Ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe mayelana nokuhlukaniswa kwe-Hardware nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zayo, lapha ungathola umhlahlandlela ophelele ngamunye wabo nokuthi ukuguqulwa kwezikhathi zabo kunjani, Ungayeki ukufunda okuthunyelwe okulandelayo ngoba kuzonikezelwa ukukhuluma imininingwane mayelana nesihloko.
I-Hardware Classification
Emhlabeni wekhompiyutha, uma sikhuluma nge-hardware, ihlotshaniswa ngokuzenzakalela nezingxenye ezibonakalayo noma ezibonakalayo zedivayisi, okungukuthi, lokho okungabonwa futhi kuthinteke kukhompyutha, njengezingxenye zayo; kagesi, i-electronic, i-electromechanical kanye nemishini. Isibonelo esicacile salokhu kungaba izintambo, amakheji, amakhabethe noma zonke lezo zingxenye ezingaphandle noma ezengeziwe ezivame ukuhambisana nawo wonke umshini noma zingaba nanoma yiluphi olunye uhlobo lwento ebonakalayo.
Zonke lezi zingxenye ezithintekayo ezishiwo ephuzwini ngokuvamile yilezo ezakha ukuhlukaniswa kwe-hardware noma ukusekelwa ngokomzimba kwedivayisi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungashiwo ukuthi kukhona ukwesekwa okunengqondo okungaphatheki, okusho ukuthi azikwazi ukubonwa noma ukuthintwa futhi zaziwa ngokuthi isofthiwe yekhompyutha.
I-Hardware yigama lesiNgisi elingenakho ukuhunyushwa kwezwi nezwi kolimi lwesiSpanishi, yingakho liqanjwe njengoba lingafundwa futhi kushiwo kanjalo. Kodwa-ke, ku-RAE (I-Royal Spanish Academy) ingatholakala ukuthi ichazwa ngokuthi; isethi yezingxenye ezibambekayo ezibonakalayo kubo bonke futhi ezisetshenziselwa ukugcwalisa ikhompuyutha.
Uma kukhulunywa ngegama elithi hardware, kunengqondo ukuthi lihlotshaniswa nezwe lekhompyutha njengoba leli gama livame ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zokuphila kwansuku zonke nobuchwepheshe, ngokuvamile le nkulumo isetshenziswa maqondana namathuluzi nemishini, engxenyeni ethi The electronics, i-hardware, ihlobene nazo zonke lezo zingxenye zebhodi lesifunda likagesi, likagesi, ele-electromechanical, mechanical, izintambo, kanye nebhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, emhlabeni wamarobhothi, igama elithi hardware liyasetshenziswa, okuyilokho elibhekisela kukho; omakhalekhukhwini, amakhamera, abadlali bedijithali phakathi kwemishini eminingi noma amadivaysi e-elekthronikhi, ngamunye wabo unesibopho sokucubungula idatha, futhi lawa madivaysi nawo akhiwa i-firmware kanye / noma isoftware ayihlanganisiwe kuphela ngehadiwe.
Indaba yakhe
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-hardware yekhompiyutha ibilokhu ivela usuku nosuku, izizukulwane nazo zingahlukaniswa, kuzo zonke izinguquko eziphawulekayo zingabonwa mayelana nobuchwepheshe. Izingxenyekazi zekhompiyutha ezihlanganisa imishini yokuqala eyayikhona ziye zaba nezinguquko eziqinile futhi ezintsha ngokuphelele, ngaphezu kwalokho, namuhla yomibili le mishini kanye nehardware eyihlanganisayo ayisebenzi futhi ayisasetshenziswa.
Zonke izingxenye eziyinhloko ezazinesibopho sokuhlanganisa i-electronics yekhompiyutha zashintshwa ngokuphelele kusukela ezizukulwaneni ezintathu zokuqala, okubangele izinguquko ezibalulekile ezingapheli ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ezinikeze imiphumela ye-transcendental.
Ngenxa yakho konke ukuthuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe obhekene nakho, manje sekunzima kakhulu ukuhlukanisa izizukulwane ezintsha, njengoba zonke izinguquko bezihamba kancane futhi ngezinye izikhathi zingabonakali kakhulu, kodwa ziphumela ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe okunomthelela omkhulu. empilweni yethu yansuku zonke.
Umugqa wesikhathi wenguquko yakhe
Izizukulwane
- Isizukulwane sokuqala (1-1945):Lesi sizukulwane senzeka phakathi kweminyaka ye-1945-1956 lapho amakhompyutha okuqala avela khona ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, ngaleso sikhathi zazingekho izinhlelo zokusebenza nokho ukuhlelwa kwezinto zokusebenza kwenziwa ngokomzimba ngokuxhuma izintambo. Ngaleso sikhathi, ama-electronics asetshenziswa ngamashubhu angenalutho, ngenxa yalokho lokhu kwakuzoba imishini yokuqala eyayizosusa zonke izingxenye ze-electromechanical noma ama-relay.
- Isizukulwane sesibili (2-1957):Lesi sizukulwane senziwa phakathi neminyaka engu-1957-1963, okuphawula lesi sizukulwane ukusetshenziswa kwama-transistors emishini futhi ayenokwethenjelwa, kodwa futhi engabizi kakhulu, kulesi sizukulwane ulimi lokuqala lohlelo luvela futhi "FORTRAN". Ngalesi sikhathi kwase kunenkomba eyisisekelo yokuthi yayiyini isistimu yokusebenza, njengoba yayilawula ukuqala nokuphela komsebenzi, ukufundwa kwedatha, ukukhishwa kolwazi, njll.
- Isizukulwane sokuqala (3-1965): Isizukulwane sesithathu saqala ngonyaka we-1965 ngalolu suku amasekethe ahlanganisiwe avela njengoba enjalo; I-Silicon chip, ehlanganisa ama-transistors amaningi kusekethe. Ama-electronics alezi zisetshenziswa ngokuvamile ayesekelwe kumasekhethi ahlanganisiwe ashiwo ngenhla, ngenxa yobuchwepheshe obahlanganisa ngokuphelele, zonke izindleko, ukusetshenziswa kanye nosayizi kwehliswe kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ngakolunye uhlangothi, umthamo, isivinini nokuthembeka kwandiswa, kuze kube yilapho ukukhiqiza imishini efana naleyo ekhona njengamanje.
- Isizukulwane sesi-4 (1981-1996): Ngokufika kwalesi sizukulwane, kwavela ama-microprocessors awaziwayo, abonakala ngokuhlanganiswa nenani elikhulu lama-transistors, kodwa futhi ahlanganiswe iningi lazo zonke izingxenye ze-architecture ye-Von Neumann ku-chip eyodwa. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ama-microprocessors adalwe ngo-1971 yinkampani ebizwa ngokuthi i-Intel, phakathi nalesi sizukulwane kwavela i-Network Operating System kanye ne-Distributed Operating System.
- Isizukulwane sesi-5 (1997- Manje) Njengamanje, intuthuko enkulu ibingakaziwa mayelana nezakhiwo, njengoba ukuguquguquka kuye kwaba nzima ukukhulisa kakhulu ukuhlanganiswa kwama-transistors ku-chip eyodwa, konke lokhu namuhla kubangela ukuphindaphindeka kwama-microprocessors. lokhu; I-Intel Xeon Quadcore yango-2007 isivele isetshenzwe amagama angu-64bit, inosayizi wethrekhi ongu-45nm, isivinini sewashi esingu-3GHz, ama-transistors angu-820 Million.
uhlu lwehadiwe
Uhlu oluyinhloko noma ukuhlukaniswa kwawo wonke amakhompyutha akhiwe ngezinto ezibalulekile okuyizi; I-Software ne-Hardware ibonakala ngokuba yingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu futhi esebenzayo yanoma iyiphi ikhompyutha. Izingxenye namadivayisi akha i-hardware ngokuvamile ahlukaniswe abe; Hardware eyisisekelo kanye
I-Basic Hardware: Ngokuvamile ziyizingxenye ezibalulekile nezidingekayo ukuze yonke ikhompuyutha isebenze kahle njengoba injalo; ibhodi lomama, qapha, ikhibhodi negundane.
Izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ezihambisanayo: Yiwo wonke lawo madivaysi ngokuvamile ahambisana nekhompuyutha futhi athathwa njengengabalulekile, njengalezi: iphrinta, isithwebuli, ikhamera yevidiyo yedijithali, ikhamera yewebhu, njll.
