Uma ufuna ukwazi kabanzi mayelana kushintshana izifunda zamanje Zisebenza kanjani, zenzelwe ini futhi zenziwa kanjani? Ungahambi, ngoba esihlokweni esilandelayo sizokutshela ngayo yonke imininingwane yayo.
Yiziphi izifunda ezishintshashintshayo futhi zenzelwe ini?
Elinye lamagatsha abaluleke kakhulu e-physics emlandweni yi-elekthronikhi, ngoba ifaka ubunjiniyela bomzimba nobuchwepheshe ukuqonda ukuhamba nokulawulwa kwama-electron. Ukuhlonza kwayo kusekelwe kushubhu elingenalutho elingakhulisa amasiginali amancane ezinkambeni ezinkulu zama-electron.
I-elekthronikhi isebenze namasekethe kagesi futhi lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ukukuqonda ngoba kubandakanya izinto ezihambisana nezikagesi ezisebenza kancane, lapho ngaphezu kwakho konke okwejwayelekile kwenziwa ngamasekethe ahlanganisiwe, izinzwa noma ama-transistor.
Izingxenye ezisebenzayo zithonywa ukuziphatha okungekho emgqeni okwenza kube phezulu, okwenza i-elektroniki yayo isetshenziswe kabanzi ekucutshungweni kwedatha, ngaleyo ndlela iguqule izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi noma izinhlelo zokulawula zibe yidivayisi ezimele.
Amadivayisi amaningi kagesi asebenzisa izinto zama-semiconductor, okusho ukuthi, isayensi kagesi nobuchwepheshe sekuyisikhathi eside bukhathazekile ngokugcina nokuguqula amandla abe ezinye izinhlobo zezinsizakusebenzisa izintambo, amabhethri, noma ama-motors.
Izinto eziningi ze-elekthronikhi zitholakala kuzinsimbi, njengesipikha, ikhebuli, iswishi, ibhethri, i-transducer, phakathi kwabanye. Ukwenza ama-analogs asebenze njenge-capacitor, diode, amplifier, njll., Izingxenye ezahlukahlukene ezisebenza njengamathuluzi enqubo.
Ngokwengxenye yayo, amandla kagesi ukuthi ukuhamba kwama-electron, futhi akhiqiza umsinga osuka kokuhle uye kokubi. Futhi amanani kagesi akhokhiswa, amandla kagesi, amandla, ukumelana noma amandla.
Ama-athomu omzimba awathathi hlangothi futhi anenani elifanayo lama-proton akhokhisiwe, abangela ukuthi kwenziwe nemisinga eqondile futhi eshintshanayo. Imisinga eqondile yilezo ezikhiqizwa ngamabhethri, ngokwesibonelo, okwenza ukuthi noma iyiphi yazo ikhiqize i-voltage engaguquki ejikeleza ngesamukeli.
Ngakho-ke sifika kumasekethe wamanje ashintshanayo, nawo aqukethe inhlanganisela yezinto eziphikisayo nezisebenza kahle kuhlanganiswe nomthombo wamandla eshintshanayo.
Kungani kubalulekile ukwazi ngokushintshana kwamasekethe amanje?
Ngokwazi ukusebenzisa i-voltage, i-current variable ingasungulwa isikhathi esifushane, yenze ukuthi yaziwe njengamanje odlulayo, ovumela indlela ebizwa ngokuthi yi-stationary current.
Isifunda samanje esishintshayo singahlanganisa inyunyana yezinto zokumelana, amandla noma ukuzenzela lapho imoto ikunikeza khona ngokushintshana kwamanje. Ibuye ivumele ukutadisha okulula kwemisebenzi yabo yamasekethe akhiwe ngezinto zokwaliwa.
Izinto zokumelana nalawo zenzelwe ngokukhethekile ukwethula ukumelana kagesi phakathi kwamaphoyinti amabili wesekethe kagesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanye abashintshanisa ukuhlaziywa kwamanje bangama-capacitor kanye nabangenisi.
Ama-capacitor, ngakolunye uhlangothi, aziwa njenge-capacitor kusuka kudivayisi engenziwanga, ekwazi ukugcina amandla asekelwa yinkambu kagesi. Ama-inductors agcina ukusebenza okufanayo futhi le coil yakhiwa ngumqhubi, futhi ihlobene nokungeniswa kukazibuthe kunembangela ekhiqizayo, njengamanje.
Ngokuphathelene nokuhlaziywa kwayo, isekethe yamanje eshintshanayo inemisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi lapho kufanele kwenziwe khona isibalo sokwehlukanisa. Yonke imithombo yayo ine-sinusoidal futhi inombuso omile futhi omile, ngoba amasekethe anama-diode akhishiwe futhi imiphumela yawo izocatshangelwa kuphela.
Ukunquma i-voltage namandla egatsheni ngalinye, uhlelo lokuhlukaniswa kokulinganisa kufanele lusetshenziswe ukuze wonke umsebenzi osetshenziswe amasekethe waziwe. Le nqubo inzima kakhulu, ngoba uma kwenzeka ukuthi isifunda sinamakhoyili angaphezu kwamabili, kufanele kusetshenziswe izibalo ezahlukahlukene ukwazi ukuthi umsebenzi ungaphela kanjani.
Ungazihlaziya kanjani futhi uzenze lezi zinqubo?
Igagasi lamanje elishintshanayo likhiqiza ama-sinusoidal wave alternators, okuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo akhiqize igagasi elifanayo kuze kube izikhathi ezingamashumi amahlanu ngomzuzwana. Yini eyenza ibe nemvamisa yamagagasi ekhiqizwayo, amanani ayo angaba ngamandla noma amandla kusifunda sikagesi esinqunywe yi-trigonometry, imisebenzi engasiza ukuphendula noma ukuvimbela ukuthi ingasebenza kanjani.
Inani ngalinye alikwazi ukwehluka ngegagasi, okungukuthi, nge-engeli yokujikeleza i-hypotenuse kanxantathu izogcina inani eliphakeme le-wave, lenze inani lalo eliphakeme lihlale lifana, isibalo noma umsebenzi usetshenziselwa ukuthola amanani ahlukile Yesikhathi ngasinye.
Kepha uma sikhuluma ngenye into, lawa manani abe yi-Instantaneous Voltage, ekhiqiza enye into ekhona ezikhumulweni zayo, uma ungazazi eziningi zalezi zihloko, sizokwenzela lula. Lesi sitholi singathathwa njengenani lamandla kagesi axhuma endleleni eshintshanayo, futhi uma lixhunywe kusamukeli, amandla amanje azokwazi ukugeleza ngalo.
Ngokuya ngokwemukelayo, igagasi lizoqala ukubambezeleka noma ukuthuthuka, njengoba kukhona ama-phasors azokwenza amandla we-voltage namandla alingane ne-sinusoidal. Ukuze uhlaziye amasekethe amanje ashintshanayo, kufanele kusetshenziswe izinqubo ezimbili, i-geometric eyodwa yama-vectors ajikelezayo futhi eyodwa isetshenziselwe izinombolo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezimsulwa.
Lapho ubukhulu besikhathi samanje buwubuningi besikhathi, futhi amayunithi asetshenziswa kakhulu kwizilinganiso zamanje nezingaphansi kwawo, le ndlela yamanje eshintshanayo inika izinombolo eziphelele, njenge-milliamp ne-microampere.
Imvamisa i-voltage eshintshashintshayo ifanekiselwa negagasi ngaphakathi kwendilinga ukuze lihlukaniswe namandla kagesi aqondile, amelwe yimigqa emibili engalingani futhi efanayo.
Izinhlobo zamasekethe wamanje ashintshanayo
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamasekethe wamanje ashintshanayo, kusukela kokulula kuya kokuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngakho-ke sinawo wokumelana, amakhoyili noma ama-capacitors.
Iziphikisi ezisezikhungweni zinokumelana okuxhunywe kumthombo wamandla ashintshanayo, ngokomthetho futhi owamasekethe wamanje ashintshanayo aphikisayo, okwenza ukuthi i-current ibe sesigabeni ukufinyelela amanani ayo aphezulu.
Amasekhethi angenayo angamakhoyili ahlobene nesikhathi samanje sokungenisa ngokusebenzisa i-equation yezindawo zama-trigonometric ratios, bese ebhalwa kumandla ashintshiwe esigabeni nakamuva, okwenza ukuthi kubambezeleke amadigri ayisishiyagalolunye maqondana namandla wamanje aqala ngaphambi iphuzu.
Ukusabela okunyusayo kuchazwa njengalokho okukhuphuka ngemvamisa futhi kunezilinganiso ezahlukahlukene zokumelana, ngakho-ke, sifika esigabeni sokugcina sokuqala, okungukuthi sama-capacitors. Yiyo exhunywe kumthombo wamanje oshintshanayo ohambisana nomthwalo maqondana nesikhathi futhi osebenzela ukuqinisa lawo mandla.
Kulokhu, i-current ingaphambi kwe-voltage futhi, njengoba kungabonakala, isiza amandla we-reactive capacitive ancipha ngemvamisa, enamayunithi wokumelana nezinhlelo zayo.
Okwamanje kushintshwa ngezikhathi ezithile ohlangothini lwayo, ngoba ngezikhathi zokuqala kwakusetshenziswa i-current ngqo kuphela, kepha njengoba iminyaka yayihamba yaguquka ukusuka ekubeni iqonde kuya kokunye ngoba yayitholile emnothweni, ekusebenzeni nasekusebenzeni kalula kokudlulisa ngaphandle kokushiya noma yini ukulahlekelwa okuncane.
Okwamanje kuyingxenye yamakhaya nezimboni futhi yize ukusetshenziswa okuqondile kunganyamalalanga, ukushintshana kwamanje kusetshenziswa kaningi futhi cishe kuyo yonke into, ngoba inezicelo eziningi, ama-light bulbs, amapuleti noma izitofu zokupheka ziyizinto eziphikisayo hhayi ngokuya ngesiqondisi yokuhamba kwamacala.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iqiniso lokuthi i-current ingashintsha ngemvamisa yama-motors, futhi izinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene zinamasekethe alandelayo, njengama-shifters wesigaba nohlobo lwebhuloho.
Ama-shifters esigaba yilawo aqukethe umthombo oshintshanayo oxhunywe ku-resistor ne-capacitor, owaziwa njengama-circuits ochungechunge asetshenziselwa ukusula amashifu angafuneki kwesinye isekethe, futhi engeza nokwehlukanisa kwamandla ukuze iziteshi zomsakazo zilungiselelwe.
Amasekethe ohlobo lwebhuloho anikwe amandla ngokushintshana kwamanje, futhi angasetshenziselwa ukukala amandla, futhi asebenze njengebhuloho lamanje eliqondile elikwazi ukukala inani lokumelana okungaziwa.
Ingabe zikhona izibonelo zokushintshana kwamasekethe amanje?
Yebo, ngoba ukushintsha kwesekethe yamanje kulula kunenqubo yokufunda kuzwakala, yize kunjalo, kubalulekile ukwazi konke okushiwo ngaphambili. Kubalulekile ukuqamba eminye yemiphumela ehlukahlukene etholakalayo, ukuze ukwazi ukwakha noma ukuxazulula uhlobo oluthile lwenkinga.
Enye yamasekethe ajwayelekile kakhulu ukumelana, ikhoyili kanye ne-inductor ephendula ngendlela ethile kumvamisa womthombo oshintshanayo ondliwa ngawo. Ngalesi sizathu, isignali yomsakazo ikhiqiza umsinga onemvamisa efanayo, eyakhelwe ngokukhethekile ukusebenza njengomamukeli nobukhulu obukhulu bamanje, okwenza nomphumela obizwa ngokuthi yi-resonance.
Isekhethi somamukeli sisebenza njengeshuna ngoba senzelwe ukuthi amasiginali wemvamisa engadingeki akhiqize imisinga emincane kakhulu. Ezingatholakali ngezipikha ngakho-ke azizwakali, noma kunjalo, akusho ukuthi azizwakali.
Uma uyithandile le ndatshana, ngikumema ukuba ufunde: Amasekethe kagesi Bayini? Izingxenye, izinhlobo nemininingwane emihle. Ngiyazi ukuthi ingaba wusizo olukhulu kuwe.