Wake wazibuza owayengumqambi wokuqala yomlando? Endabeni yezwe lapho abalingiswa abaphambili kungamadoda, impendulo yalo mbuzo ingabonakala imangalisa ngempela.
U-Augusta Ada Byron Lovelace wayengumqambi wokuqala wekhompyutha emlandweni.
Wayengubani umdidiyeli wokuqala?
Ngokuvamile, singasho ukuthi sikujwayele ukufunda izindaba ezithokozisayo ngamadoda amakhulu enza uphawu emhlabeni wekhompyutha. Kodwa-ke, lapho sizibuza owayengumqambi wokuqala, impendulo isishiya simangele futhi saneliseke.
Ngakho-ke ngaphandle kokuqhubeka, sizokutshela owayengumqambi wokuqala, yize kungaba ngcono ukukhuluma ngaye ngobulili besifazane. Futhi ukuthi umqambi wokuqala wazo zonke izikhathi kwakungowesifazane, owayebizwa ngokuthi: Augusta Ada Byron Lovelace.
I-Biography ka-Ada Lovelace - Ubani owayengumqambi wokuqala?
U-Augusta Ada Byron, kamuva owaziwa njengo-Ada Lovelace, wazalelwa eLondon ngo-1815. Lona wesifazane owayedumile wayeyedwa kuphela wendodakazi esemthethweni yombongi uLord George Gordon Byron noBaroness Anne Isabella Byron. Ngakho-ke lokhu kuphendula ukuthi ngubani owayengumqambi wokuqala.
Ubuntwana
Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezinkinga phakathi kwalezi zithandani, u-Lord Byron washiya ikhaya lapho u-Ada esenenyanga eyodwa ubudala. Ngale ndlela, iminyaka yokuqala yobuntwana bakhe yadlula ngaphandle kokuxhumana noyise.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isifiso sikaBaroness Byron sokuthi le ntombazanyana ingakhulisi izimo zengqondo ezimkhumbuza ngobaba wakhe, yenza u-Ada walandela ezinyathelweni zikanina. Mayelana nalokhu, singasho ukuthi uBaroness Anne Isabella Byron wanikela ngempilo yakhe kwizibalo, futhi wayengumlwi oshisekayo wezepolitiki nezenhlalo.
U-Ada Lovelace noMary Somerville
Ngokwengeziwe, isikhundla kwezenhlalo akhulele kuso u-Ada Lovelace samenza wazwana nabantu ababenethonya bangaleso sikhathi, ababebaluleke kakhulu kunqubo yakhe yezemfundo. Ngale ndlela, u-Ada wahlangana nososayensi uMary Somerville, owaba ngumfundisi wakhe ngesikhathi esifushane; ngaphezu kwalokho, bekumelela isikhuthazo sangempela ekuvukeni kwesayensi nobuhlakani bukaLovelace.
U-Ada Lovelace noCharles Babbage
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukunambitheka kokuqala kwezibalo kwaholela uLovelace ukuba azihlanganise noCharles Babbage, ezwa intshisekelo ekhethekile enjinini yokuhlaziya ayiklame ngokwakhe. Kodwa-ke, lokho bekungekhona ukuphela kwe-Ada Lovelace kuphela, njengoba futhi echitha isikhathi ehlaziya ubudlelwano obukhona phakathi komphakathi, abantu bayo nobuchwepheshe.
U-Ada Lovelace noNkosi uWilliam King
Ngemuva kwesikhashana, lapho u-Ada eneminyaka engu-19 ubudala, washada no-Lord William King, okwazalelwa kuye izingane ezintathu. Mayelana nalokhu, lokhu kwakungumlingiswa onamandla ngaleso sikhathi, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wezepolitiki, wezenhlalo, wobuhlakani nowezenkolo, amukelwa ngumama ka-Ada ukuthi amshade.
