, futhi izindleko zawo zikhanga impela. Bahlonzwa ngenxa yeRadeon RX yabo ehlukile.

Iyini i-SLI, i-NVLink ne-Crossfire?

Ngokungeziwe kubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza kanye nezici zama-GPU kanye nezinkumbulo zekhadi lezithombe ezishiwo ngenhla, kulula ukwazi amagama ama-3. Leli yikhono lekhadi lokuxhuma nelinye elilingana nomsebenzi ohlanganyelwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubuchwepheshe be-SLI kanye ne-NVLink esesikhathini samanje, buthatha I-Nvidia ukuze uxhume amakhadi ezithombe angu-2, 3 noma 4 asebenza ngokufana kumarack we-PCI-Express. Lawa makhadi axhunywe ngezintambo zangaphambili.

Nakuba ubuchwepheshe be-Crossfire buvela ku-AMD, buphinde busebenze ukuxhuma amakhadi ehluzo angu-4 AMD ngokuhambisana, kanye nokudinga intambo yokuxhuma. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu ayisetshenziswa kakhulu, ngaphandle kwezindleko zayo, futhi isetshenziselwa ukumiswa okwedlulele kwamakhompiyutha ngezinjongo zokudlala, kanye nokumbiwa kwedatha.

Ukunikezwa kwamandla

Umthombo, njengoba kufanele kucatshangwe, umele inhliziyo namaphaphu ekhompiyutha; futhi unesibopho sokuhlinzeka ngamandla adingekayo ebhodini lomama ukuze lisebenze kahle. Futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, iletha amandla kwezinye izingxenye zekhompyutha nesidlali seDVD.

Ngendlela yokuthi imele enye yezingxenye zekhompiyutha eqinisekisa ukusebenza kwayo, ngogesi wokondla izinto zikagesi ngaphakathi. Le mithombo ithutha futhi iguqule amandla ashintshayo uwayise ekhaya esuka ku-240 Volts ukuya kwamandla aqondile, bese iwasabalalisa phakathi kwazo zonke ezinye izakhi ezidinga kusetshenziswa izixhumi nezintambo. Ngokuvamile, ama-voltages aphathwayo angu-12 no-5 V.

Isilinganiso esibaluleke kakhulu sokunikezwa kwamandla noma i-PSU amandla, amandla aphezulu, umthamo ofanayo wokuxhuma izakhi umthombo ozoba nazo. Ngokuvamile, amandla okunikezwa kwamandla kuma-PC wedeskithophu anekhadi lehluzo okungenani i-500 W, kusukela kuye ngokuthi iprosesa kanye nebhodi lomama onayo, angadinga cishe i-200 noma i-300 W. Ngokufanayo, ikhadi lehluzo, kuye ngokuthi liyini, lidla. phakathi kuka-150 no-400W.

Izinhlobo zamandla kagesi

Indawo yomthombo kagesi ingaphakathi kwe-chassis yebhokisi, kanye nazo zonke ezinye izingxenye zangaphakathi. Kulokhu, kuhlukaniswa amafomethi ambalwa we-PSU:

I-ATX: le fonti inosayizi ojwayelekile ongu-150 noma 180 mm ubude x 140 mm ububanzi x 86 ukuphakama. Ivuma amabhokisi egama elifanayo nengxenye enhle yeMini-ITX neMicro-ATX.
I-SFX: Ngokuvamile mancane futhi aqondile, akhethekile ku-Mini-ITX.
Ifomethi yeseva: Inamafonti anosayizi abakhethekile, futhi afakwe emabhokisini eseva.
Ukunikezwa kwamandla kwangaphandle: ibhekisela kuma-transformer avamile asetshenziselwa amakhompyutha aphathekayo, amaphrinta noma ama-consoles wegeyimu. Inonxande futhi imnyama, imvamisa ihlezi phansi njengendawo yokuqala kagesi.

Izixhumi zokunikezwa kwamandla

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izixhumi zomthombo ziyizici ezibalulekile futhi enye yezingxenye zekhompiyutha, ngakho-ke kufanelekile ukuzisho nokwazi ukusetshenziswa kwazo:

24-pin ATX: ithatha ikhebula lamandla eliphakathi nendawo kubhodi lomama; ibanzi impela futhi inamaphini angama-20 noma angama-24. Shayela amanani ahlukene wama-voltage kuzintambo zakho.
12V EPS: iyintambo yamandla ehola ngqo kumprosesa; Iphinde ibe nesixhumi samaphini angu-4, nakuba ihlale inefomethi ehlukanisekayo engu-4+4.
Isixhumi se-PCI-E: ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa ukuphakela amakhadi ezithombe ngokujwayelekile; Ifana kakhulu ne-EPS ye-CPU, kodwa kulokhu inesixhumi sephinikhodi esingu-6+2.
Amandla e-SATA: Yaziwa ngezintambo zayo ezi-5, kanye nesixhumi sayo eside nesikhala esimise okuka-L.
Isixhumi se-Molex: Ivamise ukusetshenziswa kuma-hard drive amadala ananyathiselwe i-IDE futhi inesixhumi esinamapole angu-4.

