Wake wafuna ukudala uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza? Esihlokweni esilandelayo sizokunikeza incazelo eningiliziwe mayelana ungalwenza kanjani uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-iOS.
/ Ungalwenza kanjani uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-iOS?
Ngaphambi kokuqala ukuchaza ukuthi singalwenza kanjani uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-iOS, sifuna ukuqala ngokucacisa: Iyini ngempela i-iOS? Abantu abaningi banomqondo onzima wokuthi iyini, kepha ukuze kube lula, i-iOS yaziwa njengohlelo lokusebenza olwenziwe yi-Apple ngenhloso yokuyisebenzisa kumadivayisi abo. Ngenxa yalokhu, iningi lamafoni namadivayisi we-elektroniki wenkampani ye-Apple asebenzisa i-iOS njengohlelo lwawo oluyinhloko lokusebenza, njenge, isibonelo: i-iPad, i-iPhone, i-iPad touch, phakathi kwabanye.
I-iOS yaziwa njengohlelo lwesibili olusetshenziswa kakhulu noludumile ngemuva kwe-Android, ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukuthi i-Apple ayivumeli abanye abakhiqizi befoni basebenzise uhlelo lwayo lokusebenza. Inhloso enkulu ye-iOS kwakufanele isetshenziswe ku-iPhone enguqulweni yayo yokuqala ka-2007, kodwa-ke yasetshenziswa ku-iPad naku-iPod touch.
Minyaka yonke, kwethulwa izinhlobo ezinkulu ze-iOS, okuyi-iOS 14.0.1 yamanje, yize njengoba kusanda kushiwo, ngonyaka ozayo kuzoba ngolunye uhlobo. Zonke lezi zinguquko ezintsha zithuthukisa ukuphepha kwayo, ukwakheka kwayo, zengeza imisebenzi emisha, zithuthukisa ukusebenza, phakathi kokunye.
Elinye lamathuluzi elingasetshenziselwa ukudala izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-iOS kusuka ekuqaleni libizwa ngeXcode, ngakho-ke, ngezansi, sizokufundisa igxathu negxathu ukuthi ungalwenza kanjani i-App ye-iOS:
Dala uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-iOS nge-Xcode
Elinye lamathuluzi i-Apple elisinikeza lona ukudala izinhlelo zokusebenza yi-Xcode, ebhekiswe ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene zokusebenza ezinjenge-iOS, i-iPad, i-iPhone, i-Apple TV, phakathi kokunye.
Sizoqala kuqala ngokusesha kuGoogle ikhasi elisemthethweni le-Xcode, sizomane sibhale u- "Xcode" bese siya kulowo othi Apple Developer, lapha ungathola lonke ulwazi olufunayo nge-Xcode. Njengamanje uzothola inguqulo yeXcode 12, esisesigabeni sokuthuthuka (noma esibizwa nangokuthi isigaba se-beta), kepha mhlawumbe ngesikhathi ufunda le ndatshana, ibisivele ikhishiwe, ngakho-ke ngale ncazelo sizosebenza ne version etholakala ephelele okwamanje.
Kungani ungasebenzi ngohlobo lwe-beta? Kungani usavivinywa, ngamanye amazwi, isengazinzile: ingahle ibe nezimbungulu, ihlala ivulekele izinguquko (lapho ufunda nje ukuyisebenzisa, ingahle ibe nezinguquko) futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo zamanje kakhulu zihloselwe kubantu asebenolwazi olwedlule ekwakheni izinhlelo zokusebenza, futhi kule ndatshana, sifuna ukufundisa abantu abangenalwazi, ngendlela efanayo, kungakhungathekisa kakhulu ukusebenza nethuluzi elingalungile.
Uma usekhasini le-Xcode elisemthethweni, uzokwazi ukuba nalo lonke ulwazi oludingayo mayelana nenguqulo entsha yaleli thuluzi, njengokwakhiwa kwalo, ukusetshenziswa kwalo kanye nokuthuthuka kwalo, kepha okusithandayo ukuthola i-Xcode ezinzile ( okungukuthi, inguqulo ephelele), ngakho-ke, sizoya esitolo sohlelo lokusebenza noma esaziwa kangcono njenge-Play Store, esingahle sifakwe kudivayisi yakho noma siyithole online.