Kamuva, enesithukuthezi ngobuhlobo bakhe bomshado, u-Ada waphephela futhi ezibalweni, kulokhu ezandleni zika-Augustus de Morgan. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi esifushane, wakhungathekiswa yimfuno yengqondo yomfundi wakhe, ecabanga ukuthi imicabango yakhe ibingahambisani naleyo yentokazi.
Mayelana nalokhu, bobabili u-Ada nomyeni wakhe bakushaya indiva ukukhathazeka kwesazi sezibalo esidumile, futhi waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe endaweni. Ngasikhathi sinye wayethandana namanye amadoda ngaphandle komshado wakhe, okungaziwa ukuthi kwafika yini ezindlebeni zeNkosi King, bese kuba ngu-Earl weLovelace.
Eminyakeni eyalandela, lapho u-Ada eneminyaka engama-36, waqala ukuzwa izimpawu zokukhathala nokukhathala okujwayelekile, ngokushesha wahlaselwa ngumdlavuza wesibeletho. Kwakungalesi sikhathi, ngokwesincomo sikanina, lapho uLovelace amukela imibono yezenkolo, waze wazisola ngokwenzeka empilweni yakhe, ngaleso sikhathi, ayichaza njengejwayelekile.
Ukufa
Ekugcineni, u-Augusta Ada Byron Lovelace, ushone ngoNovemba 1852, ehamba nonina nomyeni wakhe. Kodwa-ke, nanamuhla, ifa lakhe lihlala likhona emhlabeni wezobuchwepheshe kanye nekhompyutha.
Ngokwengeziwe, ngikumema ukuthi ubuke le vidiyo elandelayo, lapho uzothola khona imininingwane emfushane nge-Ada Lovelace kanye ne-algorithm yokuqala yohlelo.
Wawuyini umnikelo weqiniso ka-Ada Lovelace ezinhlelweni?
Njengoba sesivele siphendulile, umbuzo owaba ngumqambi wokuqala ngu-Ada Lovelace, owathonywa ngunina, wakhombisa intshisekelo ekhethekile kwezezibalo kusukela esemncane kakhulu. Ngale ndlela, lapho ehlangana noCharles Babbage, wakhathazeka kakhulu ngephrojekthi ayekade eyakha yena: injini yokuhlaziya noma yokuhlukanisa.
Mayelana nalokhu, uLovelace wayengumhlanganyeli othembekile wephrojekthi yomngani wakhe uBabbage, waze wahumusha nendatshana yososayensi odumile uLuigi Federico Menabrea, eyayisebenza ngenjini yokuhlaziya. Ngokwengeziwe, u-Ada walungisa uchungechunge lwamanothi lapho enza khona ukucacisa kwakhe ngokusebenza kwale divayisi yenoveli.
Kuleli phuzu lokugcina, u-Ada Lovelace uthathe izinhlungu ezinkulu ukuchaza imininingwane yezobuchwepheshe yomshini wokuhlaziya, kodwa futhi wakhombisa kulawa manothi imigomo eyisisekelo yokucubungula idatha. Ngokwengeziwe, kumanothi akhe, esebenzisa lokho esikwaziyo manje njenge-Ada Algorithm, uLovelace uchaze ngokuningiliziwe ukusebenza kwamakhadi wezibhakela, akwazi ukufaka izinombolo zikaBernoulli.
Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nokuthi kusho ukuthini i-algorithm, ngikumema ukuthi ufunde indatshana yethu ebizwa ngokuthi: ¿Yini i-algorithm ezinhlelweni? Imininingwane!.
Ngale ndlela, u-Augusta Ada Byron Lovelace akagcinanga ngokuba ngowesifazane wokuqala ukuchaza ulimi lohlelo, kodwa ubuye abhekwe njengonjiniyela wokuqala wekhompyutha emlandweni. Ngokwengeziwe, uLovelace wayesengaphambili ngesikhathi futhi waqinisekisa ukuthi umshini wokuhlaziya kamuva uzoba ngumqambi okwazi ukwenza noma yini ebuzwa kuwo.