Ikhadi lenethiwekhi

Abanye abasebenzisi bangase bangayazi le ngxenye, njengoba ingabonakali kukhompyutha, njengoba wonke ama-motherboards amanje anekhadi lenethiwekhi elakhelwe ngaphakathi. Ngendlela yokuthi ikhadi lenethiwekhi libonwa njengokunwetshwa kwangaphakathi kwebhodi elishiwo futhi livumela ukuthi lixhunywe kumzila ukuze kuzuzwe uxhumano kwi-Inthanethi noma inethiwekhi ye-LAN. Izinhlobo ezimbili zalawa makhadi zingagqanyiswa:

I-Ethernet: ngenxa yesixhumi se-RJ45 kungenzeka ukuxhuma kunethiwekhi enezintambo kanye ne-LAN. Ikhadi lenethiwekhi elivamile ngokuvamile lihlinzeka ngoxhumano lokudlulisa lwe-LAN olusheshayo lwe-1000 Mbit/s, nakuba i-2,5 Gb/s, 5 Gb/s kanye ne-10 Gb/s nayo iyatholakala.
-Wi-Fi: ngaphezu kwalokho ikhadi lihlinzeka ngoxhumano olungenantambo kumzila noma kuwebhu; Ifakwe kuma-laptops, ama-Smartphones, phakathi kwamanye amabhodi omama. Ukuze ube nekhadi lenethiwekhi yangaphandle, i-PCI-Express x1 (encane) slot iyadingeka.

Ama-Heatsink kanye Nokupholisa Uketshezi

Ezinye izingxenye zekhompyutha, njengamasinki okushisa, akufanele zishiywe; Nakuba zingadingeki ngokuqinile ukuze imishini isebenze, lesi sesekeli kufanele sicatshangelwe ukuze sigweme ukulimala ku-PC futhi ekugcineni iyeke ukusebenza futhi iphule.

Inhloso ye-heatsink ilula, ukuqoqa ukushisa okubangelwa into ethile ye-elekthronikhi, njengecala lomprosesa elikhiqiza imvamisa ephezulu futhi likuyise endaweni ezungezile; umsebenzi wakho udinga izingcezu ezithile, ezihlanganisa:

metal block: ngokuvamile eyenziwe ngethusi ethintana ngokuqondile nephrosesa ngokunamathisela okushisayo njengosizo ekudluliseni ukushisa.
Ibhulokhi ye-aluminium noma isishintshi: Yakhiwa inombolo enkulu yamaphiko lapho umoya udlula khona, futhi ibambe ukushisa okuvela kubo futhi idluliselwe kuyo.
Amapayipi okushisa ethusi noma amapayipi okushisa: Ivezwa ngebhulokhi yethusi kuze kufike ku-finning yonke, ukuze ukushisa kudluliselwe endaweni yonke ngendlela engcono.
Abalandeli: benza ukuphoqelela ukugeleza komoya emaphikweni, basuse ukushisa okukhulu ngangokunokwenzeka.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-heatsink angashiwo kwezinye izinto ezifana ne-chipset, izigaba zamandla futhi ngokusobala ikhadi lehluzo. Yize kukhona okuhlukile okunokusebenza okwengeziwe okubizwa nge-liquid cooling. Lolu hlobo lokupholisa uketshezi, olusebenza ngokuhlukanisa izakhi zokulahla zibe amabhulokhi amakhulu angu-2 ukuze kulungiselelwe ukujikeleza kwamanzi.

Eyokuqala itholakala ku-processor ngokwayo, ngesimo sebhulokhi yethusi enemigodi eneziteshi ezincane ukuze uketshezi lujikeleze, olucushwe yipompo. Ngenkathi eyesibili i-exchanger ene-finned enabalandeli abaqoqa ukushisa kwamanzi afinyelela kuwo, ukuwadlulisela emoyeni. Okufanele kusetshenziswe isethi yamashubhu asebenza ngendlela yesekethe ukuze amanzi ajikeleze futhi angaphumi.