I-hardware, njengoba sekushiwo kakade, iyingxenye ebonakalayo yekhompiyutha, okungukuthi, yonke into engabonwa futhi ithintwa ngaso sonke isikhathi, ingxenye yayo, isofthiwe yinto engabonakali, engabonakali noma ithintwa, okungukuthi, Ithi zonke ziyizinhlelo zokusebenza nezinhlelo ezikuvumela ukuthi udale idatha kanambambili.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izakhi ezakha i-hardware zibaluleke kakhulu ukuze ukwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ehilela ukucubungula noma yiluphi uhlobo lwedatha, ukwazi ukuhlukaniswa kwazo kubalulekile kubo bonke labo bantu abathanda umhlaba wekhompyutha. kubavumela ukuthi babe namakhono namakhono adingekayo ukuze bakwazi ukulungisa nokujwayela ingxenye ngayinye yayo.
Okuyinhloko
I-hardware eyinhloko noma eyaziwa nangokuthi i-hardware eyisisekelo yiwo wonke lawo madivayisi abalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwanoma iyiphi ikhompuyutha noma futhi lawo avumela ukwakheka kwedatha noma lezo ezimele ukubaluleka kwayo. Njengoba ukuhlukaniswa kwabo kubonisa, yizona eziyisisekelo, yingakho kungekho neyodwa engaphuthelwa kukhompuyutha, ngoba uma kungenjalo bekungeke kuphelele, ngakho-ke bekuyoba yize.
I-hardware eyisisekelo yekhompuyutha yenziwe ngamadivaysi amane (4), ngokulandelana, okuyilawa; imonitha noma isikrini, i-CPU, igundane nekhibhodi.
- Imonitha noma isikrini:Lezi zinhlobo zezinto okwazi ngazo ukubona konke okwenziwa kukhompuyutha zinenhloso yazo enkulu ukuveza yonke imininingwane efakwa kuyo, lokhu ngenhloso yodwa yokubona yonke into ehlobene nayo. umhlaba kanambambili kanye nokungelona iqiniso kwezinhlelo. Kubantu abaningi, ukuqapha kubhekwa njengelensi yokubuka yekhompiyutha futhi ngayo ungabona kahle zonke izinhlelo ezisebenzayo nezinhlelo zokusebenza uma usuyiqalile.
- Ikhibhodi:Kuyithuluzi elilula kakhulu ukulihlonza njengoba lakhiwe inombolo enkulu yokhiye ongabona kalula kuzo zombili izinhlamvu nezinombolo, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezimpawu ezingasetshenziswa olimini. Ngekhibhodi ukuloba kwedatha kuyenziwa.
- Igundane noma igundane: Ibonakala ngokuba yidivayisi ephathekayo yekhompyutha ekuvumela ukuthi ukhethe izinhlelo ofuna ukuzivula ukuze uqhubeke ukuzisebenzisa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, lesi sici sikunikeza inkululeko yokwenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene ongeke ukwazi ukuyenza. ngekhibhodi nganoma yisiphi isizathu. Okuboniswa yigundane noma igundane kungabongwa ngokugcwele esikrinini noma kuqashwe ngokuhamba kwesikhombi, esivame ukuboniswa njengomcibisholo.
- I-CPU: Noma eyaziwa nangokuthi iyunithi yokucubungula emaphakathi, okuyidivayisi lapho yonke inkumbulo eyinhloko yekhompuyutha itholakala futhi futhi lapha kuhlanganiswe zonke lezo zimbobo ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlinzeka amandla kagesi kukhompyutha kanye nezinye izimbobo lapho ezinye izakhi zekhompuyutha zizobekwa.
Kuyahambisana
Amadivayisi ahambisanayo, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwawo ngezigaba, yizo zonke lezo zakhi ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza imisebenzi ethile ehambisanayo enomsebenzi othize, nokho, azidingeki ngokuphelele ekusebenzeni kahle kwekhompyutha futhi zenziwe yikho konke. lawo madivayisi empeleni awabalulekile sanhlobo, kodwa ahlinzeka ngokubambisana okukhulu kuze kufike ezingeni lapho imisebenzi ithuthukiswa khona, njengephrinta, njengoba ivumela ukuphrinta idatha efakwe emshinini iye ngaphandle ifakwe ephepheni. Izinkumbulo zangaphandle nazo ziyaphelelisana njengoba zivumela izipele zedatha ezihlukene.
Izibalo noma amadivaysi
Idivayisi yokufaka ichazwa njengaleyo nto enesibopho sokuhlinzeka ngolwazi, idatha noma izinhlelo kukhompyutha futhi zibonakala ngokufundwa, esimweni semishini yokukhipha yilezo ezihlinzeka ngezindlela zokurekhoda ulwazi kanye nedatha ephumayo, ebhekise ekubhaleni. Zonke izinkumbulo zinikeza ama-peripheral wonke umthamo wesitoreji ungaba wesikhashana noma unomphela.
Yini i-peripheral exubile?
I-peripheral exubile ichazwa njengaleyo elementi enekhono lokufeza kokubili imisebenzi yokufaka nokukhiphayo, isibonelo esicacile salokhu kungaba i-hard drive yekhompyutha njengoba inesibopho sokufunda nokuqopha ulwazi nedatha. Izindlela zokufakwayo nokukhishwayo kwedatha zihlobene kakhulu ngakho-ke zincike ekusetshenzisweni, ngokombono kumsebenzisi ovamile walolu hlobo lwezindlela, okungenani kufanele kube khona ikhibhodi ne-monitor ukuze ngale ndlela kube khona okokufaka kanye nomphumela wolwazi ngokulandelana.
Nokho, lokhu akusho ukuthi ngeke ibe khona ikhompuyutha, ngokwesibonelo, engalawuli inqubo nokuthi ayikho ikhibhodi noma imonitha edingekayo kuyo, njengoba kungase kube njalo ukuthi ulwazi lungafakwa futhi lukhishwe. idatha ecutshungulwa kusetshenziswa ibhodi lokutholwa/okuphumayo kwedatha.
Amakhompiyutha abonakala ngokuba okokusebenza kwe-elekthronikhi okunamandla okwenza imiyalelo ehleliwe futhi egcinwe kuphela enkumbulweni, ikakhulukazi ahlanganisa ukwenza imisebenzi ye-arithmetic-logical kanye ne-input/output.
I-CPU isifinyezo ngesiNgisi seyunithi yokucubungula emaphakathi okuyingxenye ebalulekile yekhompuyutha futhi iyona ephethe ukuhumusha nokwenza imiyalelo iyonke ngaphezu kokucubungula idatha yekhompyutha. Emishinini yesimanje ukusebenza kwe-CPU kwenziwa i-microprocessors eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ebizwa ngokuthi i-CPU microprocessor ekhiqizwa njengesekethe eyodwa ehlanganisiwe.
Iseva yenethiwekhi noma ngisho nomshini wekhompiyutha osebenza kahle kakhulu ungaba nama-microprocessors amaningana ngisho nezinkulungwane zawo ezisebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa noma ngokufana, kulokhu, konke lokhu kusetha kwenza i-CPU yomshini.
I-central processing units (CPU) iwukuphela kwayo, ayikho kuphela kumakhompiyutha womuntu (PC), kodwa futhi ingatholakala ihlanganiswe kumadivayisi ahlanganisa umthamo omkhulu wokucubungula noma "ubuhlakani be-elekthronikhi", njengokuthi: inqubo yezimboni. izilawuli, omabonakude, izimoto, amakhompyutha, izindiza, omakhalekhukhwini, izinto zikagesi, amathoyizi, phakathi kokunye.
Ibekwe kuphi i-microprocessor?
Ama-microprocessors kumakhompiyutha atholakala ngaphakathi kwebhodi lomama eliqanjwe igama, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni eyaziwa ngokuthi i-CPU okuyiyona evumela ukuthi konke ukuxhumana kukagesi kwenziwe phakathi kwawo wonke amabhodi esekethe kanye nephrosesa.
kule processor. Kulo, kulungiswe ku-base plate, i-heater ye-thermal material ene-conductivity ephezulu yamandla ilungisiwe, ngokuvamile ama-mimes ngokuvamile ayenziwe nge-aluminium, kodwa kungase kube njalo ukuthi ayenziwe ngethusi.
Konke lokhu kuyadingeka kuma-microprocessors njengoba evame ukusebenzisa inani elikhulu lamandla akhishwa kakhulu njengokushisa, kodwa kwezinye izimo angadla amandla amaningi njengesibani se-incandescent (kusuka ku-40 kuya ku-130 watts).
Idivayisi enikezelwe kumsebenzi wesitoreji
I-Random Access Memory, eyaziwa kangcono ngesifinyezo se-RAM, ibhekisela kwimemori yokufinyelela engahleliwe, leli gama lihlobene eduze nezici zokwethula izikhathi zokufinyelela ezilinganayo kunoma yiziphi izikhundla zayo, zingafundwa noma zibhalele lolu hlobo lomsebenzi. kwaziwa nangokuthi ukufinyelela okuqondile, ngokungafani nokufinyelela okulandelanayo.