Ukubaluleka kokuhlela
Ngokuvamile, ukwenza izinhlelo kungukubonakaliswa kolwazi lapho senza khona izixazululo zezinkinga ezithile. Kulokhu, ukuqonda kangcono lo mqondo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ikhompyutha isebenza kanjani.
Ngokomthetho, kufanele sisho ukuthi amakhompyutha akha uhlelo olukwazi ukucubungula idatha ngokuthola iqembu lemiyalo. Ngale ndlela, singasho futhi ukuthi le miyalo ivela ezinhlelweni, ezibhalwa kusetshenziswa izilimi ezihlelayo.
Ngokwengeziwe, ikhompyutha iyakwazi ukuqonda i-algorithm efakwe ngolimi lohlelo, ukuze iphendule kamuva enkingeni yokuqala ngokwenza imisebenzi ethile. Ngakho-ke, imisebenzi yekhompyutha ingafingqwa ngokuthi: Gcina, ukuhlela, ukubuyisa nokuthumela imininingwane ngokushesha, ngokuphepha nangokunembile.
Ekugcineni, sinakho lokho kuhlela kungubuciko bokuchaza umhlaba ngolimi oluzwakala ngamakhompyutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusiza ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu nemishini, kube umnyango obalulekile ovumela ukufinyelela olwazini.
Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngokubaluleka kohlelo, ungafunda i-athikili enesihloko: Izinhlelo zekhompyutha: Incazelo nezibonelo.
Umlando wezilimi zokuhlela
Okokuqala, kufanele sicacise ukuthi inhloso yethu akukhona ukujula ngokujulile endabeni yezilimi ezihlelayo, kepha kunalokho ukukukhombisa kafushane ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwabo kube kanjani. Ngale ndlela, kudingekile impela ukukhumbula ukuthi amakhompyutha okuqala athola iziyalezo kuphela ngolimi abalwaziyo, olwalubizwa ngolimi lomshini.
Mayelana nalokhu, lolu bekungulimi olususelwa kukhodi kanambambili, ebelidinga nokwazi ngememori izikhundla lapho kugcinwa khona idatha. Kulesi sici sokugcina, njengoba kulula ukusiqonda, bekuvame kakhulu ukwenza inani elikhulu lamaphutha, eligcine lenza ukuthi inqubo yokulungisa iphutha ibe nzima.
Ngokwengeziwe, lapho izidingo ezihlobene nokuphathwa kwemininingwane sezikhulile, kwadingeka ukuthi kudaleke ezinye izixazululo. Ngakho-ke, ezinye izinhlobo zezilimi ezihlelayo zazalwa, zaze zavela kulezi esizaziyo namuhla.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengoba umkhakha wokusetshenziswa kwesayensi yamakhompiyutha unwebeka futhi amakhompiyutha ethatha izindawo ezivamile, kwavela izilimi zohlelo ezifinyeleleka kalula. Ngokwengeziwe, lezi sezilula, zikhululekile ukuphatha futhi kulula ukuzifunda.
Abanye besifazane emhlabeni wekhompyutha
Yize kuliqiniso ukuthi kuwo wonke umlando wobuchwepheshe kuvame kakhulu ukuthola abesilisa abaningi kunabesifazane, ngeke sihluleke ukusho abanye babo abasimele kahle kakhulu. Ngale ndlela, ngezansi sizokhuluma ngamanye amagama ahlobene nesayensi yamakhompyutha, ngaphandle kwalesi sizathu sokuthi abekho abanye besifazane abanokufaneleka okwanele ukuba babe kulolu hlu oluncane.
UGrace Murray Hopper
KuGrace Murray Hopper, usosayensi wezempi, sikweleta ukwakhiwa komhlanganisi wokuqala wezilimi ezihlelayo. Ngokwengeziwe, yenza intuthuko ebalulekile ngokuya ngezilimi ezizimele zohlelo.