Uma sise-App Store, sizobhala i-Xcode futhi uzobona ukuthi inguqulo ekhona ihlukile kunaleyo esekhasini elisemthethweni, lokhu kusho ukuthi le nguqulo ephelele ngalesi sikhathi. Landa ithuluzi futhi uma lokhu sekuqedile, sizoyivula.
Into yokuqala ezovela uphawu lwe- "Welcome to Xcode", bese ngakwesokudla, kukhona ibhokisi elincane elizokhombisa amaphrojekthi wakamuva esisebenza kuwo, kepha njengoba siqala nje, ngeke abe nalutho, noma sikusho ngakho ukuze wazi ukuthi usuqala ukuyisebenzisa, ungakusebenzisa njengesinqamuleli, kanye nezinye izinketho.
Ngasohlangothini lwesobunxele, sizobona izinketho ezintathu: «Dala indawo yokugcina inguqulo», «Qala nge-Playground», kepha lezo esifuna ukuchofoza kuzo yizo ezithi: «Dala iphrojekthi nge-Xcode» (lokhu inketho yesibili) futhi uma sekuvulwe, sizoqala ngokukhetha isistimu yokusebenza, lokhu kuzoba ukuthola umsebenzi wohlelo noma i-iPhone noma i-iPad; Ngaphakathi kwalokhu, sizobona amaphrojekthi ahlelwe ngaphambilini: Uhlelo Lokusebenza Olubodwa, Umdlalo, i-augmented Reality App, i-Document Bases App, i-Master-Detail App, i-App-Based App, i-Tabbed App, i-Sticker Pack App ne-iMessage App.
Ngayinye inenhloso ehlukile yamadivayisi eselula, ngokwesibonelo: kukhona eyodwa esekwe kubuqaba futhi enye ineTabbed, engaba ibha enamathebhu ezansi.
Kulokhu sizosebenzisa i- "Single View App", esetshenziswa kakhulu kunazo zonke, kanye nokuba yinconywe kakhulu kumaphrojekthi wedivayisi yeselula; Le yiphrojekthi ezobe ingenalutho futhi ezosebenza njengesisekelo sethu. Ngalokhu, singabona inqubo kusukela ekuqaleni kwakha uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-iOS; Ngemuva kokukhetha uhlelo lokusebenza, sizoqala ngezinyathelo ezilandelayo:
I-Paso 1
Sizocofa ku- "Single View App" bese sizosikhombisa izinketho zokwakha iphrojekthi. Esizokwenza ngokulandelayo ukugcwalisa izikhala ngolwazi oludingekayo ukudala uhlelo lwethu lokusebenza:
Igama Product: Yilapho sizonikeza igama esilifunayo kuphrojekthi yethu.
Igama Lenhlangano: Leli kuzoba igama le-akhawunti yakho njengomqambi we-Apple noma iqembu lokuthuthukisa i-Apple lapho ufakwe khona. Khumbula ukuthi, ukuze ube ngunjiniyela, kufanele utshale imali kwilayisense ezokunikeza ilungelo lokuba ngunjiniyela we-Apple owenza imisebenzi futhi ongayenzela amadivayisi afana ne-iPhone, ngendlela efanayo, nathi Sabalalisa lolu hlelo lokusebenza esikwenzayo esitolo se-Apple, ngaphandle kwalokho asikhokhi, kuzofanele sixazulule ama-simulators.
Isikhombi senhlangano: Lokhu ukulandela izincomo ze-Apple zegama lesizinda esibuyela emuva.
Isihlonzi senqwaba: Lokhu kuzoba ukuhlanganiswa kwe- «Organisifier Identifier» kanye ne- «Igama LeNhlangano», ngamanye amagama, kuzohlanganisa isihlonzi negama ozolinika inhlangano.