I-chassis, lapho zonke izingxenye zekhompyutha zigcinwa khona

Ngokuqondene nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-chassis noma ibhokisi, libhekisela endaweni ebiyelwe ngensimbi, ipulasitiki kanye nengilazi lapho yonke le nqubo ye-ecosystem yezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi igcinwe futhi iyalwe ngokufanele, ixhunywe futhi ipholiswe kahle. Kusukela kule ngxenye kuyadingeka ukwazi ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lwefomethi yepuleti enalo, ukuze uwafake njengokwesekwa, kanye nobukhulu bawo, ukucacisa ukuthi zonke izingxenye zethu zingena kuwo yini. Kuzo kungashiwo okulandelayo:

I-ATX noma i-Mid-Tower Chassis: iyibhokisi elingaba ngu-450mm ubude x 450mm ukuphakama x 210mm ububanzi. Ibizwa nge-ATX njengoba amabhodi omama efomethi ye-ATX angafakwa kuwo, kanye namancane kakhulu, yingakho ethandwa kakhulu futhi esetshenziswa.
I-E-ATX noma i-chassis yombhoshongo ogcwele: Ngokuvamile zikhudlwana futhi zingaqukatha cishe noma iyiphi ingxenye kanye nebhodi lomama, okuhlanganisa enkulu kunazo zonke.
I-Micro-ATX, i-Mini-ITX noma ikesi lombhoshongo omncane: Njengoba igama layo liphakamisa, ubukhulu bayo buncane, futhi zenzelwe ukuthi zikwazi ukufaka ama-motherboards alawa mafomethi athile.
Ibhokisi le-SFF: Yizona ezivame kakhulu emaqenjini amanyuvesi, njengoba ziyimibhoshongo emincane, ebekwe emakhabetheni noma endlalwe etafuleni.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umbhoshongo uyisici esibonakala kakhulu sekhompiyutha, yingakho abakhiqizi belwela ukuwenza ngamafomethi ahlaba umxhwele futhi ayinqaba ngangokunokwenzeka, ukuze bathole imiphumela emangalisayo.

isofthiwe yekhompyutha

Ngokuqondene nesofthiwe, iyingxenye engeyona engokwenyama yanoma iyiphi ikhompyutha, futhi yenziwe ngamakhodi anemiyalelo ukuze i-hardware yazi ukuthi yenzeni. Ngaphandle kwalolu hlelo oludingekayo, cishe noma iyiphi idivayisi yehadiwe ingalahlekelwa ukusebenziseka kwayo. Kulezi, izinhlobo ezi-2 zihlukaniswa:

Isofthiwe yesistimu: ihambisana nezinhlelo ezifakwe ngaphambili kukhompuyutha, nokuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo zivumela ukunikeza ukwesekwa kwezinye izinhlelo ezifakwe ngumsebenzisi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi amasistimu wokusebenza (iWindows, iMac OS, iLinux, i-BIOS, phakathi kokunye), izihlanzi zediski, ama-disk defragmenters, i-antivirus, abashayeli bezithombe, isoftware yokubethela, phakathi kwabanye.
Isofthiwe yohlelo lokusebenza: Iphinde imele izinhlelo, kodwa azihlobene nokusebenza kwemishini, zifakwe ngumsebenzisi ngamunye ukufeza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene kanye neminye. Amanye alawa amaspredishithi (i-Excel), ama-word processors (I-Word), izinhlelo zesizindalwazi (Ukufinyelela), izinhlelo ze-graphic design (Illustrator), iziphequluli zewebhu (Chrome), phakathi kwezinye.

Izinhlobo zamakhompyutha

Besingeke sehluleke ukubheka izinhlobo zama-PC, ngoba ayahluka ngokuya ngosayizi wawo, ukwakheka kwawo kanye nobunkimbinkimbi bemisebenzi abangawenza. Kodwa-ke, wonke anesisekelo sezingxenye zekhompiyutha okukhulunywe ngazo emaphuzwini adlule. Njengoba izinhlobo eziyinhloko zamakhompyutha zingashiwo:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PmBkoktbguc

Ikhompyutha yomuntu siqu: isihloko sayo sinempande ngesiNgisi, njengekhompyutha yomuntu siqu (Pc), eyaziwa nangokuthi ideskithophu. Ukuthandwa nokusetshenziswa kwayo akusabonakali, njengoba okwamanje ikhaya ngalinye linekhompyutha okungenani eyodwa, ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwalo okukhulu njengethuluzi lomsebenzi.
Ikhompyutha ephathekayo: Yaziwa nangokuthi incwadi yokubhalela, kodwa futhi ingumshini, nakuba incane futhi ilula kune-PC, eklanyelwe ukuthuthwa kalula, ukusetshenziswa komuntu siqu noma umsebenzi.
I-Netbook: ifana kakhulu ne-notebook, kodwa incane ngosayizi nesisindo, ngakho ukuqapha kwayo kanye nekhibhodi kuncane kakhulu. Ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuthutha ulwazi noma kuphi.
I-Headunit: Ebizwa nangokuthi i-mainframe, nakuba iwucezu lwesisetshenziswa esikhulu kakhulu, esinamandla futhi esibizayo, siwumsebenzi wezinkampani nezimboni, njengoba ivumela ukucutshungulwa kwedatha ngezinga elikhulu.