Inkumbulo ye-RAM idume kakhulu njengoba ivamise ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kukhompuyutha kukho konke ukugcinwa okudlulayo nokomsebenzi (hhayi okukhulu), ngaphakathi kwalolu hlobo lwenkumbulo zonke izinhlobo zolwazi, idatha nezinhlelo zingagcinwa okwesikhashana. i-Processing Unit (CPU) ) ngokuvamile uyafunda, acubungule futhi akhiphe. I-RAM ibonakala ngokuba yinkumbulo eyinhloko yawo wonke amakhompyutha noma njengememori emaphakathi noma esebenzayo. Ezinye izinkumbulo ezididiyelwe kukhompuyutha azibalulekile njenge-RAM njengoba zaziwa njengensiza, isitoreji sesibili noma esikhulu, phakathi kwalezi zinkumbulo ungathola ama-hard drive, amadrayivu wesimo esiqinile, amateyipu kazibuthe noma ezinye izinkumbulo.
Inkumbulo ye-RAM ngokuvamile ibonakala ngokuba yizinkumbulo eziguquguqukayo, lokhu kusho ukuthi lonke ulwazi olugcinwe kuyo lungalahleka ngokushesha lapho ukunikezwa kwamandla kwayo kuphazamiseka.
Iyiphi i-RAM esetshenziswa kakhulu?
Izinkumbulo ezisetshenzisiwe kanye nalezo ezivame kakhulu ama-centrals "dynamic" (DRAM) lokhu kubhekisela eqinisweni lokuthi idatha yabo ivamise ukulahleka ngesikhathi esifushane (ngokuphuma kwe-capacitive, noma ngabe inamandla kagesi), ngoba Ngalesi sizathu, lolu hlobo oluthile lwesekethe ye-elekthronikhi lubophezelekile ukuhlinzeka ngalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ukuqabuleka" (amandla) ukugcina ulwazi lwakho.
I-RAM yekhompiyutha ihlanganiswe futhi ifakwe embonini futhi yilokho okuvame ukwaziwa ngokuthi "amamojula", akhiwe ngamasekethe ahlukahlukene okuthi, uma ehlanganiswa, akhe yonke inkumbulo eyinhloko.
Izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ngokuvamile zihlukaniswa njengezingenayo, eziphumayo, eziphumayo, noma okokugcina. Ama-peripherals yiwo wonke lawo madivayisi angaxhunywa kukhompyutha ukuze ukusebenza kwawo kuthuthukiswe ngale ndlela.
Yibuphi ubuchwepheshe bakamuva be-memory chips ye-DRAM?
- I-SDRSDRAM: Inkumbulo enomjikelezo owodwa wokufinyelela umjikelezo wewashi ngamunye yehlisiwe okwamanje futhi ayizange idume kakhulu ku-Pentium III kanye namakhompyutha asekelwe ekuqaleni kwe-Pentium 4.
- I-DDR-SDRAM: Inkumbulo enomjikelezo okabili nokufinyelela kwangaphambi kwesikhathi ezindaweni zenkumbulo ezimbili ezilandelanayo. Yaduma kakhulu kumakhompyutha asuselwa ku-Pentium 4 processors.
- I-DDR2SDRAM: Inkumbulo enomjikelezo okabili nokufinyelela kwangaphambi kwesikhathi ezindaweni ezine zenkumbulo ezilandelanayo, futhi eyehlisiwe okwamanje.
- I-DDR3SDRAM: Inkumbulo enomjikelezo okabili nokufinyelela kwangaphambi kwesikhathi ezindaweni zenkumbulo eziyisishiyagalombili ezilandelanayo. Iwuhlobo lwamanje lwenkumbulo, isivele ithathele indawo eyandulelayo, i-DDR2.
- I-DDR4SDRAM: Amamojula enkumbulo ye-DDR4 SDRAM anengqikithi yamaphinikhodi angu-288 DIMM. Izinga ledatha iphinikhodi ngalinye lisukela kokuncane okungu-1,6 GT/s kuya kokuphokophelwe okuphezulu kokuqala okungu-3,2 GT/s. Izinkumbulo ze-DDR4 SDRAM zinokusebenza okuphezulu nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi kunezinkumbulo ze-DDR3 zangaphambili. Banomkhawulokudonsa ophezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinguqulo zabo zangaphambilini.
Uma lesi sihloko athini amachweba wekhompiyutha: nansi impendulo Uma ukuthole kuthakazelisa, ungakhohlwa ukufunda okulandelayo okungase kube ngendlela othanda ngayo:
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