Ulimi: Lokhu kusho ulimi lokuhlela esizolusebenzisa. Lapha sizothola izinketho ezimbili: Inhloso C, okuwulimi olusetshenziswe yi-Apple ngaphambili noma i-Swift, okuyiyo engemuva kwalokhu okukhulunywe ngenhla, okuqhubeka njalo, yingakho kungokwamanje futhi kuqhubeka kakhulu kunalokho okukhona, kepha kuleli cala, sizokhetha i- «Swift».
Ngaphansi koLimi, kunezindlela ezintathu ongakhetha kuzo: Sebenzisa i-Core Data, okuyi-database etholakalayo ye-iOS (kungaba nge-logic noma i-interface), Faka i-Unit Test noma Faka izivivinyo ze-UI; kepha maqondana nalokhu, ngeke sikhethe lutho, uzovele uchofoze u- «Okulandelayo» bese uqhubeka ngesinyathelo esilandelayo.
I-Paso 2
Kulesi sinyathelo, sizokhetha ifolda lapho sifuna ukugcina khona iphrojekthi yethu. Khumbula ukuthi ithuluzi lisinikeza izinketho zokwenza amakhosombe, lokhu ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, zinike isikhathi sakho ukuhlela lapho uzokubeka khona.
I-Paso 3
Sizocindezela inketho ethi Dala ukuze iphrojekthi ibe ku-Xcode. Sizoba nezinketho eziningi ngombono ezizosisiza lapho silungiselela iphrojekthi.
Ngakwesobunxele singabona amafayela ahlukene, kulapho esizobe sithuthukisa khona, kancane kancane, uhlelo lokusebenza esiludalayo, kepha okwamanje, sinamafayela ayisisekelo azenzakalelayo kusukela ekuqaleni. Ezinye zazo ngokwesibonelo:
Ibhodi lezindaba: Lokhu kungaba yingxenye yesithombe. Singabona iwindi, elizofana naleyo ozoyibona ku-iPhone yakho, yize izobe ingenalutho uze uthathe isinqumo sokuyenza ngokwezifiso zakho.
Qalisa isikrini: Lokhu yilokho uhlelo olusikhombisa khona ngesikhathi esivula ngalo, lokhu kwaziwa njenge- "Splash Screen", futhi ngemuva kokuthi ilayishiwe, singabona i- "Main storyboard" iqondakala.
Kulawa mafayela ngamunye esiwakhethayo, sizobona ngasohlangothini lwesokudla konke esingakwenza ngaphakathi kwawo. Sincoma ukuthi ugcine isakhiwo esifanayo esakhelwe kusengaphambili ukuze ube ne-oda kulokho esikwenzayo.
Kuwo wonke amafayela, sizoba nokwazi okubhekiswe kukho kanye nezinketho esingaziguqula ukwenza lolu hlelo lokusebenza.
Note: Okuthile okuthakazelisayo kuleli thuluzi ukuthi phezulu kunenkinobho ethi «Dlala», okuthi uma uqhafaza, sikwazi ukufaka iphrojekthi bese siyiyiqala. Kukhona inkinobho ethi "Stop" ukuyimisa, i- "Target" ukukhetha lokho esifuna ukuqala khona uhlelo lokusebenza futhi ekugcineni, sinethuba lokunquma ukuthi sifuna ukuvula uhlelo kuphi, ngokuzenzakalela kuzovela amadivayisi amaningi we-Apple .
Uma kwenzeka unedivayisi ephathekayo exhunywe ngaphambili kwikhompyutha, kuzovela, ngokwesibonelo, into enjengale: I-iPhone x -, kuleso sikhala, kuzoba negama ledivayisi yakho, lokhu kungenzeka ngoba ungumuntu icala lokuthuthukisa lolu hlelo lokusebenza.
Uma ugcwalisa izinketho bese uyinika i-Play, iphrojekthi izoqala ukwakheka kancane kancane futhi lapho isiqediwe, kuzovulwa i-simulator, ezokukhombisa ukubuka kuqala kokuthi uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza luzobukeka kanjani kudivayisi ye-Apple oyikhethile . Lokhu kuyasiza kakhulu ngoba ungabona ukuthi uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza luzoba kanjani kudivayisi futhi ungenza ushintsho uma kunesidingo.
I-Paso 4
Lapho siqeda ukwenza konke ukucubungula okuphathelene nephrojekthi, singaqala ngokwakha ukwakheka nokusebenza okuzosetshenziswa uhlelo lwethu lokusebenza. Lokhu kuzoba okomuntu siqu, kuzofanele wenze lonke ushintsho nokucaciswa obekuhloselwe kwasekuqaleni, ngamanye amagama, yilapho uzoqala khona ukuthuthukisa isizathu sokwenza lolu hlelo lokusebenza.
Sincoma ukuthi uma wenza lokhu, ungeze inketho yokwengeza izaziso ze-Push noma inketho yokwengeza ukuthenga ngaphakathi kohlelo, lokhu kuzonikeza umsebenzisi ithuba lokutshala imali kuphrojekthi yakho.
I-Paso 5
Lapho usuqedile konke okuphathelene nokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza, kuzofanela ukuthi ukulikhiphe. Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, kufanele utshale imali ethile yelayisense futhi ukwazi ukuyifaka ku-App Store.
Ngalokhu, qala ngokwakha i-akhawunti yakho njengonjiniyela bese ubhalisela i-Developer Apple, lokhu akubizi kakhulu, uma ubheka inani lemali elizokhiqizwa uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza. Ngokwengeziwe kokuthi inkokhelo eyodwa kuphela yama- $ 99 yenziwa minyaka yonke, ungashicilela izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingaphezu kweyodwa.
Izinzuzo ze-Xcode
I-Xcode ingelinye lamathuluzi i-Apple ebelisebenza kuwo iminyaka eminingi ukusinikeza nokusiza ekwakhiweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibhekiswe kuzinhlelo zokusebenza, ezilokhu zibuyekezwa njalo kubasebenzisi. Leli thuluzi linemisebenzi eminingi, efana:
- Ungenza noma yini ekuthuthukiseni uhlelo lokusebenza.
- Ingenye yamathuluzi we-iOS asemthethweni.
- Kwabaqalayo, ingelinye lamathuluzi anconywe kakhulu.
Iqiniso elinqabayo ngaleli thuluzi elihle ukuthi, kunketho yeSimulator, sinezinketho zehadiwe, lokhu kusho ukuthi singenza izinto ezingenziwa kudivayisi yangempela ebonakalayo, njenge: ukuyishintshanisa, okuzokukhombisa ukuthi kungenzeka kuhlelo lokusebenza lapho ifoni ivuliwe (noma ijikelezwa) noma ifoni iphahlazeka.
Siphinde futhi sibe nenketho yokususa iphutha, lapha singenza izinguquko ezinjengalezi: khipha amafreyimu kusimulator ukuze ukwazi ukuwahambisa kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yesikrini futhi ngale ndlela, ugweme ukuthi kuyaphazamisa, ngenxa yalokho, ngenkathi wenza izinguquko kuhlelo lokusebenza, uzokwazi ukubona ukuthi kuthinta kanjani kwi-simulator.