Ezinye izingxenye ezibalulekile zekhompyutha

Ngaphambi kokuphetha lokhu okuthunyelwe mayelana nezingxenye zekhompiyutha, kubalulekile ukusho kafushane ezinye izici ezibalulekile ezinquma ukufometha kwayo, njengoba le mishini yekhompiyutha iyaziwa kakhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Kulokhu, amanye amaphuzu ahlobene ne-Hardware noma ingxenye ebonakalayo kubhekiselwa kuyo, njenge:

Gada

Imele ingxenye ebambekayo lapho kuboniswa khona lonke ulwazi oluyingcaca namavidiyo akhiqizwe yikhompuyutha ngekhadi levidiyo; okufanayo okwakugcwele kuso sonke lesi sihloko. Ngakho-ke kuyingxenye yangaphandle yecala lekhompiyutha, ukuxhumana kwayo kwenziwa ngekhebula echwebeni ekhadini levidiyo noma okuthiwa i-motherboard. Iyingxenye ebalulekile yesistimu yokubala.

Leli qapha lifana kakhulu nethelevishini, nakuba ngokuvamile libonisa ulwazi ngokulungiswa okuphezulu. Amamonitha ayatholakala futhi ngamasayizi ahlukahlukene. Izinhlobo ezimbili zalesi sici esibalulekile ziyaqashelwa: i-LCD noma i-CRT, ne-CRT, ebonwa ngokubonwa njengezikrini zamathelevishini amadala, kanye nokuphana ngosayizi.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iziqaphi zesikrini ze-LCD zizacile, zicashile futhi zincane, zidinga amandla amancane futhi zinikeza ikhwalithi engcono yezithombe. Njengoba esezingeni elingcono, ama-LCD asedlange kakhulu futhi adumile. Kunoma yikuphi, umqaphi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uluhlobo luni lwawo, ngokuvamile uxhuma embobeni ye-HDMI, i-DVI, noma i-VGA. Ngenkathi ezinye izixhumi zingafaka i-USB, i-DisplayPort, ne-Thunderbolt.

Ikhibhodi

Ikhibhodi, isesekeli esibalulekile noma idivayisi efana nomshini wokubhala kodwa enezinhlamvu ezengeziwe; ivumela umsebenzisi ukuthi abeke izinhlamvu, izinombolo nezinye izimpawu kukhompyutha. Lezi zinhlamvu zisebenza njengemiyalelo, noma zisetshenziselwa ukubhala imibhalo nezinye izinhlamvu. Amakhibhodi amaningi anemodeli ye-QWERTY ukuze abonise ikhibhodi yakho.

Mouse

Igundane elaziwayo, insiza evumela umsebenzisi ukuthi alawule izinto kumonitha. Amagundane noma amagundane nawo aguquke kakhulu, futhi namuhla angatholakala nge-laser, ibhola, intambo noma intambo. Basebenza ngokunyakaza okutholwa yigundane bese bethumela imiyalo kukhompuyutha futhi bahambise ikhesa esikrinini, futhi ngale ndlela bahlanganyele namafayela, amawindi nezinye izici zesoftware.

Igundane elijwayelekile noma elijwayelekile linezinkinobho ezingu-2 (ukuchofoza kwesokudla nakwesokunxele) okuhambisana nesondo elincane eliphakathi nendawo eliklanyelwe ukuhambisa isikrini ngokushesha noma singase phezulu noma/noma phansi. Lezi zingxenye, kanye nesistimu yokusebenza, ziba umphefumulo wakho konke oku-odiwe, futhi zivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bajabulele izici abazinikezayo.

Ezinye izingxenye zokomoya

Ukuze uqedele, kungenzeka kuphela ukukhawulela lokho okwake kwasho ezinye zezinto ezithinta umngcele ezivumela ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yekhompyutha, njengemonitha, igundane kanye nekhibhodi. Nokho, ziningi ezinye, kodwa azibalulekile ekusetshenzisweni okuvamile noma okuyisisekelo.

Njengengxenye yalokhu singabala iphrinta, isithwebuli, iphaneli yokuthinta, isithwebuli sebhakhodi, inzwa yezigxivizo zeminwe, imakrofoni, ikhamera yewebhu, izipikha, ama-headphone, izigqoko zokuzivikela ezingokoqobo noma iphrinta ye-3D, phakathi kokunye. Izinto ngokungangabazeki ezicebisa noma iyiphi ikhompuyutha futhi ezengeza inani kulwazi lomsebenzisi.

Uma ukuthandile lokhu okuthunyelwe mayelana nezingxenye zekhompuyutha, qiniseka ukuthi ubheka iziphakamiso ezilandelayo ezihlobene: