Kujwayelekile ukuzwa ngememori yekhompyutha, kepha ngabe uyazi ukuthi izinhlobo zememori yekhompyutha lokho okukhona? Qhubeka ufunde le ndatshana ethokozisayo futhi uzokwazi konke odinga ukukwazi ngakho.
Izinkumbulo ezibalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwekhompyutha.
Izinhlobo zememori yekhompyutha
Ngokuvamile, ukuze ikhompyutha isebenze kahle nangendlela efanele idinga ezine izinhlobo zememori yekhompyutha. Okulandelayo, sizokunikeza yonke imininingwane ngazo.
Kodwa-ke, okokuqala kuyadingeka ukukhumbula ezinye izici eziyisisekelo ezihlobene nalesi sihloko esibalulekile. Isibonelo, incazelo yememori yekhompyutha, izici zayo, nokuningi.
Yini inkumbulo yekhompyutha?
Imemori yekhompyutha, noma inkumbulo yekhompyutha njengoba abanye abantu beyibiza kanjalo, akuyona into edlula nje into esebenza ukugcina idatha nemiyalo yedijithali. Ngenxa yalokhu, sinokuningi izinhlobo zememori yekhompyutha, ngayinye enesethi yezici ezihlukile nezicacisiwe.
Ngamanye amagama, inkumbulo yekhompyutha iyinto yokucubungula okuthi, ngokusebenzisa iqoqo lamashipsi, egcina imininingwane okwesikhashana noma unomphela. Mayelana nalesi sici sokugcina, kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi uhlobo lwesitoreji luxhomeke emsebenzini othile wenkumbulo ngayinye.
Izici
Konke izinhlobo zememori yekhompyutha akhona achazwa ngamapharamitha ajwayelekile, iningi lawo elenza ukuhlukaniswa okuhlukahlukene ngokuya ngemibandela esetshenziselwe incazelo yawo. Lokhu yilawa: iyunithi namandla okugcina, isikhathi nohlobo lokufinyelela, isikhathi sokujikeleza, ukuzinza, ukusebenza, phakathi kokunye:
Isitoreji unit
Iyunithi yokugcina yanoma iyiphi izinhlobo zememori yekhompyutha esikubize ngegama, yikho okuncane. Ngakho-ke, okuncane inani lemininingwane elingagcinwa kudivayisi ye-elekthronikhi, okungasetshenziswa ngayo ukwakha amanani ayinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe.
Umthamo wesitoreji
Leli yinombolo yamabhithi angagcinwa imemori yekhompyutha. Kulokhu, kuya ngohlobo esibhekise kulo, imvamisa sikhuluma ngama-kilobyte, ama-megabytes noma ama-gigabytes.
Isikhathi sokufinyelela
Yisikhathi esidlula kusukela lapho kukhulunywa khona igama lize lifundwe noma libhalwe ngenkumbulo. Mayelana nalokhu, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi igama ngalinye lakhiwe ngochungechunge lwamabhithi, atholakala ngasikhathi sinye.
Uhlobo lokufinyelela
Ngokuyisisekelo, singakhuluma ngezinhlobo ezimbili zokufinyelela kwimemori yekhompyutha: okungahleliwe nokulandelanayo. Kokuqala, isikhathi sokufinyelela sihlala sikhona, kungakhathalekile ukuthi iZwi likuphi lapho lisememori, kanti kowesibili lihluka kakhulu.
Ngale ndlela, sinakho ngaphakathi kwezinkumbulo zokufinyelela okungahleliwe izinkumbulo ze-RAM ne-ROM, kanye nezingxenye zazo ezihambisanayo. Ngenkathi izinkumbulo zokufinyelela ze-serial zihlukaniswa ngama: Shift registers, LIFO memory and FIFO memories.
Isikhathi somjikelezo
Lokhu kubhekisa esikhathini esincane esedlula phakathi kokufinyelela kwememori nokulandelanayo. Mayelana nalokhu, kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi isikhathi somjikelezo sihlale sikhulu kunesikhathi sokufinyelela; ngaphezu kwalokho, inverse yayo ilinganisa inani lamagama angacutshungulwa ngeyunithi ngayinye yesikhathi.
Imvelo ebonakalayo
Ngokuvamile, izinhlobo zememori yekhompyutha ezikhona zingahlukaniswa ngokuya ngemvelo yazo. Ngale ndlela, sinezinkumbulo ezisebenza ngogesi, ngozibuthe nangokubuka.
Isici esiyinhloko sezinkumbulo ze-elekthronikhi ukuthi zakhiwe ngama-semiconductors, kuyilapho ama-magnetic enziwe ngezinto ze-ferro-magnetic. Ekugcineni, izinkumbulo ezibonakalayo zisuselwa ekusetshenzisweni kobuchwepheshe be-laser.
