Umlando wezilimi zokuhlela - VidaBytes

Ngokuvela unomphela kwamakhompyutha, izilimi ezihlelayo ziye zavela. Ukuphenya kufinyelela ekutheni ulimi lokuqala lwenziwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-100 eyedlule futhi lwakhiwa ngumuntu wesifazane. Ake sibone ukuthi i- umlando wezilimi zokuhlela.

Umlando Wezilimi Zokuhlela: Ingemuva

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nokuvela unomphela kwamakhompiyutha, izilimi ezihlelayo kuye kwadingeka ziguqulwe futhi zithuthukiswe ngokuya ngezidingo zohlelo nama-computer ngokujwayelekile, kwenze inani elikhulu lezilimi namakhodi asevele adlula ekukhohlweni.

Izilimi zokuqala zohlelo zandulela ikhompyutha yamanje, ekuqaleni izilimi ezihlelayo zazingamakhodi. Umshini wokweluka owenziwe nguJacquard, ngonyaka we-1801, wasebenzisa izimbobo zamakhadi ezazinezimbobo zokuphinda zihambise ingalo yomshini womshini wokuluka, ukuze kwakheke amaphethini wokuhlobisa ngokuzenzekelayo.

Phakathi konyaka ka-1842 no-1843, u-Ada Lovelace, wakwazi ukuhumusha umsebenzi owenziwe nguMenabrea emshinini owaphakanyiswa nguCharles Babbage, "The Analytical Engine." U-Ada Lovelace, ungeze okunye okubhekiwe mayelana nendlela yokwenza izibalo zezinombolo zeBernoulli nalo mshini.

UHerman Hollerith wafaka yonke imininingwane esemakhadini afakiwe, lapho esebona ukuthi abashayeli bezitimela bayakwazi ukukhomba abagibeli besebenzisa imbobo abayenze kuthikithi. Kwathi ngo-1890, uHollertih wenza ikhodi yokuqopha imininingwane yabagibeli kula makhadi.

Amakhodi wekhompyutha okuqala ayekhethekile ngokuya ngokuthi azosetshenziselwa ini. Emashumini okuqala ekhulu lama-XNUMX, ukubalwa kwamanani kwakususelwa ezinombolweni zamadesimali. Kamuva, babona ukuthi umqondo ungafaniswa nezinombolo.

I-Alonzo Church iveze ukubalwa kweLambda isebenzisa amafomula. Umshini weTuring, wabeka izisekelo zokuhlanganisa izinhlelo njengedatha evela kukhompyutha ekwakhiweni kweVon Neumann.

Kodwa-ke, ikhodi ye-Turing ayisebenzanga ngempumelelo njengesisekelo sezilimi ezisezingeni eliphakeme, kepha yasetshenziswa ekuhlaziyweni okuqinile kwama-algorithms.

Okokuqala umlando wezilimi zokuhlela, kunzima ukuthola ngesikhathi ngokunemba. Kusukela ekuqaleni, ukulinganiselwa kwehardware kuchaze ifayela le- umlando wezilimi zokuhlela.

Ekuqaleni amakhadi we-punch asekela kuphela amakholomu angama-90, kepha-ke, azosetshenziselwa ukwenza ukuhlukaniswa kwekhadi ngalinye. Ukusetshenziswa kwesigubhu sikazibuthe sememori kwakusho ukuthi izinhlelo kufanele zixutshwe nokushaywa kwesigubhu. Ngakho-ke, izinhlelo zincike kwi-hardware.

Kochwepheshe abathile, umshini wokuluka weJacquard, kanye neBabbage Machine, bekuyizilimi eziyisisekelo kakhulu futhi kunemikhawulo yokuchaza izenzo ezenziwe yile mishini. Ngaphakathi kwe- umlando wezilimi zokuhlelaNgisho namakhadi we-punch athathwa njengolimi oluyisisekelo, yize ayengadalelwanga ukusetshenziswa ngabantu.

Izinsuku ezibalulekile nedatha

Ngawo-40, amakhompiyutha okuqala asungulwa, axhaswa ngamandla kagesi. Babenomkhawulo wejubane nokukhumbula amandla, bephoqa abahleli bezinhlelo ukuthi benze izinhlelo ezilula. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bayabona ukuthi ukwenza uhlelo njengolimi kudinga ukukhuliswa okukhulu kwezengqondo ngoba ungadla amaphutha uma ungawazi lo mbandela.

Ngonyaka we-1948, uKonrad Zuse washicilela udaba ngolimi lohlelo alwakha olwalubizwa ngePlankalkul, kepha akazange enze olunye ucwaningo kule ndawo. Phakathi kwezilimi ezadalwa ngaleso sikhathi, kungaqokonyiswa okulandelayo:

1943: Ikhodi ye-ENIAC.
Ngo-1948 iPlankalkul, lokhu kwasetshenziswa ngemuva kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka.
Ngo-1949 kuya ku-1954 - Kwasungulwa isethi yemiyalo eyenzelwe abakhiqizi abathile.

Ama-50s nama-60s century: Ukuqala komlando wezilimi zokuhlela

Ngalesi sikhathi, lezi zilimi ezintathu ezisasebenza zisasebenza, okuyilezi:

1955 - FORTRAN, yasungulwa nguJohn Backus.
1958: I-LISP, yasungulwa nguJohn McCarthy.
1959: I-COBOL, yathuthukiswa yiKomiti Elimfushane Lobubanzi, futhi ithonya lakhe kwaba nguGrace Hopper.

Omunye umzuzu obalulekile wawusekupheleni kweminyaka yama-50s, ngenkathi ushicilelwa ochwepheshe baseMelika nabaseYurophu beComputing (Algol), mayelana ne- "Language for Algorithms" ebuyekeziwe. Lo mbiko uhlanganise imibono nemibono eminingi yosuku futhi unikeze izinto ezintsha ezimbili ezifanele ze- umlando wezilimi zokuhlela:

Izakhiwo zeNested Block Structures: Ukulandelana kwamakhodi nezitatimende ezihlobene kuhlanganiswe ngamabhulokhi ngaphandle kokuthi kuchazwe ngokusobala kuzinqubo ngazinye.
Ububanzi be-Lexical: i-block inokuhluka kwayo, izinqubo nemisebenzi yayo, engabonakali kukhodi engaphandle kwaleli bhulokhi, isibonelo kungaba, ukufihla idatha noma imininingwane.

Okunye okusha okuhlobene nalolu lwazi okulandelayo:

Isibonakaliso esiqondile sezibalo, iBackus - Naur Form noma esaziwa kangcono njenge-BNF, sasetshenziswa ukuchaza ukwakhiwa kolimi. Zonke izilimi ezilandelwayo ezilandelayo zisebenzise ukwehluka kwe-BNF ukuchaza ingxenye engenamongo yokwakhiwa kwazo.

Leli komiti laseMelika nelaseYurophu laba nomthelela ikakhulukazi ekwakhiweni kwezilimi ezalandela. Amasistimu amakhulu eBurroughs athuthukiswa ukuze afakwe kusethi enwetshiwe yekomidi elinjalo elaziwa nge-Algol.

Imibono esemqoka ye-Algol yasakazeka kwathi ngonyaka we-1968, i-Algol 68 yagcwaliseka:

Ukwakhiwa nama-semantics kwakungu-orthogonal ngaphezulu, enemikhuba engaziwa, uhlelo lokuthayipha olunemisebenzi ephezulu yokuhleleka.
Akuyona nje kuphela ingxenye yamahhala yesimo esichazwe ngokusemthethweni, kepha nokwakhiwa kanye nama-semantics, ngokuya ngohlelo lukaVan Wijngaarden, lwenzelwe le nhloso.

Izici ezibanzi kodwa ezingasetshenziswanga zika-y Algol 68 nohlelo lwayo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezinqamuleli nemikhawulo kuholele ekuthandekeni nasekusebenzeni okunzima.

Ngakho-ke uNiklaus Wirth weqa ikomidi futhi wathuthukisa ulimi olulula olwaziwa ngokuthi "Pascal." Lezi ngezinye zezilimi ezakhiwa ngaleso sikhathi:

Unyaka 1951: Ulimi lomhlangano wesifunda.
Unyaka 1952: Autocoder.
Unyaka ka-1954: IPL.
Unyaka 1955: Flow Matic.
Unyaka 1957: FORTRA N.
Unyaka 1958: LISP.
Unyaka ka-1959: IQINISO, I-COBOL ne-RPG.
Unyaka 1962: APL, Simula kanye SNOBOL.
Unyaka we-1963: CPL.
Unyaka 1964: BASIC and PL / I.
Unyaka ka-1967: BCPL.

Ama-70s: amamodeli ayisisekelo ayasungulwa

Phakathi kweminyaka yama-1960 kanye neye-1970, kwaba nokuqhuma okukhulu ku umlando wezilimi zokuhlela. Izinhlobo eziningi ezifanele kakhulu zolimi ezisetshenziswayo namuhla zenziwe ngalesi sikhathi:

ISIMULA, yadalwa ngo-1960 nguDahl noNygaard njenge-Algol 60 superset, kwakuwulimi lokuqala lwe umlando wezilimi zokuhlela, yathuthukiswa ukuqinisa uhlelo olwenzelwe izinto.
Ulimi lohlelo lwe-C ekuqaleni lwadalwa njengolimi lokuhlela izinhlelo, abathuthukisi kwakunguKen Thompson noDennis Ritchie ngeminyaka ka-168 nango-1972.
ISmalltalk, eyakhiwe ngeminyaka yama-70s, yanikeza ukwakhiwa okubanzi kolimi ezintweni.
I-Prolog, eyenziwe nguRoussel, Colmerauer noKowalski e1972, yathatha njengolimi lokuqala lohlelo lokuhleleka.
I-ML yakha uhlelo lohlobo lwe-polymorphic, olwenziwa nguRobin Milner ngo-1973, ku-cusp ye-Lisp, ethathwa njengomanduleli kuzilimi ezi-programming zohlobo olusebenzayo.

Izilimi zokuhlela ezichazwe ziyisisekelo esiyisisekelo ngaphakathi kwe- umlando wezilimi zokuhlela, zonke izilimi zamanje okungenani zinenye yalezi ezibhalweni zazo.

Ngalesi sikhathi kwakukhona impikiswano ebanzi yemibono mayelana nokufaneleka kohlelo oluhlelekile, olwalufanekisela izinhlelo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa iGOTO. Lesi sifufula semibono sasihlobene nokwakheka kolimi, ngoba ezinye izilimi zazingacabangi ngeGOTO, ngakho-ke umqambi waphoqeleka ukuthi enze uhlelo oluhlelekile

Ezinye zezilimi zokuhlela ezidalwe phakathi kwalesi sikhathi, yilezi:

Unyaka we-1968: I-logo.
Unyaka 1969: B, owandulela uC.
Unyaka 1970: Pascal and Forth.
Unyaka ka-1972: C, Prolog noSmalltalk.
Unyaka ka-1973: ML.
Unyaka we-1975: Isikimu.
Unyaka 1978: I-SQL, ekuqaleni kwayo eyayilulimi lwemibuzo futhi kamuva yanwetshelwa ekwakhiweni kohlelo. IModula - 2 nayo yathuthukiswa kulo nyaka.

Ama-80s: ukuqiniswa, amamojula nokusebenza

Ama-1980 abhekwa ngaphakathi kwe- umlando wezilimi zokuhlela, Njengesikhathi sokuqinisa ngezilimi ezibalulekile. Umsebenzi uqhubeke ezilimini esezenziwe eminyakeni eyishumi edlule.

I-C ++, yeza ukuhlanganisa ukuhlela izinto nezinto zohlelo. Uhulumeni wase-US uzuze ukufakwa kwezinga le-ADA, okuwulimi oluhlela izinhlelo okufanele lusetshenziswe yizinkampani zempi nezokuvikela.

EJapan, ngokwengxenye yayo, ingxenye enkulu yeSabelomali Sikazwelonke yatshalwa ocwaningweni oluthi "Izilimi zokuhlela zesizukulwane sesihlanu", okwakufaka phakathi izakhiwo zohlelo olunengqondo. INhlangano Yezilimi Ezisebenzayo isebenze ukujwayela kwe-ML neLisp.

Inqubekela phambili yocwaningo yolimi olusebenzayo olubizwa ngokuthi iMiranda, ebelilokhu luhamba kancane, iqale ukubamba ngalesi sikhathi.

Ukuthambekela endaweni yokwakhiwa kolimi kwakuyindlela engcono yezinhlelo zezinhlelo ngezinga elikhulu ngokusebenzisa amamojula, inhlangano enkulu yamayunithi wekhodi.

Izilimi ezinjengeModula, i-Ada ne-Ml zidale izinhlelo ezivelele zemojuli kuma-80s, futhi bezihlobene nokwakhiwa kohlelo olujwayelekile, okuzoba ngamamojula asevele enamapharamitha abekiwe ngaphambili.

Yize kungekho mibono emisha eyakhiwe ngezilimi ezihlelayo, iningi le- Ochwepheshe bandise izisekelo zezilimi zangaphambilini futhi bazuza ukuzivumelanisa nezinto ezintsha. Isibonelo salokhu yizilimi zezinhlelo ze-Emerald ne-Argus, ezenze ukuhlelwa kohlelo kuzinto zezinhlelo ezisatshalalisiwe.

Ngawo-80, kwaba nenqubekela phambili ekusetshenzisweni kwezilimi zokuhlela. Iqembu le-RISC elisebenza kwi-Computer Architecture liveze ukuthi i-hardware kufanele idalelwe ama-compiler hhayi ama-programmers.

Ngakho-ke, ngokuthuthuka kwejubane leprosesa, ngezindlela ezisebenza ngokwengeziwe zokuqoqa, iqembu le-RISC lihehe intshisekelo kubuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu bokuqoqwa kolimi.

Ubuchwepheshe bezilimi zokuhlela buqhubekile nokusebenza kulo msebenzi, ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-90s.

Phakathi kwezilimi ezivelele ezidalwe kule minyaka eyishumi, singasho:

Unyaka 1980: C ++, okuwuhlobo lwe-C kepha olunamakilasi.
Unyaka 1983: Ada.
Unyaka ka-1984: IMATLAB ne-Common Lisp.
Unyaka we-1985: Eiffel.
Unyaka ka-1986: i-Erlang neNhloso - C.
Unyaka we-1987: Perl.
Unyaka ka-1988: IMathematica neTcl.
Unyaka 1989: FL.

90s: Isikhathi se-inthanethi

Ukuvela okusheshayo kwe-Intanethi phakathi neminyaka eyi-9, bekungumcimbi omkhulu we indaba yezilimi zokuhlela. Ngokwakhiwa kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwesikhulumi esisha ngokuphelele sohlelo lwe-Computing, i-Intanethi yaletha ithuba lokwamukelwa kwezilimi ezintsha.

Ngokuyinhloko, kufanele kushiwo, ulimi lohlelo lweJavaScript, oluthola udumo ngokushesha, ngenxa yokuhlangana kwalo ngokushesha nesiphequluli seNetscape Navigator, kanye nezinye izilimi ezikwazile ukwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwazo ekwakheni izinhlelo ezithile zewebhu amaseva.

Sikumema ukuba ufunde, uma unentshisekelo yokwazi mayelana Ubuchwepheshe obungenantambo: incazelo nemisebenzi.

Ama-90s kwakuyisikhathi senhlanganisela entsha nokuthuthuka kwezilimi ezandulelayo, ngaphezu kwalokho izilimi ezisebenzayo zaqala ukusabalala. Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo noma izilimi zohlelo lokusebenza lwe-RAD zenziwe, zenzelwe izinto, phakathi kwazo esingabala kuzo: i-Visual Basic, iJava ne-Object Pascal.

Izilimi ezintsha nezishubile, ezaziwa njengezilimi zokubhala, nazo zakhiwa. Ziyizilimi ezinomkhiqizo omkhulu kunama-RAD, kodwa-ke, umkhiqizo wazo uvame ukubangelwa ukuthi kunzima kakhulu ukubhala nokugcina izinhlelo ezinde kunezinhlelo ezilula nezincane.

Noma kunjalo, izinhlelo zeskripthi zaba ezivelele kakhulu ekuxhumekeni kwewebhu.

Phakathi kwezilimi ezifanele kakhulu ezidalwe kule minyaka eyishumi, sine:

Unyaka 1990: Haskell.
Unyaka ka-1991: HTML, Visual Basic nePython.
Unyaka we-1993: uLua noRuby.
Unyaka 1994: CLOS.
Unyaka 1995: JavaScript, PHP, Delphi neJava.
Unyaka 1996: WebDNA.
Unyaka 1997: Rebol.
Unyaka ka-1999: D

Unyaka ka-2000: Izikhathi Zamanje

Ngaphakathi indaba yezilimi zokuhlela, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwayo kuyaqhubeka, ezingeni locwaningo kanye nasezimbonini. Izindawo zomsebenzi zamanje zifaka:

Ukuxhaswa okwandisiwe kokusebenza okusebenzayo ngezilimi ezihlelayo.
Ukwakhiwa nokwakhiwa kwezilimi ukuxhasa izinhlelo ezisatshalaliswayo nezihambisanayo.
Izindlela zokwengeza ezinqubweni zolimi, zokubuyekeza kanye nezokuqinisekisa ngokwethembeka nokuvikeleka: ukuphepha ngentambo, ukulawula imininingwane yokufuduka, ukubuyekezwa okwenziwe okuhlanganisiwe.
Ezinye izindlela ze-modularity.
Ukudalwa nokuthuthukiswa kwesoftware egxile kuzinto.
Metaprogramming kanye nokufinyelela esihlahleni se-syntax esingabonakali.
Gxila ekusatshalalisweni nasekuhambeni.
Ukuhlanganiswa nemininingwane.
Ukusekelwa kwe-Unicode kukhodi yomthombo.
I-XML yesikhombimsebenzisi sokuqhafaza.
Umthombo ovulekile wokuthuthukiswa kwezilimi zohlelo.