Umlando wamaprosesa Lokhu kwaba yimvelaphi yawo enkulu!

La umlando wamaprosesa Selokhu kwethulwe imodeli yokuqala ye-IBM 5150, iguqukele esizukulwaneni ngasinye, yaze yafika ezingeni lokuzinikela ezigidini zabantu abasebenzisa amakhompyutha, kufakwe iprosesa elinobuhlakani bokufakelwa. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngalokhu, sikumema ukuthi uqhubeke nokufunda le ndatshana.

Amaprosesa umlando

Ngaphambi kokuqala ngomlando nokuguquka okuye kwangenelwa ngabaprosesa kusukela ekudalweni kwabo, kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi lapho sikhuluma ngabo, sibhekisa engxenyeni ebonakalayo noma ebonakalayo yohlelo lwekhompuyutha olungaphakathi kocingo noma ikhompyutha ehlelwayo.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buvele emphakathini, kuphela abanye abantu ababenezimpawu ezifanelekile zokusebenzisa amakhompyutha nezilawuli zokuqala ezavela kuma-50s naku-60s.

Le kwakuyimishini eyayingangena ekamelweni lonke, ngenxa yobukhulu bayo futhi yayingaphathwa ngisho nomuntu oyedwa, ngakho-ke yayisetshenziswa izinkampani ezinkulu, amabutho, ohulumeni, phakathi kwabanye, ezazingatholakali ngokuphelele amakhosi. Kusuka ekhaya.

Ngenxa yentuthuko evelile yezakhi ezahlukahlukene ezakha amakhompyutha, leyo mishini emikhulu yesikhathi ishiywe ngemuva, yanikeza amakhompyutha amancane kakhulu, alula ngentuthuko enkulu endaweni yezokuxhumana.

Ikhompyutha yawushintsha kanjani umhlaba?

Ngemuva kwemicimbi emikhulu ebiphawula umlando womhlaba, ngezehlakalo zesikhathi sezimboni kanye neMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba, amandla amakhulu omhlaba abona ukuthi adinga uhlelo olwenzelwe ukuvikela ulwazi abanalo, ngenkathi luvikelwe. kunoma ngubani owayefuna ukuyichaza noma ayihlanganyele nesitha.

Ngalokhu, babedinga ukudala uhlelo oluzohlela futhi lucubungule lonke lolu lwazi ngefomethi elula nokuthi bangafunda namuhla, kusasa noma iminyaka eminingana kusukela manje. Kusuka lapha, ukwakhiwa kweVon Neumann.

Idalwe nguJohn Von Neumann phakathi neminyaka yama-40s ukuthola amandla amakhulu ayekhona ngaleso sikhathi, i-United States. Lolu kwakuwuhlelo oluchaza ukusebenza kofuzo okusetshenziswa yikhompyutha ukwenza yonke imisebenzi efunwa ngumuntu, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokushintsha ukwakheka komzimba.

Ngokuya ngalokhu, ikhompyutha ibinamandla okuba nohlu lwezinyathelo iprosesa yangaphakathi engazikhubaza futhi izenze ngesikhathi esifushane, ikwazi ukusuka entweni ethile esohlwini iye kwenye iye ngemuva kokuqeda. Lokhu bekusekwe ezintweni ezintathu:

• Iyunithi lokucubungula elenziwe yiyunithi yokulawula kanye ne-ALU.
• Imemori yesitoreji.
• Amachweba wokufaka nokukhipha ukufeza ukuxhumana nomsebenzisi.

Lokhu kusetshenziselwe okokuqala ku-Electronic Numerical Integrator NeKhompyutha (ENIAC) ngonyaka we-1.946 nowe-1.955 nohulumeni wase-US, kepha ngenxa yokusebenza okulula okwethulwe yilolu hlelo, ukwakhiwa kwe-Von Neumann kwamukelwe futhi kwaguqulwa kwasetshenziswa imishini yesimanje yezobuchwepheshe esiyaziyo namuhla.

Asebenza kanjani amakhompyutha okuqala emlandweni?

Amakhompyutha okuqala aklanyelwa ukusebenza ngokuya ngohlelo lwe-kanambambili, olwaluqukethe uhlelo olwalugijima ngokufana nedesimali abantu abavamise ukulisebenzisa, kepha lisebenzisa u-0 no-1 kuphela.

Ngokuya ngalezi zinombolo ezimbili, lonke ulwazi olungena kwikhompyutha lwakhiwe, kepha ngaphandle kokuthi lisebenza ngokuya ngohlelo lwe-kanambambili, kuyaqabukela ngenxa yamanye amathuluzi akhona namuhla, athuthuke kakhulu futhi alula.ukusetshenziswa ngabantu.

Ngokusho kochwepheshe, uhlelo lwe-kanambambili lungenye yezinto ezilula kakhulu, ngoba livumela ukudala amasekethe ukwenza imisebenzi yezibalo ngokusebenzisa amasekethe ayisisekelo ngendlela elula.

Iprosesa ne-Algorithm Yayiyini indima yayo?

Iprosesa yakhelwe ukwenza lula amasekethe kagesi asetshenziswa yi-algorithm ukusebenza, lawa adalwa ngabantu ukugwema izinkinga noma ukukwazi ukuzixazulula kalula.

Ukucacisa ngokuthe xaxa, lapho sikhuluma nge-algorithm, sibhekisa ukulandelana kwemiyalo e-odiwe ebizelwa igxathu negxathu futhi okumele ichazwe kahle ukuze umshini noma ikhompyutha ikwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ngaphandle kwenkinga enkulu.

Esikhundleni salokho, iprosesa yilo eliphethe ukwamukela izinyathelo ngokulandelana bese lizisebenzisa. Ukhumbula ukuthi lawa ma-oda ngokuvamile ayizinombolo, ukuphazamiseka kwesistimu noma ukugcinwa, nokuthi angathathwa njengemiyalo elula noma ye-athomu enamandla okuqondakala futhi asetshenziswe.

Yimaphi amaprosesa okuqala azokwambulwa?

Izinhlobo zokuqala zamaprosesa zenzelwe ukusebenza ngamavalvu we-vacuum. Ngesikhathi seMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba, kwaba lapho ohulumeni ababephethe ukwakhiwa kwale mishini bebona ukuthi eminye icubungula imininingwane ngokushesha okukhulu kunaleyo esebenza ngokubalwa kwabantu.

Ithimba lokuqala elaziwa futhi elasebenza ngokwakhiwa kukaVon Neumann, labizwa nge-Electronic Numerical Integrator NeKhompyutha (ENIAC) futhi waba nezici ezilandelayo:

• Ibinamamitha-skwele ayi-167 futhi inesisindo cishe samathani angama-27.
• Ingasebenza ngokuphindaphindeka okungama-357 nokungezwa okungu-5000 ngomzuzwana.
• Kwakunama-resistors angama-70.000.
• Amashubhu wokuhlanza angu-17.488.
• Ama-capacitor ayi-10.000.
• Kwakudingeka ama-kilowatts ayi-160 ukusebenza.
• Kwakunokushintshwa kwezandla noma izinkinobho ezingama-6000.

Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu ekwakhiweni nasekuhloleni inqubo, yaqala ukusebenza ngo-1.946. Yenziwa futhi yathuthukiswa nguJ.

Amamodeli okuqala avelele ekusebenzeni ngamavalvu we-vacuum nokusebenzisa amakhodi womshini, ngakho intuthuko yesizukulwane sesibili ibingalindelekile ngokuphelele. Ukukwazi ukugqamisa ukuqina kwama-valve nokuthembeka okuphansi abakwethule, ama-hard drive okuqala, ama-transistor, izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisetshenziswa ngumsebenzisi oyedwa nezilimi ezisezingeni eliphakeme.

Ngaleso sikhathi, kwase kuzwakele ukuthi kukhona i-IBM emhlabeni wezobuchwepheshe wangaleso sikhathi, kepha ngonyaka we-1.959, yethula eminye yemishini ekhetheke kakhulu futhi ethuthukile yesikhashana ngaphansi kwegama le-IBM 7090. Lokhu bekucatshangelwa njengomshini wokuqala we-transistor CPU emlandweni wekhompyutha, ngamandla aphindwe kasithupha namandla acishe abe uhhafu wenani lowandulela i-IBM 709.

Amaprosesa Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo: Iminyaka Yabo Yasekuqaleni

• 1970: Idivayisi yokuqala emlandweni wamaprosesa we-AMD, i-AM 2501, yethulwe.
• 1971: Iprosesa yokuqala ye-Intel, imodeli 4004, yaphuma.
• 1972: Iprosesa yokuqala eyi-8-bit ebizwa nge-8008 iyathengiswa.
• 1974: I-Intel yaklama futhi yakhipha imodeli engu-8080, eyayithathwa njengeprosesa ehamba phambili ngaleso sikhathi.
• 1975: I-AM's 9080 ikhishwa, izicabangela njenge-Intel's 8080.
• 1976: Imodeli 8085, engasebenza ngama-volts ama-5, ijoyina umndeni we-Intel.
• 1978: Iprosesa eyimodeli yalabo abeza kamuva yakhishwa, i-8086 enezingcezu zokugcina eziyi-16.
• 1982: Ngokuya kokwedlule, i-Intel yaklama i-80286, okuyizimpawu zayo eziphambili ukuthi yayisebenza nabashintshi abayizinkulungwane eziyi-134.
• 1985: Iprosesa engama-386 enezingcezu ezingama-32 zokugcina iyadalulwa.
• 1989: Iprosesa ye-i860 yaqala ukumakethwa.
• 1992: Iprosesa yokuqala yamakhompyutha wedeskithophu yaziwa ngamandla okuvuselela isistimu ngenkathi yandisa umthwalo wohlelo lokusebenza.
• 1993: Ukuqala kwenkathi ye-Intel Pentium, eyayimele inqubekela phambili enkulu ngejubane namandla.
• 1995: Imodeli ekhishwe kulo nyaka ibibonakala ngokuqukethe i-chip esebenza kahle kakhulu, ehlose amaseva wokugcina angama-32-bit namakhompyutha wedeskithophu.
• 1995 / 1999: Kwethulwa iprosesa yaseCeleron, kwethulwe emakethe iPentium II Xeron, Pentium III Xeron kanye ne-Intel Pentium III, kanye neprosesa esebenza kahle kakhulu esebenzisa amandla amancane kakhulu ukusebenza. Imelela esinye sezikhathi ezibaluleke kakhulu ze- umlando wamaprosesa.
• 1999: I-ADM ikhipha i-x86 ethathwa njengesizukulwane sesikhombisa.

2000-2014: Iminyaka Egxilwe Ekusebenzeni

• 2000: Ukuvuselelwa kwePentium 4, ukwazi ukugqamisa ukusebenza kwayo ngama-transistor ayisigidi esingu-42.
• 2001: I-Itanium ne-Intel Xeron bayaqhubeka nokuthengisa.
• 2002: Yembule i-chip eyodwa eyodwa ene-0,13 micron 300mm eneprosesa eyi-12-inch.
• 2003: I-Intel Centrino yenzelwe ukuthi isetshenziswe kumakhompyutha asebenza ngokungenantambo.
• 2003 / 2005: I-AMD iveze izandiso ezintsha kwi-AMD64.
• 2006: Iprosesa yokuqala yeQuad-Core yethulwa, ihambisana nobuchwepheshe i-Intel Centrino Duos Mobile ne-Intel VIV abanayo.
• 2007: Bafaka iprosesa yeCore II Quad emakethe. Ngalo nyaka, i-AMD iphinde yethule ukucushwa okusha kwePhenom X3 nePhenom II X3 tri-core series, iPhenom II X6, iPhenom II X2 dual-core, nePhenom X4 nePhenom II X4 ene-quad-core.
• 2008: Omunye wamaprosesa wokuqala owenzelwe amadivayisi eselula umaka amafayela we- umlando wamaprosesa, i-Intel ene-Atom, eyayinesici sokukwazi ukusebenza ngamandla amancane, ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni ukusebenza kwayo.
• 2011: Abakwa-AMD bethule ukwakheka okuncane kwama-AMD APUs, aklanyelwe ukuthengiswa yilabo bantu abasebenzisa kancane le nsizakalo futhi abangenayo imali eyenele, yile ndlela okwambulwa ngayo i-AMD Bobcat 14h.
• 2012: Isizukulwane sesithathu sabaprosesa be-Intel sethulwe ngaphansi kwegama IVI Bridge.
• 2013: Isizukulwane sesine sama-processor we-Intel Core sikhishwe kulo nyaka, ngaphansi kwegama likaHaswell.
• 2014: I-Intel Core M Broadwell ikhishwe.
• 2015: Bathengisa i-AMD Excavator.

Uma ufuna ukwazi kabanzi ngomlando wamaprosesa futhi kusho ukuthini Intel, vakashela i-athikili yethu kanye newebhusayithi futhi lapho ungathola khona eminye imininingwane.

Okwakamuva emlandweni wamaprosesa

Kusukela yaqala ukusebenza, amaprosesa aguquke kuwo wonke umlando wawo ngokususelwa entuthukweni yezobuchwepheshe kanye nezidingo zabantu.

Kepha unyaka u-2.019 ubumele inhlangano enkulu yokuziphendukela kwemvelo emhlabeni yamaprosesa, ukwazi ukubona ukuthi i-AMD izuze kanjani impumelelo ekusebenzeni kwayo, eyenziwe yi-Intel futhi idlula ngisho nezimpawu zayo eziyinhloko, ukuphatha ukuklama nokubeka amaprosesa anamandla kakhulu njenge-3970X emakethe.

Kusukela lapho, bekulindelwe ukuthi i-Intel izovula elinye ilungu lomndeni weprosesa, kepha i-ADM ikwazile ukuqhubeka nokuthola umkhiqizo onokusebenza okuphezulu futhi ongasebenzisi amandla amancane kungxenyekazi ye-7nm +.

Kuze kube ngu-2.020, i-Intel bekulindeleke ukuthi inikeze umkhiqizo onenqolobane ephezulu futhi ongathuthukisa inqubo yemisebenzi yangaphakathi kudivayisi, ikakhulukazi indawo yokwenziwa kwamavidiyo nokunikezwa, ngokwethulwa kwemakethe kwemodeli ene-10nm.

I-AMD ne-Intel bakwazile ukudala ukuncintisana okuyingqayizivele endaweni yezobuchwepheshe, ngoba ngemuva kokwethulwa komkhiqizo omusha inkampani ngayinye ibheka indlela yokuya phambili nokuzibeka ngaphezu kwenye, ngakho-ke akumangazi ukuthi intuthuko nsuku zonke kukhulu ekwakhiweni kwama-processor.

Amaprosesa efoni ephathekayo

Lapho ukhuluma ngezici zomakhalekhukhwini ohlakaniphile, iprosesa lisebenzisa isikhala esibaluleke kakhulu kulezi, kusukela eminyakeni embalwa manje, amanye ala maqembu akwazi ukwamukela ifa lokucaciswa noma izinhlelo ezisetshenziswa kumakhompyutha womuntu siqu noma wedeskithophu.

Ngenxa yalokhu, abantu abathenga iselula namuhla, babheka izici zeprosesa ngaphambi kokuyithenga, kanye nenkampani eyiklama.

IMediaTek, iKirin, iQualcomm ne-Exynos yizinkampani ezine ezinkulu ezinikele ekwakhiweni nasekwakhiweni kwama-processor ezinsimbi zocingo, zigqamisa amakhono azo okwenza, ukugcina noma uma zihlobene nezinkampani ezibalulekile njenge-AMD ne-Intel. Ezinye zalezi zinqubo ezihlobene nalezi zinkampani yilezi:

Mediatek, maphakathi nebanga nokungena

Ekuqaleni yayivela eTaiwan, iyaziwa namuhla ngomlando wayo omuhle ekwakheni ama-semiconductors. Indlunkulu yayo enkulu isedolobheni laseHsinchu, ezweni lakubo.

Le nkampani yenza ama-processor ebangeni eliphakathi nendawo nasezingeni lokungena, kepha eminyakeni embalwa edlule, bathathe isinqumo sokuqamba ama-processor wokugcina aphezulu ngokusebenza okuphezulu okuhambisana neplatifomu ye-5G, njengedivayisi yabo yeDimension 1000.

I-Snapdragon: Enye yamaprosesa athandwa kakhulu

I-Qualcomm yinkampani yaseMelika eyasungulwa ngo-1.985, kusukela lapho bakwazile ukuzibeka phakathi kwezikhundla ezibaluleke kakhulu emakethe yezobuchwepheshe. Iqiniso elithandekayo ngale nkampani ukuthi amaprosesa ayo akhiqizwa yiTaiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, imboni ebalulekile yemvelaphi yamaShayina ezinze eTaiwan.

Enye yamaprosesa akamuva le nkampani eyethule emakethe yi-Snapdragon 865+ enamandla, kepha futhi iveze isiphakamiso esibaluleke kakhulu sobuchwepheshe beselula i-2021, i-Snapdragon 888 5G.

I-Exynos: Iprosesa ye-Galaxy entsha

Kungabukeka kungajwayelekile kithi ukuthi enye yezinkampani ezihamba phambili emhlabeni zemishini yamaselula namuhla nayo idizayina amaprosesa. Kepha kungani ungakwenzi?

AbakwaSamsung benze isinqumo sokunikeza amakhasimende ayo umkhiqizo osezingeni eliphakeme onezici ezihlukile futhi ezibumbene ezizogqama emakethe egcwele amadivayisi eselula. ISystem LSI Business yaqala yathuthukisa i-S5PC110 ye-Galaxy S ngo-2.010, yaqala ukwakhiwa kwama-processor anamandla njenge-Exynos 990 ye-Galaxy Note 20 noma i-Exynos 4210 SoC ye-Galaxy SII.

UKirin: Ubuchopho beHuawei

I-Kirin 9000 ye-5nm, namuhla iyiprosesa eyinhloko ekwazile ukuletha ezimakethe izinkampani ezihlobene nokwenziwa kwalezi zinto. Kodwa-ke, ukukhula kwayo kube senkingeni ngenxa yemikhawulo ehlukahlukene ebekwe nguHulumeni waseMelika maqondana nala maqembu.

Amaprosesa e-iphone A

Zenziwe yiNkampani Yezokukhiqiza yaseTaiwan Semiconductor, yona efanayo ebhekele ukudala iSnapdragon. Kepha iqiniso elibalulekile ukuthi bambalwa kakhulu abantu abaziyo ngalokhu ukuthi zenzelwe izindinganiso eziyisisekelo ze-Apple nohlaka lwayo lwe-ARM.

Idivayisi yokugcina abayivezile bekuyi-A14 Bionic, eyenzelwe ikhompyutha yabo ye-iPhone 12, ethathwa njengenye enamandla kakhulu futhi esebenza kahle emlandweni we-iPhone kanye nama-processor.

Yiziphi izici ezenza iprosesa enhle kakhulu ivelele?

• Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla (CPU): Ikhonjwe nge-W yama-watts futhi njengoba sishilo phambilini, ama-processor aphezulu ajwayele ukusebenzisa amandla amaningi, abangele ukuthi idivayisi ihlale isikhathi esincane nebhethri.
• I-Plinth: Yizixhumi lapho idivayisi kufanele ixhumeke khona kubhodi yomama. Ngaphambi kokuthenga noma iyiphi iprosesa, cwaninga ukuthi iyiphi ehambisana nebhodi lakho lomama.
• Iwashi: Imvamisa yewashi langaphakathi i-processor ngayinye enayo, ivame ukukhonjwa njenge-Ghz noma i-Mhz, ngokuyisisekelo kungamandla okusetshenziswa kwamandla.
• Inani lama-cores: Izinombolo eziningi zama-cores anedivayisi, imisebenzi engaphezulu engayifeza ngaphandle kwengozi yamaphutha noma ukulahleka kolwazi.
• Inqolobane: Lokhu kunesibopho sokugcina ngokuphepha noma ukuphatha imininingwane eyengeziwe imemori ye-RAM yedivayisi engakwazi ukuyigcina.

Sikumema ukuba uvakashele i-athikili yethu ku izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula amafoni nezinhlobo ezikhona namuhla.