Ukuqina
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinkumbulo zekhompyutha zingahlukaniswa ngohlobo lokuzinza ezimele. Ngakho-ke sinokugcina okuguquguqukayo, okunamandla, nezinkumbulo zokufunda ezilimazayo.
Mayelana nalokhu, imininingwane egcinwe ezinkumbulweni eziguquguqukayo ilahleka lapho ikhompyutha icishiwe. Ngenkathi izinkumbulo zokugcina ezinamandla idatha kufanele ibuyiselwe ngokuvuselelwa kwesikhathi okukuvimbela ekulimaleni.
Ekugcineni, ezinkumbulweni zokufunda ezonakalisayo zekhompyutha, imininingwane iyasuswa ngokushesha nje lapho ifundwa. Ngale ndlela, lolu hlobo lwememori luhlala luhlanganisa inqubo yokubuyisela.
Ukusebenza
Ngokuvamile, enye indlela yokuhlukanisa izinhlobo zememori yekhompyutha okukhona kungukusebenza kwabo. Ngale ndlela, singakhuluma ngokulandelayo: Imemori yangaphakathi, inkumbulo eyinhloko nememori yesibili.
Ngaphakathi: Isici esiyinhloko salolu hlobo lwememori amandla ayo aphezulu okudlulisa idatha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iqukethe yonke imininingwane noma amarekhodi angaphakathi atholakala ku-Central Processing Unit (CPU).
Okuyinhloko: Ebizwa nangokuthi inkumbulo emaphakathi, inesibopho sokugcina izinhlelo nedatha. Ngokuvamile, lolu hlobo lwememori luyashesha futhi lusayizi omkhulu; ngaphezu kwalokho, i-CPU ingayifinyelela ngqo ngebhasi.
Okwesibili: Usayizi wale memori uphakeme kakhulu kunangaphambili; kodwa-ke kuvela ukuthi kuhamba kancane. Ngokwengeziwe, inkumbulo yesibili inesibopho sokugcina izinhlelo zohlelo namafayela amakhulu; ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufinyelela kuyo yi-CPU akuqondile.
Yikuphi ukusebenza okuyisisekelo kwememori yekhompyutha?
Ngokuvamile, izinkumbulo zekhompyutha zihlotshaniswa nemisebenzi emibili eyisisekelo: ukubhala nokubhala idatha. Mayelana nalokhu, singasho ukuthi owokuqala ubhekise endaweni yokuhlala igama ekhelini elithile lememori.
Ngokwengxenye yayo, ukubhala idatha kuyinqubo igama elingatholwa ngayo uma selifundwe kwimemori. Mayelana nalokhu, kubalulekile ukuthi sisho ukuthi ikheli lekheli likhombisa isikhundla igama eligcine inkumbulo.
Ngokwengeziwe, kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi ukwenziwa kwale misebenzi kungenzeka ngenxa yekheli namabhasi wedatha. Kulokhu, sinokuthi ezokuqala zisetshenziselwa ukukhombisa umkhombandlela wokufunda / ukubhala; ngenkathi amabhasi emininingwane ekhonza ukufunda noma ukubhala igama ngalinye.
Yiziphi izinhlobo zememori yekhompyutha ekhona?
Njengoba sesishilo, ukusebenza kwekhompyutha kuncike kokungenani ezine izinhlobo zememori yekhompyutha. Okulandelayo, sizonikeza imininingwane mayelana ngamunye wabo.
Futhi, kule vidiyo elandelayo ungabona eminye imininingwane ngayo:
Imemori ye-RAM
I-RAM (iMemori Yokufinyelela engahleliwe), yaziwa nangokuthi imemori yokufinyelela engahleliwe, futhi isho ukuthi noma iyiphi ingxenye yayo ingafinyeleleka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Futhi, ithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zememori yekhompyutha laphaya.
Ngokuvamile, imemori ye-RAM igcina idatha nemiyalo yohlelo edingekayo futhi esetshenziswa yi-CPU. Ngokwengeziwe, kubhekwa njengememori eguqukayo futhi efundwayo / ebhalwayo ngoba igcwalisa yomibili imisebenzi.
Mayelana nalokhu, imvelo eguquguqukayo ingenxa yokuthi ulwazi olugcinayo luyalahleka lapho ikhompyutha icishiwe noma ukwehluleka kukagesi kwenzeka, kudinga idatha ukuthi igcinwe kusitoreji esingeziwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kusuka ku-RAM ukuthi izinhlelo ziqaliswa, zilayishwe futhi zenziwe; ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba lezi zinhlelo zidinga idatha eningi, ziyaqhubeka nokufakwa okwesikhashana kule nkumbulo.