Manje njengoba usuyazi izinzuzo zokwenza isicelo ngethuluzi le-Xcode, sikumema ukuthi ulisebenzise njengenketho yokuqala futhi ufunde ukwenza i-App ye-iOS. Uma ufuna ukuthola eminye imininingwane nge-Xcode, sikumema ukuthi ubuke le vidiyo elandelayo:
Amathiphu wokwenza Izinhlelo zokusebenza ku-iOS
Uma ufuna ukufunda ukwenza i-App ye-iOS, kufanele ucabangele amanye amathiphu noma izeluleko zokuhambisa le nqubo yokuthuthuka, ngenxa yalesi sizathu, sizokunikeza ngezansi. Lokhu akuhloselwe izethameli ezithile, ngoba zingaba wusizo kubo bobabili abaqalayo nalabo abanolwazi oluthile ngohlelo:
SWIFT
ISwitf ingenye yezilimi ezihlelayo ezisetshenziswa yi-Apple ehlose ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza izinhlelo zayo zokusebenza, yingakho kungasiza ukuba nolwazi ngalolu hlobo lolimi ukwazi ukwenza i-App ye-iOS. Njengamanje, kunezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zokufunda konke okuphathelene nalolu limi, njenge:
SWIFT Inkundla yokudlala
Lokhu kuzokusiza ukuthi ufunde lolu limi ngendlela efundisayo nelula. Ilula kakhulu, ukuthi ibhekiswe nakubabukeli abasebancane futhi njengoba uqhubeka, kuzokwandisa ubunzima.
Enye inzuzo ukuthi itholakala ngokuphelele mahhala futhi itholakala kalula ku-Google Play Isitolo. Enye inzuzo enkulu ukuthi ikunikeza inketho yokuthumela ngaphandle iphrojekthi oyiqalile ku-Xcode bese uqhubeka noma uqede ukuyiklama kuleli thuluzi, ngemuva kwalokho, ungayilayisha ngqo ku-App Store.
I-SWITF Playground ku-iPad
Ukusebenzisa ithuluzi leSwitf Playground ku-iPad kuzosiza inqubo yokufunda ngoba ungathuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza. Ngaphezu kokuthi i-iPad inemisebenzi eminingi ezokusiza ukuthi ufunde kancane kancane incazelo yemiyalo, imisebenzi, phakathi kwabanye.
Futhi kuzoba lula kuwe lapho ufunda ukudala amakhodi akho, ngoba isebenzisa imidlalo eyisisekelo nelula ukuyakha, kepha khumbula ukuthi njengoba uqhubeka ngokwamazinga, le nqubo izoba nzima kakhulu, njenge, isibonelo: into izinhlelo ezinesisekelo.
Uma ufuna ukuba nokuphathwa okubanzi kolwazi maqondana nokuthi ungenza kanjani i-App ye-iOS, sincoma ukuthi ufunde i-athikili yethu ku I-Polymorphism ezinhlelweni ezigxile entweni.
Funda izilimi ezihlukile zokuhlela
Ukwenza uhlelo, kubalulekile ukuthi uqale wazi izilimi zabo futhi wazi umehluko abanakho, ngokwesibonelo: ulimi lohlelo lwe-C ++ alufani nalolo olusetshenziswa yiJava. Ngayinye inomsebenzi wayo, ingahle ibe nezici ezithile ezifanayo kodwa hhayi lokho, kuvela ukuthi kuyefana.
Sikumema ukuba ufunde isihloko esilandelayo: Izinhlelo ze-C ++, ukuze ube nolwazi ngolunye lwezilimi ezisetshenziswayo ezisetshenziswayo.
Yazi izinto ezingaphakathi kwekhodi
Kufanele ube nolwazi mayelana nalokho okuhlala njalo, okuguqukayo, amalungiselelo ahlukile, isichazamazwi, phakathi kwabanye. Zonke lezi zinto zizoba yingxenye yekhodi esiyenzayo.
Ngokufanayo, kukhona nokusebenza, imisebenzi, izihibe, imijikelezo, phakathi kokunye, okufanele ukwazi. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi ukudala uhlelo lokusebenza akulula njengokulindelekile, kufanele ube nezisekelo ngaphambi kokwenza, ngoba, empeleni, lokhu kulula uma ukuqhathanisa nohlelo oluqondiswe entweni.
Ngena ekufundeni
Emhlabeni wohlelo, kunezigidi zezincwadi namavidiyo azokufundisa igxathu negxathu okudingayo ukuze uzenzele uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza. Eqinisweni, ngisho ne-Apple inayo ngokuphelele, ongayithola ku-Apple Books, bazokufundisa ukuthi ungayenza kanjani i-App ye-iOS.