Mayelana nalokhu, sibonga lona wesifazane odumile owazalelwa e-United States ngo-1906, namhlanje siyalwazi lolu limi olubizwa nge-COBOL.
UHedwing Eva Maria Kiesler.
Hedy LaMarr
UHedwing Eva María Kiesler, owaziwa kangcono njengoHedy Lamarr, kungenzeka ukuthi ukhunjulwa kakhulu ngekhwalithi yakhe njengomlingisi kunamagalelo akhe ekusebenziseni ikhompyutha. Kodwa-ke, lona wesifazane omuhle futhi ohlakaniphile, owazalelwa e-Austria ngo-1914, wayengumanduleli womkhakha wokusabalala ohlobene nokuxhumana okungenazintambo.
Mayelana nalokhu, ngenxa yomqondo owethulwe nguHedy Lamarr, ilayisense elihlobene nezinhlelo zokuqondisa umsakazo latholwa kamuva. Ngokwengeziwe, lo wesifazane onezici eziningi athuthukise ubuchwepheshe be-frequency hopping, obusetshenziswa kakhulu emkhakheni wezempi.
Ekugcineni, imisebenzi kaHedy Lamarr imele okusha kweqiniso emkhakheni wezokuxhumana. Mayelana nalokhu, singakuqinisekisa ukuthi yibo abaqala ubuchwepheshe be-Bluetooth, obuye baqhubekela phambili kulokho esikwaziyo namuhla njengophawu lwe-WiFi.
UJude Milhon
UJude Milhon, owazalelwa e-United States ngo-1939, wayengowesifazane impilo yakhe yayigcwele impikiswano. Yebo, kusukela esemncane wazinikela ekulweleni amalungelo abantu, okwaholela ejele ngezikhathi ezehlukene.
Kodwa-ke, wayebuye adume kwenye indawo, njengekhompyutha. Mayelana nalokhu, uJude Milhon uthathwa njengomvikeli wabaduni, umsebenzi azinikele kuwo impilo yakhe yonke.
Kulesi sici sokugcina, kufanelekile ukucacisa ukuthi wayengeyena nje umgulukudu ovelele, kodwa futhi wayengumqambi wohlelo oncomekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, walwela amalungelo wobumfihlo kwi-Intanethi kanye namalungelo edijithali ngokujwayelekile.
URadia Joy Perlman.
URadia Perlman
Ngokwakhe, uRadia Joy Perlman wazalelwa e-United States ngo-1951, wanikela kakhulu ngempilo yakhe ekuthuthukisweni kwezobuchwepheshe. Ngale ndlela, singasho ukuthi ungumqambi obalulekile wesoftware nonjiniyela wenethiwekhi omuhle kakhulu.
Mayelana nalokhu, sinokuthi uRadia Perlman njengamanje waziwa njengoMama We-Intanethi. Yebo, imiqondo ebalulekile ephathelene nezivumelwano zenethiwekhi nokuphepha kukhonjwe kuyo.
UCarol shaw
Lona wesifazane odumile, ogama lakhe linguCarol Shaw ungunjiniyela kagesi, onguchwepheshe kwezamakhompiyutha, owazalelwa e-United States ngo-1955. wahlangana.
Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokuphumelela kwakhe kule ndawo yenoveli, washiya ukwakheka komdlalo wevidiyo futhi wazinikezela ekwakheni amakhompyutha aphezulu. Mayelana nalokhu, ukusuka lapho, walwela ukwenza ngcono ukuthembeka kwalolu hlobo lwekhompyutha.
Eminye iminikelo yabanye abesifazane ekuthuthukiseni i-informatics
Njengoba singaqagela, eminyakeni edlule abesifazane abaningi benze uphawu lwabo emhlabeni wekhompyutha. Kodwa-ke, ngezansi sizokwethula amanye amaphrojekthi abaluleke kakhulu abawasungule ngokwentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe.