SRAM
Ngamagama avamile, imemori ye-RAM emile, egcina imininingwane inqobo nje uma ikhompyutha ivuliwe. Ngokwengeziwe, inikeza ukufinyelela okuncishisiwe nesikhathi sokujikeleza, okuhumusha kube yijubane eliphezulu lokudluliswa kwedatha.
Noma kunjalo, kuyimemori enamandla okugcina amancane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inkumbulo ye-SRAM isebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kwe-DRAM ne-CPU, okungukuthi, isebenza njengohlobo lwenkumbulo ye-cache.
Ngokwengeziwe, le nkumbulo kulula ukuyiphatha, ngoba ukufinyelela kumabhasi wedatha namakheli kuqondile. Ekugcineni, singakhuluma ngezinhlobo ezimbili zememori ye-SRAM: asynchronous and synchronous.
Ngokwengxenye yayo, kwimemori ye-SRAM e-asynchronous, amabhasi wokuqondisa alawula idatha yokufaka nokukhiphayo. Ngenkathi ukulawulwa kwememori kwe-SRAM okuvumelanayo kungumsebenzi wewashi.
dram
Empeleni, inkumbulo ye-DRAM uhlobo olunamandla lwe-RAM, isivinini esikhulu nesiphansi. Ngakho-ke, lolu hlobo lwememori lulahlekelwa yimininingwane elugcinayo lapho okokusebenza kuyeka ukuthola ukunikezwa kwamandla.
Kulokhu, leso yisona sizathu esikhulu esenza ukuthi lolu hlobo lwenkumbulo luhlale ludinga ukuvuselelwa noma ukuvuselelwa kabusha, ukuze ungalahli idatha. Ngokuvamile, imemori ye-DRAM inamandla amakhulu okugcina kunememori ye-SRAM.
Ngeminye imininingwane ngalokhu, ungafunda i-athikili: Izinhlobo zememori ye-RAM kanye nezici zabo.
Imemori ye-ROM
I-ROM (Imemori Efundwayo Kuphela) iyinkumbulo enesilinganiso esiphakathi, engashintshashintshi, yokufunda kuphela. Ngamanye amagama, idatha iyafundwa futhi isetshenziswe, kepha ayiguqulwanga; Ngaphezu kwalokho, imininingwane igcinwa unomphela, ngaphandle kokulahleka ngisho nalapho ikhompyutha iphelelwa amandla.
Ngokuqondene nokusebenza kwayo, i-ROM iqukethe yonke imiyalo ikhompyutha edinga ukuyisebenza, eyaziwa njengemiyalo yokuqalisa noma i-BIOS yekhompyutha. Ngale ndlela, lapho ikhompyutha ivuliwe, ifinyelela le nkumbulo ukuthatha lokho okudingayo ukuqala, kanye nokwazi imininingwane ephathelene nehadiwe yayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imininingwane egcinwe kulolu hlobo lwememori ayinakushintshwa; noma kunjalo, kwezinye izimo kungenzeka ukukuguqula ngobunzima obukhulu. Ngamagama avamile, ukugcinwa kwedatha kule memori kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwayo, ukuze lokhu kuqoshwe unomphela, noma ngabe ikhompyutha ayinamandla.
Ekugcineni, singasho ukuthi i-ROM uhlobo lwesoftware engaphakathi kwehardware yekhompyutha. Mayelana nalokhu, lokhu yilokho okwaziwa njengeFirmware, umqondo odume kakhulu namuhla.
Prom
Luhlobo lwenkumbulo yokufunda ehlelwe kuphela, esekwe kuma-semiconductors akwazi ukuqukethe uchungechunge lwemiyalo nedatha. Ngokwengeziwe, okuqukethwe kungafundwa, kepha kungashintshwa; ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi azidalwanga ngenqubo yokukhiqiza, kodwa ngokusebenzisa uhlelo olukhethekile olulandelayo.
Kodwa-ke, uma inqubo yokuqedela isiqedile, i-PROM isebenza njengeROM ejwayelekile. Mayelana nalokhu, kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi uma iphutha lenhlelo lenziwa phakathi nale nqubo, alikwazi ukuhlehliswa, okungadala ukuthi imemori ingasebenzi njengokulindelekile.
I-EPROM
Luhlobo lwememori ye-ROM ehlelwe ngogesi, evumela ukugcina idatha edingekayo ekusebenzeni kwesicelo. Noma kunjalo, idatha ingasulwa ngokusebenzisa ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kusuka kumthombo wokukhanya we-mercury vapor.
Mayelana nalokhu, singasho ukuthi lolu hlobo lwememori lwenzelwe ukuxazulula uhlelo olwalumele ukwenza iphutha lohlelo, ngesikhathi sokurekhodwa kokuqukethwe kwimemori ye-PROM. Ngale ndlela, izinkumbulo ze-EPROM zihlala ezinhlelweni zokusebenza njengamadivayisi okufunda kuphela, ngaphandle kokuthi okuqukethwe kwawo kufanele kuguqulwe futhi kufanele kususwe okwesikhashana.
Ngakho-ke, ngemuva kokuthi okuqukethwe kusuliwe, inkumbulo ye-EPROM iphinde yahlelwa kabusha ngokusebenzisa amandla kagesi, bese ibekwa futhi ngaphakathi kohlelo olufanayo noma kwenye lapho idingeka khona. Mayelana nalokhu, iqiniso okumele siligqamise ukuthi ukusulwa kwedatha kufanele kwenziwe ngokuphelele, futhi kungakhethwa ngokukhethekile engxenyeni yokuqukethwe kwememori.
EEPROM
EEPROM, noma njengoba kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-E memory2I-PROM, ihlelwa ngogesi njengememori esiyishilo esigabeni esedlule. Kodwa-ke, idatha egcinwe ku-EEPROM isulwe ngogesi.
Mayelana nalokhu, lokhu kusho ukuthi okuqukethwe kuyasulwa ngaphandle kwesidingo sokususa imemori ebhodini lesifunda. Kodwa-ke, akuyona into ejwayelekile, ngoba ngokuvamile izikhathi zokubhala ziphakeme kunezikhathi zokufunda.
Izinkumbulo ze-RAM
Inkumbulo ye-SRAM yaziwa kakhulu njengememori ye-cache, ibhekene nokusheshisa ukufinyelela kolwazi yi-CPU. Mayelana nalokhu, umsebenzi wenqolobane ukugcina amakhophi wedatha esetshenziswa njalo ebekwe kwimemori enkulu.
Ngamanye amagama, lolu hlobo lwememori luqukethe idatha eyimpinda yokufinyelela okulula nokusheshayo. Ngendlela yokuthi i-CPU iseshe inqolobane kuqala ngaphambi kokuya kwimemori enkulu; Uma ithola lokho ebikufuna lapho, ifunda noma ibhala kwimemori eshiwo bese iqhubeka neminye imisebenzi esalindile.
Esihlokweni sethu: Inqolobane: Incazelo, umsebenzi, ukubaluleka, nokuningi, ungazi yonke imininingwane ngalolu hlobo olubalulekile lwememori yekhompyutha.
Shintsha inkumbulo
Shintsha imemori yaziwa nangokuthi imemori ebonakalayo noma isikhala sokushintsha. Isetshenziswa lapho izidingo zohlelo lokusebenza nabasebenzisi zidlula imemori etholakalayo yemishini.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lolu hlobo lwememori lungandiswa uma izidingo zabasebenzisi ludinga. Ngale ndlela, imemori yokushintshanisa isandiso sememori enkulu, edinga ukwahlukaniswa kwediski kokusebenza kwayo.
Ngokwengeziwe, inkumbulo yokushintshana iyakwazi ukunikeza uhlelo lokusebenza ngememori engaphezulu ye-RAM kunalokho engabakhona ngokomzimba. Okusho ukuthi, isikhala sokushintshana sinikeza ukubekeka kwesikhala sediski kulawo makhasi angenaso isithombe kuwo.
Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwalolu hlobo lwememori ebonakalayo akunconyiwe, ngoba imvamisa isikhala sokushintshana sikhulu kunokufinyelela ekhasini le-RAM kuze kweqe eqeni kwemikhawulo yalo. Kodwa-ke, kungaba wusizo lapho sifuna ukususa ezinye izinqubo zokusebenzisa okuphansi kusuka ku-RAM ukuzifaka ezinye ezidinga isikhala ngaphakathi kwayo.
Ngaphezu kwezinhlobo zememori yekhompyutha esiyishilo, sine-Flash memory. Lolu uhlobo olukhethekile lwememori olukhona kwamanye amadivayisi wokugcina edijithali, njengama: amakhamera wezithombe noma wevidiyo.
Imemori ye-Flash
Ngokuvamile, imemori ye-flash ihlanganisa izinzuzo ze-RAM ne-ROM. Ngale ndlela, umsebenzisi angafinyelela idatha ngokungahleliwe, futhi abhale ngaphezulu okuqukethwe kwayo nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.
Amaqiniso ajabulisayo
Phakathi kwakho konke izinhlobo zememori yekhompyutha akhona, i-RAM ithandwa kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, imemori yetemu ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuyibhekisa kuyo ngendlela ejwayelekile.
Kuvamile ukuthi abanye abantu badide isitoreji semigomo ne-RAM; kodwa-ke, kunomehluko ophawulekayo phakathi kwalokhu okubili. Okokuqala, isitoreji sikhulu kunenkumbulo; Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulwazi olukulo alulahlekile noma ngabe ikhompyutha icishiwe, kanti imininingwane egcinwe kwimemori ingeyesikhashana.