E-ncwadi
Ngamagama avamile, i-e-book noma incwadi ye-elekthronikhi ibhekisa enguqulweni yedijithali yencwadi, ehluke kakhulu kumqondo wamanje wokufunda incwadi nge-elekthronikhi. Mayelana nalokhu, sinokuthi kwakungu-Ángela Ruíz Robles, owazalelwa eSpain ngo-1895, owathatha izinyathelo zokuqala ekuthuthukiseni lo mqondo.
Mayelana nalokhu, sinokuthi u-Ángela Ruíz Robles wayenguthisha odumile waseSpain, owayehlala ekhombisa intshisekelo ebonakalayo ekwenzeni ngcono ulwazi lokufundisa. Ngale ndlela, ngo-1949 wakwazi ukuklama isiphakamiso sokuqala se-mechanical encyclopedia, okwathi eminyakeni ethile kamuva kwasungulwa uhlobo oluthile oluthathwa njengomanduleli we-e-book.
Ubuciko bePixel
Ubuciko bePixel ukubonakaliswa okuphezulu kobuciko bedijithali, obhekisa ekuhlelweni kwezithombe zamaphikseli ngephikseli. Mayelana nalokhu, le nqubo yenziwa ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo ezikhethekile, njenge: Pain.NET, Pickle, Microsoft Paint, phakathi kwabanye.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuthi sisho ukuthi umanduleli walolu hlobo lomklamo nguSusan Kare, umculi waseMelika nomdwebi wemidwebo, owazalwa ngo-1954. amaphikseli; ngaphezu kwalokho, ungumbhali wezithonjana eziningi ezibonwa ohlelweni olusebenzayo.
Ukuvela komfanekiso
Ngamagama avamile, uhlobo lwe-graphic adventure lubhekisa kumageyimu evidiyo lapho umdlali ahlangana khona nezinto eziseduze kwakhe. Lokhu ukuzama ukuphendula ezimweni ezahlukahlukene eziqubuka ngamaphazili ahlukahlukene.
Ngokwengeziwe, sinakho ukuthi ukuzidela okucacile kwehlukile kokuzijabulisa kokuxoxa ngoba okokuqala kufaka izigcawu ezinemifanekiso esikhundleni semibhalo. Ekugcineni, kufanele sisho ukuthi le ntuthuko ebalulekile emhlabeni wemidlalo yevidiyo ingumsebenzi kaRoberta Williams, ikakhulukazi maqondana nemidlalo yamakhompiyutha akho.
Ukucabanga ngekhompyutha
UKatherine Louise Bouman, owaziwa kangcono njengoKatie Bouman, ungusosayensi waseMelika owazalwa ngonyaka we-1989. Sikweleta ukwakhiwa kabusha kwesithombe sokuqala somgodi omnyama, okungenzeka ngenxa yezifundo zakhe ze-computer imaging.
Mayelana nalokhu, kubalulekile ukuthi sisho ukuthi wayengumbumbi omkhulu we-algorithm esivumele ukuthi sithwebule isithombe sesithombe esikhuluma ngaso esigabeni esandulele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iphrojekthi ebizwa ngeHarvard Black Hole Initiative isebenza ngesisekelo sokwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi yama-antenna omsakazo enza ukuthi kube lula ukuthwebula izithombe.
Isimiso sokufaka esikhundleni seLiskov
Isimiso sokufaka esikhundleni sikaLiskov sihlobene ngqo nohlelo olugxile entweni, ikakhulukazi esisekelweni samafa esichaza le paradigm. Ngokwengeziwe, lo mqondo umsebenzi wonjiniyela baseMelika: UBarbara Liskov noJeannette Wing, abazinikele ngokuphelele kwisayensi yamakhompyutha.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi isitatimende somgomo wokufaka esikhundleni seLiskov sakha isisekelo esilandelayo: ikilasi ngalinye elizuzwe njengelinye lingasetshenziswa ngaphandle kokwehlukanisa phakathi kwabo. Ngamafuphi, singaqinisekisa ukuthi lo mgomo usebenza ukukhulisa ikhwalithi yekhodi yohlelo.